Update upstream source from tag 'upstream/2.0.0'

Update to upstream version '2.0.0'
with Debian dir 112f2f2cb91158baaf8ee3a1f623980b43a258ce

12 files changed, 7248 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/LICENSE.rst b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/LICENSE.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb6be65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/LICENSE.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+   list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+   this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+   and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/format.cc b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/format.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d236bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/format.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+/*
+ Formatting library for C++
+
+ Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+    list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <climits>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdarg>
+#include <cstddef>  // for std::ptrdiff_t
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(__MINGW32__)
+# include <cstring>
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H
+# if !defined(FMT_HEADER_ONLY) && !defined(WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN)
+#  define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+# endif
+# if defined(NOMINMAX) || defined(FMT_WIN_MINMAX)
+#  include <windows.h>
+# else
+#  define NOMINMAX
+#  include <windows.h>
+#  undef NOMINMAX
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+# define FMT_TRY try
+# define FMT_CATCH(x) catch (x)
+#else
+# define FMT_TRY if (true)
+# define FMT_CATCH(x) if (false)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+# pragma warning(push)
+# pragma warning(disable: 4127)  // conditional expression is constant
+# pragma warning(disable: 4702)  // unreachable code
+// Disable deprecation warning for strerror. The latter is not called but
+// MSVC fails to detect it.
+# pragma warning(disable: 4996)
+#endif
+
+// Dummy implementations of strerror_r and strerror_s called if corresponding
+// system functions are not available.
+FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
+static inline fmt::internal::Null<> strerror_r(int, char *, ...) {
+  return fmt::internal::Null<>();
+}
+FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
+static inline fmt::internal::Null<> strerror_s(char *, std::size_t, ...) {
+  return fmt::internal::Null<>();
+}
+
+namespace fmt {
+
+FMT_FUNC internal::RuntimeError::~RuntimeError() FMT_DTOR_NOEXCEPT {}
+FMT_FUNC FormatError::~FormatError() FMT_DTOR_NOEXCEPT {}
+FMT_FUNC SystemError::~SystemError() FMT_DTOR_NOEXCEPT {}
+
+namespace {
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+# define FMT_SNPRINTF snprintf
+#else  // _MSC_VER
+inline int fmt_snprintf(char *buffer, size_t size, const char *format, ...) {
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, format);
+  int result = vsnprintf_s(buffer, size, _TRUNCATE, format, args);
+  va_end(args);
+  return result;
+}
+# define FMT_SNPRINTF fmt_snprintf
+#endif  // _MSC_VER
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(__NO_ISOCEXT)
+# define FMT_SWPRINTF snwprintf
+#else
+# define FMT_SWPRINTF swprintf
+#endif // defined(_WIN32) && defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(__NO_ISOCEXT)
+
+const char RESET_COLOR[] = "\x1b[0m";
+
+typedef void (*FormatFunc)(Writer &, int, StringRef);
+
+// Portable thread-safe version of strerror.
+// Sets buffer to point to a string describing the error code.
+// This can be either a pointer to a string stored in buffer,
+// or a pointer to some static immutable string.
+// Returns one of the following values:
+//   0      - success
+//   ERANGE - buffer is not large enough to store the error message
+//   other  - failure
+// Buffer should be at least of size 1.
+int safe_strerror(
+    int error_code, char *&buffer, std::size_t buffer_size) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  FMT_ASSERT(buffer != FMT_NULL && buffer_size != 0, "invalid buffer");
+
+  class StrError {
+   private:
+    int error_code_;
+    char *&buffer_;
+    std::size_t buffer_size_;
+
+    // A noop assignment operator to avoid bogus warnings.
+    void operator=(const StrError &) {}
+
+    // Handle the result of XSI-compliant version of strerror_r.
+    int handle(int result) {
+      // glibc versions before 2.13 return result in errno.
+      return result == -1 ? errno : result;
+    }
+
+    // Handle the result of GNU-specific version of strerror_r.
+    int handle(char *message) {
+      // If the buffer is full then the message is probably truncated.
+      if (message == buffer_ && strlen(buffer_) == buffer_size_ - 1)
+        return ERANGE;
+      buffer_ = message;
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    // Handle the case when strerror_r is not available.
+    int handle(internal::Null<>) {
+      return fallback(strerror_s(buffer_, buffer_size_, error_code_));
+    }
+
+    // Fallback to strerror_s when strerror_r is not available.
+    int fallback(int result) {
+      // If the buffer is full then the message is probably truncated.
+      return result == 0 && strlen(buffer_) == buffer_size_ - 1 ?
+            ERANGE : result;
+    }
+
+#ifdef __c2__
+# pragma clang diagnostic push
+# pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdeprecated-declarations"
+#endif
+
+    // Fallback to strerror if strerror_r and strerror_s are not available.
+    int fallback(internal::Null<>) {
+      errno = 0;
+      buffer_ = strerror(error_code_);
+      return errno;
+    }
+
+#ifdef __c2__
+# pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+   public:
+    StrError(int err_code, char *&buf, std::size_t buf_size)
+      : error_code_(err_code), buffer_(buf), buffer_size_(buf_size) {}
+
+    int run() {
+      return handle(strerror_r(error_code_, buffer_, buffer_size_));
+    }
+  };
+  return StrError(error_code, buffer, buffer_size).run();
+}
+
+void format_error_code(Writer &out, int error_code,
+                       StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  // Report error code making sure that the output fits into
+  // INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE to avoid dynamic memory allocation and potential
+  // bad_alloc.
+  out.clear();
+  static const char SEP[] = ": ";
+  static const char ERROR_STR[] = "error ";
+  // Subtract 2 to account for terminating null characters in SEP and ERROR_STR.
+  std::size_t error_code_size = sizeof(SEP) + sizeof(ERROR_STR) - 2;
+  typedef internal::IntTraits<int>::MainType MainType;
+  MainType abs_value = static_cast<MainType>(error_code);
+  if (internal::is_negative(error_code)) {
+    abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+    ++error_code_size;
+  }
+  error_code_size += internal::count_digits(abs_value);
+  if (message.size() <= internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE - error_code_size)
+    out << message << SEP;
+  out << ERROR_STR << error_code;
+  assert(out.size() <= internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE);
+}
+
+void report_error(FormatFunc func, int error_code,
+                  StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  MemoryWriter full_message;
+  func(full_message, error_code, message);
+  // Use Writer::data instead of Writer::c_str to avoid potential memory
+  // allocation.
+  std::fwrite(full_message.data(), full_message.size(), 1, stderr);
+  std::fputc('\n', stderr);
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+FMT_FUNC void SystemError::init(
+    int err_code, CStringRef format_str, ArgList args) {
+  error_code_ = err_code;
+  MemoryWriter w;
+  format_system_error(w, err_code, format(format_str, args));
+  std::runtime_error &base = *this;
+  base = std::runtime_error(w.str());
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+int internal::CharTraits<char>::format_float(
+    char *buffer, std::size_t size, const char *format,
+    unsigned width, int precision, T value) {
+  if (width == 0) {
+    return precision < 0 ?
+        FMT_SNPRINTF(buffer, size, format, value) :
+        FMT_SNPRINTF(buffer, size, format, precision, value);
+  }
+  return precision < 0 ?
+      FMT_SNPRINTF(buffer, size, format, width, value) :
+      FMT_SNPRINTF(buffer, size, format, width, precision, value);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+int internal::CharTraits<wchar_t>::format_float(
+    wchar_t *buffer, std::size_t size, const wchar_t *format,
+    unsigned width, int precision, T value) {
+  if (width == 0) {
+    return precision < 0 ?
+        FMT_SWPRINTF(buffer, size, format, value) :
+        FMT_SWPRINTF(buffer, size, format, precision, value);
+  }
+  return precision < 0 ?
+      FMT_SWPRINTF(buffer, size, format, width, value) :
+      FMT_SWPRINTF(buffer, size, format, width, precision, value);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+const char internal::BasicData<T>::DIGITS[] =
+    "0001020304050607080910111213141516171819"
+    "2021222324252627282930313233343536373839"
+    "4041424344454647484950515253545556575859"
+    "6061626364656667686970717273747576777879"
+    "8081828384858687888990919293949596979899";
+
+#define FMT_POWERS_OF_10(factor) \
+  factor * 10, \
+  factor * 100, \
+  factor * 1000, \
+  factor * 10000, \
+  factor * 100000, \
+  factor * 1000000, \
+  factor * 10000000, \
+  factor * 100000000, \
+  factor * 1000000000
+
+template <typename T>
+const uint32_t internal::BasicData<T>::POWERS_OF_10_32[] = {
+  0, FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1)
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+const uint64_t internal::BasicData<T>::POWERS_OF_10_64[] = {
+  0,
+  FMT_POWERS_OF_10(1),
+  FMT_POWERS_OF_10(ULongLong(1000000000)),
+  // Multiply several constants instead of using a single long long constant
+  // to avoid warnings about C++98 not supporting long long.
+  ULongLong(1000000000) * ULongLong(1000000000) * 10
+};
+
+FMT_FUNC void internal::report_unknown_type(char code, const char *type) {
+  (void)type;
+  if (std::isprint(static_cast<unsigned char>(code))) {
+    FMT_THROW(FormatError(
+        format("unknown format code '{}' for {}", code, type)));
+  }
+  FMT_THROW(FormatError(
+      format("unknown format code '\\x{:02x}' for {}",
+        static_cast<unsigned>(code), type)));
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H
+
+FMT_FUNC internal::UTF8ToUTF16::UTF8ToUTF16(StringRef s) {
+  static const char ERROR_MSG[] = "cannot convert string from UTF-8 to UTF-16";
+  if (s.size() > INT_MAX)
+    FMT_THROW(WindowsError(ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER, ERROR_MSG));
+  int s_size = static_cast<int>(s.size());
+  int length = MultiByteToWideChar(
+      CP_UTF8, MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, s.data(), s_size, FMT_NULL, 0);
+  if (length == 0)
+    FMT_THROW(WindowsError(GetLastError(), ERROR_MSG));
+  buffer_.resize(length + 1);
+  length = MultiByteToWideChar(
+    CP_UTF8, MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, s.data(), s_size, &buffer_[0], length);
+  if (length == 0)
+    FMT_THROW(WindowsError(GetLastError(), ERROR_MSG));
+  buffer_[length] = 0;
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC internal::UTF16ToUTF8::UTF16ToUTF8(WStringRef s) {
+  if (int error_code = convert(s)) {
+    FMT_THROW(WindowsError(error_code,
+        "cannot convert string from UTF-16 to UTF-8"));
+  }
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC int internal::UTF16ToUTF8::convert(WStringRef s) {
+  if (s.size() > INT_MAX)
+    return ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
+  int s_size = static_cast<int>(s.size());
+  int length = WideCharToMultiByte(
+    CP_UTF8, 0, s.data(), s_size, FMT_NULL, 0, FMT_NULL, FMT_NULL);
+  if (length == 0)
+    return GetLastError();
+  buffer_.resize(length + 1);
+  length = WideCharToMultiByte(
+    CP_UTF8, 0, s.data(), s_size, &buffer_[0], length, FMT_NULL, FMT_NULL);
+  if (length == 0)
+    return GetLastError();
+  buffer_[length] = 0;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void WindowsError::init(
+    int err_code, CStringRef format_str, ArgList args) {
+  error_code_ = err_code;
+  MemoryWriter w;
+  internal::format_windows_error(w, err_code, format(format_str, args));
+  std::runtime_error &base = *this;
+  base = std::runtime_error(w.str());
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void internal::format_windows_error(
+    Writer &out, int error_code, StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  FMT_TRY {
+    MemoryBuffer<wchar_t, INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer;
+    buffer.resize(INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    for (;;) {
+      wchar_t *system_message = &buffer[0];
+      int result = FormatMessageW(
+        FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+        FMT_NULL, error_code, MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT),
+        system_message, static_cast<uint32_t>(buffer.size()), FMT_NULL);
+      if (result != 0) {
+        UTF16ToUTF8 utf8_message;
+        if (utf8_message.convert(system_message) == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
+          out << message << ": " << utf8_message;
+          return;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      if (GetLastError() != ERROR_INSUFFICIENT_BUFFER)
+        break;  // Can't get error message, report error code instead.
+      buffer.resize(buffer.size() * 2);
+    }
+  } FMT_CATCH(...) {}
+  fmt::format_error_code(out, error_code, message);  // 'fmt::' is for bcc32.
+}
+
+#endif  // FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H
+
+FMT_FUNC void format_system_error(
+    Writer &out, int error_code, StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  FMT_TRY {
+    internal::MemoryBuffer<char, internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer;
+    buffer.resize(internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE);
+    for (;;) {
+      char *system_message = &buffer[0];
+      int result = safe_strerror(error_code, system_message, buffer.size());
+      if (result == 0) {
+        out << message << ": " << system_message;
+        return;
+      }
+      if (result != ERANGE)
+        break;  // Can't get error message, report error code instead.
+      buffer.resize(buffer.size() * 2);
+    }
+  } FMT_CATCH(...) {}
+  fmt::format_error_code(out, error_code, message);  // 'fmt::' is for bcc32.
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+void internal::FixedBuffer<Char>::grow(std::size_t) {
+  FMT_THROW(std::runtime_error("buffer overflow"));
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC internal::Arg internal::FormatterBase::do_get_arg(
+    unsigned arg_index, const char *&error) {
+  internal::Arg arg = args_[arg_index];
+  switch (arg.type) {
+  case internal::Arg::NONE:
+    error = "argument index out of range";
+    break;
+  case internal::Arg::NAMED_ARG:
+    arg = *static_cast<const internal::Arg*>(arg.pointer);
+    break;
+  default:
+    /*nothing*/;
+  }
+  return arg;
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void report_system_error(
+    int error_code, fmt::StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  // 'fmt::' is for bcc32.
+  report_error(format_system_error, error_code, message);
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H
+FMT_FUNC void report_windows_error(
+    int error_code, fmt::StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  // 'fmt::' is for bcc32.
+  report_error(internal::format_windows_error, error_code, message);
+}
+#endif
+
+FMT_FUNC void print(std::FILE *f, CStringRef format_str, ArgList args) {
+  MemoryWriter w;
+  w.write(format_str, args);
+  std::fwrite(w.data(), 1, w.size(), f);
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void print(CStringRef format_str, ArgList args) {
+  print(stdout, format_str, args);
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void print_colored(Color c, CStringRef format, ArgList args) {
+  char escape[] = "\x1b[30m";
+  escape[3] = static_cast<char>('0' + c);
+  std::fputs(escape, stdout);
+  print(format, args);
+  std::fputs(RESET_COLOR, stdout);
+}
+
+#ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+
+template struct internal::BasicData<void>;
+
+// Explicit instantiations for char.
+
+template void internal::FixedBuffer<char>::grow(std::size_t);
+
+template FMT_API int internal::CharTraits<char>::format_float(
+    char *buffer, std::size_t size, const char *format,
+    unsigned width, int precision, double value);
+
+template FMT_API int internal::CharTraits<char>::format_float(
+    char *buffer, std::size_t size, const char *format,
+    unsigned width, int precision, long double value);
+
+// Explicit instantiations for wchar_t.
+
+template void internal::FixedBuffer<wchar_t>::grow(std::size_t);
+
+template FMT_API int internal::CharTraits<wchar_t>::format_float(
+    wchar_t *buffer, std::size_t size, const wchar_t *format,
+    unsigned width, int precision, double value);
+
+template FMT_API int internal::CharTraits<wchar_t>::format_float(
+    wchar_t *buffer, std::size_t size, const wchar_t *format,
+    unsigned width, int precision, long double value);
+
+#endif  // FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+
+}  // namespace fmt
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+# pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/format.h b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/format.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4295cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/format.h
@@ -0,0 +1,4920 @@
+/*
+ Formatting library for C++
+
+ Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+ 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+    list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
+    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+ THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+ WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+ DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+ (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+ LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
+ ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+ SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FMT_FORMAT_H_
+#define FMT_FORMAT_H_
+
+#define FMT_INCLUDE
+#include <cassert>
+#include <clocale>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility> // for std::pair
+#include <vector>
+#undef FMT_INCLUDE
+
+// The fmt library version in the form major * 10000 + minor * 100 + patch.
+#define FMT_VERSION 40100
+
+#if defined(__has_include)
+#define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) __has_include(x)
+#else
+#define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if (FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<string_view>) && __cplusplus > 201402L) || (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG > 201402L && _MSC_VER >= 1910)
+#include <string_view>
+#define FMT_HAS_STRING_VIEW 1
+#else
+#define FMT_HAS_STRING_VIEW 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined _SECURE_SCL && _SECURE_SCL
+#define FMT_SECURE_SCL _SECURE_SCL
+#else
+#define FMT_SECURE_SCL 0
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_SECURE_SCL
+#include <iterator>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define FMT_MSC_VER _MSC_VER
+#else
+#define FMT_MSC_VER 0
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_MSC_VER && FMT_MSC_VER <= 1500
+typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
+typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+typedef __int64 intmax_t;
+#else
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(FMT_HEADER_ONLY) && defined(_WIN32)
+#ifdef FMT_EXPORT
+#define FMT_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#elif defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#define FMT_API __declspec(dllimport)
+#endif
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_API
+#define FMT_API
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define FMT_GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__)
+#define FMT_GCC_EXTENSION __extension__
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 406
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+// Disable the warning about "long long" which is sometimes reported even
+// when using __extension__.
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wlong-long"
+// Disable the warning about declaration shadowing because it affects too
+// many valid cases.
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wshadow"
+// Disable the warning about implicit conversions that may change the sign of
+// an integer; silencing it otherwise would require many explicit casts.
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wsign-conversion"
+#endif
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L || defined __GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__
+#define FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11 1
+#endif
+#else
+#define FMT_GCC_VERSION 0
+#define FMT_GCC_EXTENSION
+#define FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#define FMT_ICC_VERSION __INTEL_COMPILER
+#elif defined(__ICL)
+#define FMT_ICC_VERSION __ICL
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(FMT_ICC_VERSION)
+#define FMT_CLANG_VERSION (__clang_major__ * 100 + __clang_minor__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wdocumentation-unknown-command"
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wpadded"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC_LIBSTD__
+#define FMT_GNUC_LIBSTD_VERSION (__GNUC_LIBSTD__ * 100 + __GNUC_LIBSTD_MINOR__)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_feature
+#define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) __has_feature(x)
+#else
+#define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_builtin
+#define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) __has_builtin(x)
+#else
+#define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_cpp_attribute
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_cpp_attribute(x)
+#else
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(maybe_unused)
+#define FMT_HAS_CXX17_ATTRIBUTE_MAYBE_UNUSED
+// VC++ 1910 support /std: option and that will set _MSVC_LANG macro
+// Clang with Microsoft CodeGen doesn't define _MSVC_LANG macro
+#elif defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG > 201402 && _MSC_VER >= 1910
+#define FMT_HAS_CXX17_ATTRIBUTE_MAYBE_UNUSED
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_HAS_CXX17_ATTRIBUTE_MAYBE_UNUSED
+#define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]]
+// g++/clang++ also support [[gnu::unused]]. However, we don't use it.
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED __attribute__((unused))
+#else
+#define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
+#endif
+
+// Use the compiler's attribute noreturn
+#if defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__MINGW64__)
+#define FMT_NORETURN __attribute__((noreturn))
+#elif FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+#define FMT_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
+#else
+#define FMT_NORETURN
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
+// Variadic templates are available in GCC since version 4.4
+// (http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/cxx0x.html) and in Visual C++
+// since version 2013.
+#define FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES                                                                                                         \
+    (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_variadic_templates) || (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 404 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1800)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+// Don't use rvalue references when compiling with clang and an old libstdc++
+// as the latter doesn't provide std::move.
+#if defined(FMT_GNUC_LIBSTD_VERSION) && FMT_GNUC_LIBSTD_VERSION <= 402
+#define FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES 0
+#else
+#define FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES                                                                                                          \
+    (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_rvalue_references) || (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 403 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1600)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1700
+#define FMT_USE_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS 1
+#else
+#define FMT_USE_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS 0
+#endif
+
+// Check if exceptions are disabled.
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__EXCEPTIONS)
+#define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 0
+#endif
+#if FMT_MSC_VER && !_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+#define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 0
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_THROW
+#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#define FMT_THROW(x) throw x
+#else
+#define FMT_THROW(x) assert(false)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// Define FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT to make fmt use noexcept (C++11 feature).
+#ifndef FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT
+#define FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT 0
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT || FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_noexcept) || (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
+#define FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT noexcept
+#else
+#define FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT throw()
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_NOEXCEPT
+#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#define FMT_NOEXCEPT FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT
+#else
+#define FMT_NOEXCEPT
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// This is needed because GCC still uses throw() in its headers when exceptions
+// are disabled.
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION
+#define FMT_DTOR_NOEXCEPT FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT
+#else
+#define FMT_DTOR_NOEXCEPT FMT_NOEXCEPT
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_OVERRIDE
+#if (defined(FMT_USE_OVERRIDE) && FMT_USE_OVERRIDE) || FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_override) || (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) ||   \
+    FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
+#define FMT_OVERRIDE override
+#else
+#define FMT_OVERRIDE
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_NULL
+#if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_nullptr) || (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1600
+#define FMT_NULL nullptr
+#else
+#define FMT_NULL NULL
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// A macro to disallow the copy constructor and operator= functions
+// This should be used in the private: declarations for a class
+#ifndef FMT_USE_DELETED_FUNCTIONS
+#define FMT_USE_DELETED_FUNCTIONS 0
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_DELETED_FUNCTIONS || FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_deleted_functions) || (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 404 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) ||                \
+    FMT_MSC_VER >= 1800
+#define FMT_DELETED_OR_UNDEFINED = delete
+#define FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TypeName)                                                                                             \
+    TypeName(const TypeName &) = delete;                                                                                                   \
+    TypeName &operator=(const TypeName &) = delete
+#else
+#define FMT_DELETED_OR_UNDEFINED
+#define FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TypeName)                                                                                             \
+    TypeName(const TypeName &);                                                                                                            \
+    TypeName &operator=(const TypeName &)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS
+#define FMT_USE_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_DEFAULTED_COPY_CTOR
+#if FMT_USE_DEFAULTED_FUNCTIONS || FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_defaulted_functions) || (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 404 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) ||            \
+    FMT_MSC_VER >= 1800
+#define FMT_DEFAULTED_COPY_CTOR(TypeName) TypeName(const TypeName &) = default;
+#else
+#define FMT_DEFAULTED_COPY_CTOR(TypeName)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+// All compilers which support UDLs also support variadic templates. This
+// makes the fmt::literals implementation easier. However, an explicit check
+// for variadic templates is added here just in case.
+// For Intel's compiler both it and the system gcc/msc must support UDLs.
+#if FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES && FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES &&                                                                             \
+    (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_user_literals) || (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 407 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900) &&                        \
+    (!defined(FMT_ICC_VERSION) || FMT_ICC_VERSION >= 1500)
+#define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 1
+#else
+#define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_EXTERN_TEMPLATES
+#define FMT_USE_EXTERN_TEMPLATES (FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 209 || (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 303 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11))
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+// If header only do not use extern templates.
+#undef FMT_USE_EXTERN_TEMPLATES
+#define FMT_USE_EXTERN_TEMPLATES 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_ASSERT
+#define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message) assert((condition) && message)
+#endif
+
+// __builtin_clz is broken in clang with Microsoft CodeGen:
+// https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/519
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 400 || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clz)
+#define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) __builtin_clz(n)
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 400 || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clzll)
+#define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) __builtin_clzll(n)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// Some compilers masquerade as both MSVC and GCC-likes or
+// otherwise support __builtin_clz and __builtin_clzll, so
+// only define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ using the MSVC intrinsics
+// if the clz and clzll builtins are not available.
+#if FMT_MSC_VER && !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL) && !defined(_MANAGED)
+#include <intrin.h> // _BitScanReverse, _BitScanReverse64
+
+namespace fmt {
+namespace internal {
+// avoid Clang with Microsoft CodeGen's -Wunknown-pragmas warning
+#ifndef __clang__
+#pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
+#endif
+inline uint32_t clz(uint32_t x)
+{
+    unsigned long r = 0;
+    _BitScanReverse(&r, x);
+
+    assert(x != 0);
+    // Static analysis complains about using uninitialized data
+    // "r", but the only way that can happen is if "x" is 0,
+    // which the callers guarantee to not happen.
+#pragma warning(suppress : 6102)
+    return 31 - r;
+}
+#define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) fmt::internal::clz(n)
+
+// avoid Clang with Microsoft CodeGen's -Wunknown-pragmas warning
+#if defined(_WIN64) && !defined(__clang__)
+#pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse64)
+#endif
+
+inline uint32_t clzll(uint64_t x)
+{
+    unsigned long r = 0;
+#ifdef _WIN64
+    _BitScanReverse64(&r, x);
+#else
+    // Scan the high 32 bits.
+    if (_BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32)))
+        return 63 - (r + 32);
+
+    // Scan the low 32 bits.
+    _BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x));
+#endif
+
+    assert(x != 0);
+    // Static analysis complains about using uninitialized data
+    // "r", but the only way that can happen is if "x" is 0,
+    // which the callers guarantee to not happen.
+#pragma warning(suppress : 6102)
+    return 63 - r;
+}
+#define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) fmt::internal::clzll(n)
+} // namespace internal
+} // namespace fmt
+#endif
+
+namespace fmt {
+namespace internal {
+struct DummyInt
+{
+    int data[2];
+    operator int() const
+    {
+        return 0;
+    }
+};
+typedef std::numeric_limits<fmt::internal::DummyInt> FPUtil;
+
+// Dummy implementations of system functions such as signbit and ecvt called
+// if the latter are not available.
+inline DummyInt signbit(...)
+{
+    return DummyInt();
+}
+inline DummyInt _ecvt_s(...)
+{
+    return DummyInt();
+}
+inline DummyInt isinf(...)
+{
+    return DummyInt();
+}
+inline DummyInt _finite(...)
+{
+    return DummyInt();
+}
+inline DummyInt isnan(...)
+{
+    return DummyInt();
+}
+inline DummyInt _isnan(...)
+{
+    return DummyInt();
+}
+
+// A helper function to suppress bogus "conditional expression is constant"
+// warnings.
+template<typename T>
+inline T const_check(T value)
+{
+    return value;
+}
+} // namespace internal
+} // namespace fmt
+
+namespace std {
+// Standard permits specialization of std::numeric_limits. This specialization
+// is used to resolve ambiguity between isinf and std::isinf in glibc:
+// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=48891
+// and the same for isnan and signbit.
+template<>
+class numeric_limits<fmt::internal::DummyInt> : public std::numeric_limits<int>
+{
+public:
+    // Portable version of isinf.
+    template<typename T>
+    static bool isinfinity(T x)
+    {
+        using namespace fmt::internal;
+        // The resolution "priority" is:
+        // isinf macro > std::isinf > ::isinf > fmt::internal::isinf
+        if (const_check(sizeof(isinf(x)) == sizeof(bool) || sizeof(isinf(x)) == sizeof(int)))
+        {
+            return isinf(x) != 0;
+        }
+        return !_finite(static_cast<double>(x));
+    }
+
+    // Portable version of isnan.
+    template<typename T>
+    static bool isnotanumber(T x)
+    {
+        using namespace fmt::internal;
+        if (const_check(sizeof(isnan(x)) == sizeof(bool) || sizeof(isnan(x)) == sizeof(int)))
+        {
+            return isnan(x) != 0;
+        }
+        return _isnan(static_cast<double>(x)) != 0;
+    }
+
+    // Portable version of signbit.
+    static bool isnegative(double x)
+    {
+        using namespace fmt::internal;
+        if (const_check(sizeof(signbit(x)) == sizeof(bool) || sizeof(signbit(x)) == sizeof(int)))
+        {
+            return signbit(x) != 0;
+        }
+        if (x < 0)
+            return true;
+        if (!isnotanumber(x))
+            return false;
+        int dec = 0, sign = 0;
+        char buffer[2]; // The buffer size must be >= 2 or _ecvt_s will fail.
+        _ecvt_s(buffer, sizeof(buffer), x, 0, &dec, &sign);
+        return sign != 0;
+    }
+};
+} // namespace std
+
+namespace fmt {
+
+// Fix the warning about long long on older versions of GCC
+// that don't support the diagnostic pragma.
+FMT_GCC_EXTENSION typedef long long LongLong;
+FMT_GCC_EXTENSION typedef unsigned long long ULongLong;
+
+#if FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+using std::move;
+#endif
+
+template<typename Char>
+class BasicWriter;
+
+typedef BasicWriter<char> Writer;
+typedef BasicWriter<wchar_t> WWriter;
+
+template<typename Char>
+class ArgFormatter;
+
+struct FormatSpec;
+
+template<typename Impl, typename Char, typename Spec = fmt::FormatSpec>
+class BasicPrintfArgFormatter;
+
+template<typename CharType, typename ArgFormatter = fmt::ArgFormatter<CharType>>
+class BasicFormatter;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A string reference. It can be constructed from a C string or
+  ``std::basic_string``.
+
+  You can use one of the following typedefs for common character types:
+
+  +------------+-------------------------+
+  | Type       | Definition              |
+  +============+=========================+
+  | StringRef  | BasicStringRef<char>    |
+  +------------+-------------------------+
+  | WStringRef | BasicStringRef<wchar_t> |
+  +------------+-------------------------+
+
+  This class is most useful as a parameter type to allow passing
+  different types of strings to a function, for example::
+
+    template <typename... Args>
+    std::string format(StringRef format_str, const Args & ... args);
+
+    format("{}", 42);
+    format(std::string("{}"), 42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template<typename Char>
+class BasicStringRef
+{
+private:
+    const Char *data_;
+    std::size_t size_;
+
+public:
+    /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string and a size. */
+    BasicStringRef(const Char *s, std::size_t size)
+        : data_(s)
+        , size_(size)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Constructs a string reference object from a C string computing
+      the size with ``std::char_traits<Char>::length``.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    BasicStringRef(const Char *s)
+        : data_(s)
+        , size_(std::char_traits<Char>::length(s))
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Constructs a string reference from a ``std::basic_string`` object.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    template<typename Allocator>
+    BasicStringRef(const std::basic_string<Char, std::char_traits<Char>, Allocator> &s)
+        : data_(s.c_str())
+        , size_(s.size())
+    {
+    }
+
+#if FMT_HAS_STRING_VIEW
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Constructs a string reference from a ``std::basic_string_view`` object.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    BasicStringRef(const std::basic_string_view<Char, std::char_traits<Char>> &s)
+        : data_(s.data())
+        , size_(s.size())
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     \rst
+     Converts a string reference to an ``std::string_view`` object.
+     \endrst
+    */
+    explicit operator std::basic_string_view<Char>() const FMT_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return std::basic_string_view<Char>(data_, size_);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Converts a string reference to an ``std::string`` object.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    std::basic_string<Char> to_string() const
+    {
+        return std::basic_string<Char>(data_, size_);
+    }
+
+    /** Returns a pointer to the string data. */
+    const Char *data() const
+    {
+        return data_;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the string size. */
+    std::size_t size() const
+    {
+        return size_;
+    }
+
+    // Lexicographically compare this string reference to other.
+    int compare(BasicStringRef other) const
+    {
+        std::size_t size = size_ < other.size_ ? size_ : other.size_;
+        int result = std::char_traits<Char>::compare(data_, other.data_, size);
+        if (result == 0)
+            result = size_ == other.size_ ? 0 : (size_ < other.size_ ? -1 : 1);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    friend bool operator==(BasicStringRef lhs, BasicStringRef rhs)
+    {
+        return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0;
+    }
+    friend bool operator!=(BasicStringRef lhs, BasicStringRef rhs)
+    {
+        return lhs.compare(rhs) != 0;
+    }
+    friend bool operator<(BasicStringRef lhs, BasicStringRef rhs)
+    {
+        return lhs.compare(rhs) < 0;
+    }
+    friend bool operator<=(BasicStringRef lhs, BasicStringRef rhs)
+    {
+        return lhs.compare(rhs) <= 0;
+    }
+    friend bool operator>(BasicStringRef lhs, BasicStringRef rhs)
+    {
+        return lhs.compare(rhs) > 0;
+    }
+    friend bool operator>=(BasicStringRef lhs, BasicStringRef rhs)
+    {
+        return lhs.compare(rhs) >= 0;
+    }
+};
+
+typedef BasicStringRef<char> StringRef;
+typedef BasicStringRef<wchar_t> WStringRef;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A reference to a null terminated string. It can be constructed from a C
+  string or ``std::basic_string``.
+
+  You can use one of the following typedefs for common character types:
+
+  +-------------+--------------------------+
+  | Type        | Definition               |
+  +=============+==========================+
+  | CStringRef  | BasicCStringRef<char>    |
+  +-------------+--------------------------+
+  | WCStringRef | BasicCStringRef<wchar_t> |
+  +-------------+--------------------------+
+
+  This class is most useful as a parameter type to allow passing
+  different types of strings to a function, for example::
+
+    template <typename... Args>
+    std::string format(CStringRef format_str, const Args & ... args);
+
+    format("{}", 42);
+    format(std::string("{}"), 42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template<typename Char>
+class BasicCStringRef
+{
+private:
+    const Char *data_;
+
+public:
+    /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string. */
+    BasicCStringRef(const Char *s)
+        : data_(s)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Constructs a string reference from a ``std::basic_string`` object.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    template<typename Allocator>
+    BasicCStringRef(const std::basic_string<Char, std::char_traits<Char>, Allocator> &s)
+        : data_(s.c_str())
+    {
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the pointer to a C string. */
+    const Char *c_str() const
+    {
+        return data_;
+    }
+};
+
+typedef BasicCStringRef<char> CStringRef;
+typedef BasicCStringRef<wchar_t> WCStringRef;
+
+/** A formatting error such as invalid format string. */
+class FormatError : public std::runtime_error
+{
+public:
+    explicit FormatError(CStringRef message)
+        : std::runtime_error(message.c_str())
+    {
+    }
+    FormatError(const FormatError &ferr)
+        : std::runtime_error(ferr)
+    {
+    }
+    FMT_API ~FormatError() FMT_DTOR_NOEXCEPT FMT_OVERRIDE;
+};
+
+namespace internal {
+
+// MakeUnsigned<T>::Type gives an unsigned type corresponding to integer type T.
+template<typename T>
+struct MakeUnsigned
+{
+    typedef T Type;
+};
+
+#define FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(T, U)                                                                                                 \
+    template<>                                                                                                                             \
+    struct MakeUnsigned<T>                                                                                                                 \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        typedef U Type;                                                                                                                    \
+    }
+
+FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(char, unsigned char);
+FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(signed char, unsigned char);
+FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(short, unsigned short);
+FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(int, unsigned);
+FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(long, unsigned long);
+FMT_SPECIALIZE_MAKE_UNSIGNED(LongLong, ULongLong);
+
+// Casts nonnegative integer to unsigned.
+template<typename Int>
+inline typename MakeUnsigned<Int>::Type to_unsigned(Int value)
+{
+    FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0, "negative value");
+    return static_cast<typename MakeUnsigned<Int>::Type>(value);
+}
+
+// The number of characters to store in the MemoryBuffer object itself
+// to avoid dynamic memory allocation.
+enum
+{
+    INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE = 500
+};
+
+#if FMT_SECURE_SCL
+// Use checked iterator to avoid warnings on MSVC.
+template<typename T>
+inline stdext::checked_array_iterator<T *> make_ptr(T *ptr, std::size_t size)
+{
+    return stdext::checked_array_iterator<T *>(ptr, size);
+}
+#else
+template<typename T>
+inline T *make_ptr(T *ptr, std::size_t)
+{
+    return ptr;
+}
+#endif
+} // namespace internal
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A buffer supporting a subset of ``std::vector``'s operations.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template<typename T>
+class Buffer
+{
+private:
+    FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Buffer);
+
+protected:
+    T *ptr_;
+    std::size_t size_;
+    std::size_t capacity_;
+
+    Buffer(T *ptr = FMT_NULL, std::size_t capacity = 0)
+        : ptr_(ptr)
+        , size_(0)
+        , capacity_(capacity)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Increases the buffer capacity to hold at least *size* elements updating
+      ``ptr_`` and ``capacity_``.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    virtual void grow(std::size_t size) = 0;
+
+public:
+    virtual ~Buffer() {}
+
+    /** Returns the size of this buffer. */
+    std::size_t size() const
+    {
+        return size_;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the capacity of this buffer. */
+    std::size_t capacity() const
+    {
+        return capacity_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+      Resizes the buffer. If T is a POD type new elements may not be initialized.
+     */
+    void resize(std::size_t new_size)
+    {
+        if (new_size > capacity_)
+            grow(new_size);
+        size_ = new_size;
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Reserves space to store at least *capacity* elements.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    void reserve(std::size_t capacity)
+    {
+        if (capacity > capacity_)
+            grow(capacity);
+    }
+
+    void clear() FMT_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        size_ = 0;
+    }
+
+    void push_back(const T &value)
+    {
+        if (size_ == capacity_)
+            grow(size_ + 1);
+        ptr_[size_++] = value;
+    }
+
+    /** Appends data to the end of the buffer. */
+    template<typename U>
+    void append(const U *begin, const U *end);
+
+    T &operator[](std::size_t index)
+    {
+        return ptr_[index];
+    }
+    const T &operator[](std::size_t index) const
+    {
+        return ptr_[index];
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+template<typename U>
+void Buffer<T>::append(const U *begin, const U *end)
+{
+    FMT_ASSERT(end >= begin, "negative value");
+    std::size_t new_size = size_ + static_cast<std::size_t>(end - begin);
+    if (new_size > capacity_)
+        grow(new_size);
+    std::uninitialized_copy(begin, end, internal::make_ptr(ptr_, capacity_) + size_);
+    size_ = new_size;
+}
+
+namespace internal {
+
+// A memory buffer for trivially copyable/constructible types with the first
+// SIZE elements stored in the object itself.
+template<typename T, std::size_t SIZE, typename Allocator = std::allocator<T>>
+class MemoryBuffer : private Allocator, public Buffer<T>
+{
+private:
+    T data_[SIZE];
+
+    // Deallocate memory allocated by the buffer.
+    void deallocate()
+    {
+        if (this->ptr_ != data_)
+            Allocator::deallocate(this->ptr_, this->capacity_);
+    }
+
+protected:
+    void grow(std::size_t size) FMT_OVERRIDE;
+
+public:
+    explicit MemoryBuffer(const Allocator &alloc = Allocator())
+        : Allocator(alloc)
+        , Buffer<T>(data_, SIZE)
+    {
+    }
+    ~MemoryBuffer() FMT_OVERRIDE
+    {
+        deallocate();
+    }
+
+#if FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+private:
+    // Move data from other to this buffer.
+    void move(MemoryBuffer &other)
+    {
+        Allocator &this_alloc = *this, &other_alloc = other;
+        this_alloc = std::move(other_alloc);
+        this->size_ = other.size_;
+        this->capacity_ = other.capacity_;
+        if (other.ptr_ == other.data_)
+        {
+            this->ptr_ = data_;
+            std::uninitialized_copy(other.data_, other.data_ + this->size_, make_ptr(data_, this->capacity_));
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            this->ptr_ = other.ptr_;
+            // Set pointer to the inline array so that delete is not called
+            // when deallocating.
+            other.ptr_ = other.data_;
+        }
+    }
+
+public:
+    MemoryBuffer(MemoryBuffer &&other)
+    {
+        move(other);
+    }
+
+    MemoryBuffer &operator=(MemoryBuffer &&other)
+    {
+        assert(this != &other);
+        deallocate();
+        move(other);
+        return *this;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    // Returns a copy of the allocator associated with this buffer.
+    Allocator get_allocator() const
+    {
+        return *this;
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename T, std::size_t SIZE, typename Allocator>
+void MemoryBuffer<T, SIZE, Allocator>::grow(std::size_t size)
+{
+    std::size_t new_capacity = this->capacity_ + this->capacity_ / 2;
+    if (size > new_capacity)
+        new_capacity = size;
+#if FMT_USE_ALLOCATOR_TRAITS
+    T *new_ptr = std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::allocate(*this, new_capacity, FMT_NULL);
+#else
+    T *new_ptr = this->allocate(new_capacity, FMT_NULL);
+#endif
+    // The following code doesn't throw, so the raw pointer above doesn't leak.
+    std::uninitialized_copy(this->ptr_, this->ptr_ + this->size_, make_ptr(new_ptr, new_capacity));
+    std::size_t old_capacity = this->capacity_;
+    T *old_ptr = this->ptr_;
+    this->capacity_ = new_capacity;
+    this->ptr_ = new_ptr;
+    // deallocate may throw (at least in principle), but it doesn't matter since
+    // the buffer already uses the new storage and will deallocate it in case
+    // of exception.
+    if (old_ptr != data_)
+        Allocator::deallocate(old_ptr, old_capacity);
+}
+
+// A fixed-size buffer.
+template<typename Char>
+class FixedBuffer : public fmt::Buffer<Char>
+{
+public:
+    FixedBuffer(Char *array, std::size_t size)
+        : fmt::Buffer<Char>(array, size)
+    {
+    }
+
+protected:
+    FMT_API void grow(std::size_t size) FMT_OVERRIDE;
+};
+
+template<typename Char>
+class BasicCharTraits
+{
+public:
+#if FMT_SECURE_SCL
+    typedef stdext::checked_array_iterator<Char *> CharPtr;
+#else
+    typedef Char *CharPtr;
+#endif
+    static Char cast(int value)
+    {
+        return static_cast<Char>(value);
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename Char>
+class CharTraits;
+
+template<>
+class CharTraits<char> : public BasicCharTraits<char>
+{
+private:
+    // Conversion from wchar_t to char is not allowed.
+    static char convert(wchar_t);
+
+public:
+    static char convert(char value)
+    {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    // Formats a floating-point number.
+    template<typename T>
+    FMT_API static int format_float(char *buffer, std::size_t size, const char *format, unsigned width, int precision, T value);
+};
+
+#if FMT_USE_EXTERN_TEMPLATES
+extern template int CharTraits<char>::format_float<double>(
+    char *buffer, std::size_t size, const char *format, unsigned width, int precision, double value);
+extern template int CharTraits<char>::format_float<long double>(
+    char *buffer, std::size_t size, const char *format, unsigned width, int precision, long double value);
+#endif
+
+template<>
+class CharTraits<wchar_t> : public BasicCharTraits<wchar_t>
+{
+public:
+    static wchar_t convert(char value)
+    {
+        return value;
+    }
+    static wchar_t convert(wchar_t value)
+    {
+        return value;
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    FMT_API static int format_float(wchar_t *buffer, std::size_t size, const wchar_t *format, unsigned width, int precision, T value);
+};
+
+#if FMT_USE_EXTERN_TEMPLATES
+extern template int CharTraits<wchar_t>::format_float<double>(
+    wchar_t *buffer, std::size_t size, const wchar_t *format, unsigned width, int precision, double value);
+extern template int CharTraits<wchar_t>::format_float<long double>(
+    wchar_t *buffer, std::size_t size, const wchar_t *format, unsigned width, int precision, long double value);
+#endif
+
+// Checks if a number is negative - used to avoid warnings.
+template<bool IsSigned>
+struct SignChecker
+{
+    template<typename T>
+    static bool is_negative(T value)
+    {
+        return value < 0;
+    }
+};
+
+template<>
+struct SignChecker<false>
+{
+    template<typename T>
+    static bool is_negative(T)
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+};
+
+// Returns true if value is negative, false otherwise.
+// Same as (value < 0) but doesn't produce warnings if T is an unsigned type.
+template<typename T>
+inline bool is_negative(T value)
+{
+    return SignChecker<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed>::is_negative(value);
+}
+
+// Selects uint32_t if FitsIn32Bits is true, uint64_t otherwise.
+template<bool FitsIn32Bits>
+struct TypeSelector
+{
+    typedef uint32_t Type;
+};
+
+template<>
+struct TypeSelector<false>
+{
+    typedef uint64_t Type;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct IntTraits
+{
+    // Smallest of uint32_t and uint64_t that is large enough to represent
+    // all values of T.
+    typedef typename TypeSelector<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits <= 32>::Type MainType;
+};
+
+FMT_API FMT_NORETURN void report_unknown_type(char code, const char *type);
+
+// Static data is placed in this class template to allow header-only
+// configuration.
+template<typename T = void>
+struct FMT_API BasicData
+{
+    static const uint32_t POWERS_OF_10_32[];
+    static const uint64_t POWERS_OF_10_64[];
+    static const char DIGITS[];
+};
+
+#if FMT_USE_EXTERN_TEMPLATES
+extern template struct BasicData<void>;
+#endif
+
+typedef BasicData<> Data;
+
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+// Returns the number of decimal digits in n. Leading zeros are not counted
+// except for n == 0 in which case count_digits returns 1.
+inline unsigned count_digits(uint64_t n)
+{
+    // Based on http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#IntegerLog10
+    // and the benchmark https://github.com/localvoid/cxx-benchmark-count-digits.
+    int t = (64 - FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n | 1)) * 1233 >> 12;
+    return to_unsigned(t) - (n < Data::POWERS_OF_10_64[t]) + 1;
+}
+#else
+// Fallback version of count_digits used when __builtin_clz is not available.
+inline unsigned count_digits(uint64_t n)
+{
+    unsigned count = 1;
+    for (;;)
+    {
+        // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of four digits instead
+        // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+        // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+        if (n < 10)
+            return count;
+        if (n < 100)
+            return count + 1;
+        if (n < 1000)
+            return count + 2;
+        if (n < 10000)
+            return count + 3;
+        n /= 10000u;
+        count += 4;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+// Optional version of count_digits for better performance on 32-bit platforms.
+inline unsigned count_digits(uint32_t n)
+{
+    int t = (32 - FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n | 1)) * 1233 >> 12;
+    return to_unsigned(t) - (n < Data::POWERS_OF_10_32[t]) + 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+// A functor that doesn't add a thousands separator.
+struct NoThousandsSep
+{
+    template<typename Char>
+    void operator()(Char *)
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+// A functor that adds a thousands separator.
+class ThousandsSep
+{
+private:
+    fmt::StringRef sep_;
+
+    // Index of a decimal digit with the least significant digit having index 0.
+    unsigned digit_index_;
+
+public:
+    explicit ThousandsSep(fmt::StringRef sep)
+        : sep_(sep)
+        , digit_index_(0)
+    {
+    }
+
+    template<typename Char>
+    void operator()(Char *&buffer)
+    {
+        if (++digit_index_ % 3 != 0)
+            return;
+        buffer -= sep_.size();
+        std::uninitialized_copy(sep_.data(), sep_.data() + sep_.size(), internal::make_ptr(buffer, sep_.size()));
+    }
+};
+
+// Formats a decimal unsigned integer value writing into buffer.
+// thousands_sep is a functor that is called after writing each char to
+// add a thousands separator if necessary.
+template<typename UInt, typename Char, typename ThousandsSep>
+inline void format_decimal(Char *buffer, UInt value, unsigned num_digits, ThousandsSep thousands_sep)
+{
+    buffer += num_digits;
+    while (value >= 100)
+    {
+        // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of two digits instead
+        // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+        // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+        unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>((value % 100) * 2);
+        value /= 100;
+        *--buffer = Data::DIGITS[index + 1];
+        thousands_sep(buffer);
+        *--buffer = Data::DIGITS[index];
+        thousands_sep(buffer);
+    }
+    if (value < 10)
+    {
+        *--buffer = static_cast<char>('0' + value);
+        return;
+    }
+    unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>(value * 2);
+    *--buffer = Data::DIGITS[index + 1];
+    thousands_sep(buffer);
+    *--buffer = Data::DIGITS[index];
+}
+
+template<typename UInt, typename Char>
+inline void format_decimal(Char *buffer, UInt value, unsigned num_digits)
+{
+    format_decimal(buffer, value, num_digits, NoThousandsSep());
+    return;
+}
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#define FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H 0
+#elif !defined(FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H)
+#define FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H 1
+#endif
+
+// Define FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H to 0 to disable use of windows.h.
+// All the functionality that relies on it will be disabled too.
+#if FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H
+// A converter from UTF-8 to UTF-16.
+// It is only provided for Windows since other systems support UTF-8 natively.
+class UTF8ToUTF16
+{
+private:
+    MemoryBuffer<wchar_t, INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer_;
+
+public:
+    FMT_API explicit UTF8ToUTF16(StringRef s);
+    operator WStringRef() const
+    {
+        return WStringRef(&buffer_[0], size());
+    }
+    size_t size() const
+    {
+        return buffer_.size() - 1;
+    }
+    const wchar_t *c_str() const
+    {
+        return &buffer_[0];
+    }
+    std::wstring str() const
+    {
+        return std::wstring(&buffer_[0], size());
+    }
+};
+
+// A converter from UTF-16 to UTF-8.
+// It is only provided for Windows since other systems support UTF-8 natively.
+class UTF16ToUTF8
+{
+private:
+    MemoryBuffer<char, INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer_;
+
+public:
+    UTF16ToUTF8() {}
+    FMT_API explicit UTF16ToUTF8(WStringRef s);
+    operator StringRef() const
+    {
+        return StringRef(&buffer_[0], size());
+    }
+    size_t size() const
+    {
+        return buffer_.size() - 1;
+    }
+    const char *c_str() const
+    {
+        return &buffer_[0];
+    }
+    std::string str() const
+    {
+        return std::string(&buffer_[0], size());
+    }
+
+    // Performs conversion returning a system error code instead of
+    // throwing exception on conversion error. This method may still throw
+    // in case of memory allocation error.
+    FMT_API int convert(WStringRef s);
+};
+
+FMT_API void format_windows_error(fmt::Writer &out, int error_code, fmt::StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+#endif
+
+// A formatting argument value.
+struct Value
+{
+    template<typename Char>
+    struct StringValue
+    {
+        const Char *value;
+        std::size_t size;
+    };
+
+    typedef void (*FormatFunc)(void *formatter, const void *arg, void *format_str_ptr);
+
+    struct CustomValue
+    {
+        const void *value;
+        FormatFunc format;
+    };
+
+    union
+    {
+        int int_value;
+        unsigned uint_value;
+        LongLong long_long_value;
+        ULongLong ulong_long_value;
+        double double_value;
+        long double long_double_value;
+        const void *pointer;
+        StringValue<char> string;
+        StringValue<signed char> sstring;
+        StringValue<unsigned char> ustring;
+        StringValue<wchar_t> wstring;
+        CustomValue custom;
+    };
+
+    enum Type
+    {
+        NONE,
+        NAMED_ARG,
+        // Integer types should go first,
+        INT,
+        UINT,
+        LONG_LONG,
+        ULONG_LONG,
+        BOOL,
+        CHAR,
+        LAST_INTEGER_TYPE = CHAR,
+        // followed by floating-point types.
+        DOUBLE,
+        LONG_DOUBLE,
+        LAST_NUMERIC_TYPE = LONG_DOUBLE,
+        CSTRING,
+        STRING,
+        WSTRING,
+        POINTER,
+        CUSTOM
+    };
+};
+
+// A formatting argument. It is a trivially copyable/constructible type to
+// allow storage in internal::MemoryBuffer.
+struct Arg : Value
+{
+    Type type;
+};
+
+template<typename Char>
+struct NamedArg;
+template<typename Char, typename T>
+struct NamedArgWithType;
+
+template<typename T = void>
+struct Null
+{
+};
+
+// A helper class template to enable or disable overloads taking wide
+// characters and strings in MakeValue.
+template<typename T, typename Char>
+struct WCharHelper
+{
+    typedef Null<T> Supported;
+    typedef T Unsupported;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct WCharHelper<T, wchar_t>
+{
+    typedef T Supported;
+    typedef Null<T> Unsupported;
+};
+
+typedef char Yes[1];
+typedef char No[2];
+
+template<typename T>
+T &get();
+
+// These are non-members to workaround an overload resolution bug in bcc32.
+Yes &convert(fmt::ULongLong);
+No &convert(...);
+
+template<typename T, bool ENABLE_CONVERSION>
+struct ConvertToIntImpl
+{
+    enum
+    {
+        value = ENABLE_CONVERSION
+    };
+};
+
+template<typename T, bool ENABLE_CONVERSION>
+struct ConvertToIntImpl2
+{
+    enum
+    {
+        value = false
+    };
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct ConvertToIntImpl2<T, true>
+{
+    enum
+    {
+        // Don't convert numeric types.
+        value = ConvertToIntImpl<T, !std::numeric_limits<T>::is_specialized>::value
+    };
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct ConvertToInt
+{
+    enum
+    {
+        enable_conversion = sizeof(fmt::internal::convert(get<T>())) == sizeof(Yes)
+    };
+    enum
+    {
+        value = ConvertToIntImpl2<T, enable_conversion>::value
+    };
+};
+
+#define FMT_DISABLE_CONVERSION_TO_INT(Type)                                                                                                \
+    template<>                                                                                                                             \
+    struct ConvertToInt<Type>                                                                                                              \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        enum                                                                                                                               \
+        {                                                                                                                                  \
+            value = 0                                                                                                                      \
+        };                                                                                                                                 \
+    }
+
+// Silence warnings about convering float to int.
+FMT_DISABLE_CONVERSION_TO_INT(float);
+FMT_DISABLE_CONVERSION_TO_INT(double);
+FMT_DISABLE_CONVERSION_TO_INT(long double);
+
+template<bool B, class T = void>
+struct EnableIf
+{
+};
+
+template<class T>
+struct EnableIf<true, T>
+{
+    typedef T type;
+};
+
+template<bool B, class T, class F>
+struct Conditional
+{
+    typedef T type;
+};
+
+template<class T, class F>
+struct Conditional<false, T, F>
+{
+    typedef F type;
+};
+
+// For bcc32 which doesn't understand ! in template arguments.
+template<bool>
+struct Not
+{
+    enum
+    {
+        value = 0
+    };
+};
+
+template<>
+struct Not<false>
+{
+    enum
+    {
+        value = 1
+    };
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct FalseType
+{
+    enum
+    {
+        value = 0
+    };
+};
+
+template<typename T, T>
+struct LConvCheck
+{
+    LConvCheck(int) {}
+};
+
+// Returns the thousands separator for the current locale.
+// We check if ``lconv`` contains ``thousands_sep`` because on Android
+// ``lconv`` is stubbed as an empty struct.
+template<typename LConv>
+inline StringRef thousands_sep(LConv *lc, LConvCheck<char * LConv::*, &LConv::thousands_sep> = 0)
+{
+    return lc->thousands_sep;
+}
+
+inline fmt::StringRef thousands_sep(...)
+{
+    return "";
+}
+
+#define FMT_CONCAT(a, b) a##b
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 303
+#define FMT_UNUSED __attribute__((unused))
+#else
+#define FMT_UNUSED
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_STATIC_ASSERT
+#define FMT_USE_STATIC_ASSERT 0
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_STATIC_ASSERT || FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_static_assert) || (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 403 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || _MSC_VER >= 1600
+#define FMT_STATIC_ASSERT(cond, message) static_assert(cond, message)
+#else
+#define FMT_CONCAT_(a, b) FMT_CONCAT(a, b)
+#define FMT_STATIC_ASSERT(cond, message) typedef int FMT_CONCAT_(Assert, __LINE__)[(cond) ? 1 : -1] FMT_UNUSED
+#endif
+
+template<typename Formatter>
+void format_arg(Formatter &, ...)
+{
+    FMT_STATIC_ASSERT(FalseType<Formatter>::value, "Cannot format argument. To enable the use of ostream "
+                                                   "operator<< include fmt/ostream.h. Otherwise provide "
+                                                   "an overload of format_arg.");
+}
+
+// Makes an Arg object from any type.
+template<typename Formatter>
+class MakeValue : public Arg
+{
+public:
+    typedef typename Formatter::Char Char;
+
+private:
+    // The following two methods are private to disallow formatting of
+    // arbitrary pointers. If you want to output a pointer cast it to
+    // "void *" or "const void *". In particular, this forbids formatting
+    // of "[const] volatile char *" which is printed as bool by iostreams.
+    // Do not implement!
+    template<typename T>
+    MakeValue(const T *value);
+    template<typename T>
+    MakeValue(T *value);
+
+    // The following methods are private to disallow formatting of wide
+    // characters and strings into narrow strings as in
+    //   fmt::format("{}", L"test");
+    // To fix this, use a wide format string: fmt::format(L"{}", L"test").
+#if !FMT_MSC_VER || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
+    MakeValue(typename WCharHelper<wchar_t, Char>::Unsupported);
+#endif
+    MakeValue(typename WCharHelper<wchar_t *, Char>::Unsupported);
+    MakeValue(typename WCharHelper<const wchar_t *, Char>::Unsupported);
+    MakeValue(typename WCharHelper<const std::wstring &, Char>::Unsupported);
+#if FMT_HAS_STRING_VIEW
+    MakeValue(typename WCharHelper<const std::wstring_view &, Char>::Unsupported);
+#endif
+    MakeValue(typename WCharHelper<WStringRef, Char>::Unsupported);
+
+    void set_string(StringRef str)
+    {
+        string.value = str.data();
+        string.size = str.size();
+    }
+
+    void set_string(WStringRef str)
+    {
+        wstring.value = str.data();
+        wstring.size = str.size();
+    }
+
+    // Formats an argument of a custom type, such as a user-defined class.
+    template<typename T>
+    static void format_custom_arg(void *formatter, const void *arg, void *format_str_ptr)
+    {
+        format_arg(*static_cast<Formatter *>(formatter), *static_cast<const Char **>(format_str_ptr), *static_cast<const T *>(arg));
+    }
+
+public:
+    MakeValue() {}
+
+#define FMT_MAKE_VALUE_(Type, field, TYPE, rhs)                                                                                            \
+    MakeValue(Type value)                                                                                                                  \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        field = rhs;                                                                                                                       \
+    }                                                                                                                                      \
+    static uint64_t type(Type)                                                                                                             \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        return Arg::TYPE;                                                                                                                  \
+    }
+
+#define FMT_MAKE_VALUE(Type, field, TYPE) FMT_MAKE_VALUE_(Type, field, TYPE, value)
+
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(bool, int_value, BOOL)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(short, int_value, INT)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(unsigned short, uint_value, UINT)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(int, int_value, INT)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(unsigned, uint_value, UINT)
+
+    MakeValue(long value)
+    {
+        // To minimize the number of types we need to deal with, long is
+        // translated either to int or to long long depending on its size.
+        if (const_check(sizeof(long) == sizeof(int)))
+            int_value = static_cast<int>(value);
+        else
+            long_long_value = value;
+    }
+    static uint64_t type(long)
+    {
+        return sizeof(long) == sizeof(int) ? Arg::INT : Arg::LONG_LONG;
+    }
+
+    MakeValue(unsigned long value)
+    {
+        if (const_check(sizeof(unsigned long) == sizeof(unsigned)))
+            uint_value = static_cast<unsigned>(value);
+        else
+            ulong_long_value = value;
+    }
+    static uint64_t type(unsigned long)
+    {
+        return sizeof(unsigned long) == sizeof(unsigned) ? Arg::UINT : Arg::ULONG_LONG;
+    }
+
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(LongLong, long_long_value, LONG_LONG)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(ULongLong, ulong_long_value, ULONG_LONG)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(float, double_value, DOUBLE)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(double, double_value, DOUBLE)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(long double, long_double_value, LONG_DOUBLE)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(signed char, int_value, INT)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(unsigned char, uint_value, UINT)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(char, int_value, CHAR)
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L
+    template<typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_enum<T>::value && ConvertToInt<T>::value>::type>
+    MakeValue(T value)
+    {
+        int_value = value;
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_enum<T>::value && ConvertToInt<T>::value>::type>
+    static uint64_t type(T)
+    {
+        return Arg::INT;
+    }
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
+    MakeValue(typename WCharHelper<wchar_t, Char>::Supported value)
+    {
+        int_value = value;
+    }
+    static uint64_t type(wchar_t)
+    {
+        return Arg::CHAR;
+    }
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_MAKE_STR_VALUE(Type, TYPE)                                                                                                     \
+    MakeValue(Type value)                                                                                                                  \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        set_string(value);                                                                                                                 \
+    }                                                                                                                                      \
+    static uint64_t type(Type)                                                                                                             \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        return Arg::TYPE;                                                                                                                  \
+    }
+
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(char *, string.value, CSTRING)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(const char *, string.value, CSTRING)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(signed char *, sstring.value, CSTRING)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(const signed char *, sstring.value, CSTRING)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(unsigned char *, ustring.value, CSTRING)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(const unsigned char *, ustring.value, CSTRING)
+    FMT_MAKE_STR_VALUE(const std::string &, STRING)
+#if FMT_HAS_STRING_VIEW
+    FMT_MAKE_STR_VALUE(const std::string_view &, STRING)
+#endif
+    FMT_MAKE_STR_VALUE(StringRef, STRING)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE_(CStringRef, string.value, CSTRING, value.c_str())
+
+#define FMT_MAKE_WSTR_VALUE(Type, TYPE)                                                                                                    \
+    MakeValue(typename WCharHelper<Type, Char>::Supported value)                                                                           \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        set_string(value);                                                                                                                 \
+    }                                                                                                                                      \
+    static uint64_t type(Type)                                                                                                             \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        return Arg::TYPE;                                                                                                                  \
+    }
+
+    FMT_MAKE_WSTR_VALUE(wchar_t *, WSTRING)
+    FMT_MAKE_WSTR_VALUE(const wchar_t *, WSTRING)
+    FMT_MAKE_WSTR_VALUE(const std::wstring &, WSTRING)
+#if FMT_HAS_STRING_VIEW
+    FMT_MAKE_WSTR_VALUE(const std::wstring_view &, WSTRING)
+#endif
+    FMT_MAKE_WSTR_VALUE(WStringRef, WSTRING)
+
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(void *, pointer, POINTER)
+    FMT_MAKE_VALUE(const void *, pointer, POINTER)
+
+    template<typename T>
+    MakeValue(const T &value, typename EnableIf<Not<ConvertToInt<T>::value>::value, int>::type = 0)
+    {
+        custom.value = &value;
+        custom.format = &format_custom_arg<T>;
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    static typename EnableIf<Not<ConvertToInt<T>::value>::value, uint64_t>::type type(const T &)
+    {
+        return Arg::CUSTOM;
+    }
+
+    // Additional template param `Char_` is needed here because make_type always
+    // uses char.
+    template<typename Char_>
+    MakeValue(const NamedArg<Char_> &value)
+    {
+        pointer = &value;
+    }
+    template<typename Char_, typename T>
+    MakeValue(const NamedArgWithType<Char_, T> &value)
+    {
+        pointer = &value;
+    }
+
+    template<typename Char_>
+    static uint64_t type(const NamedArg<Char_> &)
+    {
+        return Arg::NAMED_ARG;
+    }
+    template<typename Char_, typename T>
+    static uint64_t type(const NamedArgWithType<Char_, T> &)
+    {
+        return Arg::NAMED_ARG;
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename Formatter>
+class MakeArg : public Arg
+{
+public:
+    MakeArg()
+    {
+        type = Arg::NONE;
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    MakeArg(const T &value)
+        : Arg(MakeValue<Formatter>(value))
+    {
+        type = static_cast<Arg::Type>(MakeValue<Formatter>::type(value));
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename Char>
+struct NamedArg : Arg
+{
+    BasicStringRef<Char> name;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    NamedArg(BasicStringRef<Char> argname, const T &value)
+        : Arg(MakeArg<BasicFormatter<Char>>(value))
+        , name(argname)
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename Char, typename T>
+struct NamedArgWithType : NamedArg<Char>
+{
+    NamedArgWithType(BasicStringRef<Char> argname, const T &value)
+        : NamedArg<Char>(argname, value)
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+class RuntimeError : public std::runtime_error
+{
+protected:
+    RuntimeError()
+        : std::runtime_error("")
+    {
+    }
+    RuntimeError(const RuntimeError &rerr)
+        : std::runtime_error(rerr)
+    {
+    }
+    FMT_API ~RuntimeError() FMT_DTOR_NOEXCEPT FMT_OVERRIDE;
+};
+
+template<typename Char>
+class ArgMap;
+} // namespace internal
+
+/** An argument list. */
+class ArgList
+{
+private:
+    // To reduce compiled code size per formatting function call, types of first
+    // MAX_PACKED_ARGS arguments are passed in the types_ field.
+    uint64_t types_;
+    union
+    {
+        // If the number of arguments is less than MAX_PACKED_ARGS, the argument
+        // values are stored in values_, otherwise they are stored in args_.
+        // This is done to reduce compiled code size as storing larger objects
+        // may require more code (at least on x86-64) even if the same amount of
+        // data is actually copied to stack. It saves ~10% on the bloat test.
+        const internal::Value *values_;
+        const internal::Arg *args_;
+    };
+
+    internal::Arg::Type type(unsigned index) const
+    {
+        return type(types_, index);
+    }
+
+    template<typename Char>
+    friend class internal::ArgMap;
+
+public:
+    // Maximum number of arguments with packed types.
+    enum
+    {
+        MAX_PACKED_ARGS = 16
+    };
+
+    ArgList()
+        : types_(0)
+    {
+    }
+
+    ArgList(ULongLong types, const internal::Value *values)
+        : types_(types)
+        , values_(values)
+    {
+    }
+    ArgList(ULongLong types, const internal::Arg *args)
+        : types_(types)
+        , args_(args)
+    {
+    }
+
+    uint64_t types() const
+    {
+        return types_;
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the argument at specified index. */
+    internal::Arg operator[](unsigned index) const
+    {
+        using internal::Arg;
+        Arg arg;
+        bool use_values = type(MAX_PACKED_ARGS - 1) == Arg::NONE;
+        if (index < MAX_PACKED_ARGS)
+        {
+            Arg::Type arg_type = type(index);
+            internal::Value &val = arg;
+            if (arg_type != Arg::NONE)
+                val = use_values ? values_[index] : args_[index];
+            arg.type = arg_type;
+            return arg;
+        }
+        if (use_values)
+        {
+            // The index is greater than the number of arguments that can be stored
+            // in values, so return a "none" argument.
+            arg.type = Arg::NONE;
+            return arg;
+        }
+        for (unsigned i = MAX_PACKED_ARGS; i <= index; ++i)
+        {
+            if (args_[i].type == Arg::NONE)
+                return args_[i];
+        }
+        return args_[index];
+    }
+
+    static internal::Arg::Type type(uint64_t types, unsigned index)
+    {
+        unsigned shift = index * 4;
+        uint64_t mask = 0xf;
+        return static_cast<internal::Arg::Type>((types & (mask << shift)) >> shift);
+    }
+};
+
+#define FMT_DISPATCH(call) static_cast<Impl *>(this)->call
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  An argument visitor based on the `curiously recurring template pattern
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiously_recurring_template_pattern>`_.
+
+  To use `~fmt::ArgVisitor` define a subclass that implements some or all of the
+  visit methods with the same signatures as the methods in `~fmt::ArgVisitor`,
+  for example, `~fmt::ArgVisitor::visit_int()`.
+  Pass the subclass as the *Impl* template parameter. Then calling
+  `~fmt::ArgVisitor::visit` for some argument will dispatch to a visit method
+  specific to the argument type. For example, if the argument type is
+  ``double`` then the `~fmt::ArgVisitor::visit_double()` method of a subclass
+  will be called. If the subclass doesn't contain a method with this signature,
+  then a corresponding method of `~fmt::ArgVisitor` will be called.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    class MyArgVisitor : public fmt::ArgVisitor<MyArgVisitor, void> {
+     public:
+      void visit_int(int value) { fmt::print("{}", value); }
+      void visit_double(double value) { fmt::print("{}", value ); }
+    };
+  \endrst
+ */
+template<typename Impl, typename Result>
+class ArgVisitor
+{
+private:
+    typedef internal::Arg Arg;
+
+public:
+    void report_unhandled_arg() {}
+
+    Result visit_unhandled_arg()
+    {
+        FMT_DISPATCH(report_unhandled_arg());
+        return Result();
+    }
+
+    /** Visits an ``int`` argument. **/
+    Result visit_int(int value)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_int(value));
+    }
+
+    /** Visits a ``long long`` argument. **/
+    Result visit_long_long(LongLong value)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_int(value));
+    }
+
+    /** Visits an ``unsigned`` argument. **/
+    Result visit_uint(unsigned value)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_int(value));
+    }
+
+    /** Visits an ``unsigned long long`` argument. **/
+    Result visit_ulong_long(ULongLong value)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_int(value));
+    }
+
+    /** Visits a ``bool`` argument. **/
+    Result visit_bool(bool value)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_int(value));
+    }
+
+    /** Visits a ``char`` or ``wchar_t`` argument. **/
+    Result visit_char(int value)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_int(value));
+    }
+
+    /** Visits an argument of any integral type. **/
+    template<typename T>
+    Result visit_any_int(T)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+    }
+
+    /** Visits a ``double`` argument. **/
+    Result visit_double(double value)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_double(value));
+    }
+
+    /** Visits a ``long double`` argument. **/
+    Result visit_long_double(long double value)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_any_double(value));
+    }
+
+    /** Visits a ``double`` or ``long double`` argument. **/
+    template<typename T>
+    Result visit_any_double(T)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+    }
+
+    /** Visits a null-terminated C string (``const char *``) argument. **/
+    Result visit_cstring(const char *)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+    }
+
+    /** Visits a string argument. **/
+    Result visit_string(Arg::StringValue<char>)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+    }
+
+    /** Visits a wide string argument. **/
+    Result visit_wstring(Arg::StringValue<wchar_t>)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+    }
+
+    /** Visits a pointer argument. **/
+    Result visit_pointer(const void *)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+    }
+
+    /** Visits an argument of a custom (user-defined) type. **/
+    Result visit_custom(Arg::CustomValue)
+    {
+        return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_unhandled_arg());
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Visits an argument dispatching to the appropriate visit method based on
+      the argument type. For example, if the argument type is ``double`` then
+      the `~fmt::ArgVisitor::visit_double()` method of the *Impl* class will be
+      called.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    Result visit(const Arg &arg)
+    {
+        switch (arg.type)
+        {
+        case Arg::NONE:
+        case Arg::NAMED_ARG:
+            FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid argument type");
+            break;
+        case Arg::INT:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_int(arg.int_value));
+        case Arg::UINT:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_uint(arg.uint_value));
+        case Arg::LONG_LONG:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_long_long(arg.long_long_value));
+        case Arg::ULONG_LONG:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_ulong_long(arg.ulong_long_value));
+        case Arg::BOOL:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_bool(arg.int_value != 0));
+        case Arg::CHAR:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_char(arg.int_value));
+        case Arg::DOUBLE:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_double(arg.double_value));
+        case Arg::LONG_DOUBLE:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_long_double(arg.long_double_value));
+        case Arg::CSTRING:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_cstring(arg.string.value));
+        case Arg::STRING:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_string(arg.string));
+        case Arg::WSTRING:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_wstring(arg.wstring));
+        case Arg::POINTER:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_pointer(arg.pointer));
+        case Arg::CUSTOM:
+            return FMT_DISPATCH(visit_custom(arg.custom));
+        }
+        return Result();
+    }
+};
+
+enum Alignment
+{
+    ALIGN_DEFAULT,
+    ALIGN_LEFT,
+    ALIGN_RIGHT,
+    ALIGN_CENTER,
+    ALIGN_NUMERIC
+};
+
+// Flags.
+enum
+{
+    SIGN_FLAG = 1,
+    PLUS_FLAG = 2,
+    MINUS_FLAG = 4,
+    HASH_FLAG = 8,
+    CHAR_FLAG = 0x10 // Argument has char type - used in error reporting.
+};
+
+// An empty format specifier.
+struct EmptySpec
+{
+};
+
+// A type specifier.
+template<char TYPE>
+struct TypeSpec : EmptySpec
+{
+    Alignment align() const
+    {
+        return ALIGN_DEFAULT;
+    }
+    unsigned width() const
+    {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    int precision() const
+    {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    bool flag(unsigned) const
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    char type() const
+    {
+        return TYPE;
+    }
+    char type_prefix() const
+    {
+        return TYPE;
+    }
+    char fill() const
+    {
+        return ' ';
+    }
+};
+
+// A width specifier.
+struct WidthSpec
+{
+    unsigned width_;
+    // Fill is always wchar_t and cast to char if necessary to avoid having
+    // two specialization of WidthSpec and its subclasses.
+    wchar_t fill_;
+
+    WidthSpec(unsigned width, wchar_t fill)
+        : width_(width)
+        , fill_(fill)
+    {
+    }
+
+    unsigned width() const
+    {
+        return width_;
+    }
+    wchar_t fill() const
+    {
+        return fill_;
+    }
+};
+
+// An alignment specifier.
+struct AlignSpec : WidthSpec
+{
+    Alignment align_;
+
+    AlignSpec(unsigned width, wchar_t fill, Alignment align = ALIGN_DEFAULT)
+        : WidthSpec(width, fill)
+        , align_(align)
+    {
+    }
+
+    Alignment align() const
+    {
+        return align_;
+    }
+
+    int precision() const
+    {
+        return -1;
+    }
+};
+
+// An alignment and type specifier.
+template<char TYPE>
+struct AlignTypeSpec : AlignSpec
+{
+    AlignTypeSpec(unsigned width, wchar_t fill)
+        : AlignSpec(width, fill)
+    {
+    }
+
+    bool flag(unsigned) const
+    {
+        return false;
+    }
+    char type() const
+    {
+        return TYPE;
+    }
+    char type_prefix() const
+    {
+        return TYPE;
+    }
+};
+
+// A full format specifier.
+struct FormatSpec : AlignSpec
+{
+    unsigned flags_;
+    int precision_;
+    char type_;
+
+    FormatSpec(unsigned width = 0, char type = 0, wchar_t fill = ' ')
+        : AlignSpec(width, fill)
+        , flags_(0)
+        , precision_(-1)
+        , type_(type)
+    {
+    }
+
+    bool flag(unsigned f) const
+    {
+        return (flags_ & f) != 0;
+    }
+    int precision() const
+    {
+        return precision_;
+    }
+    char type() const
+    {
+        return type_;
+    }
+    char type_prefix() const
+    {
+        return type_;
+    }
+};
+
+// An integer format specifier.
+template<typename T, typename SpecT = TypeSpec<0>, typename Char = char>
+class IntFormatSpec : public SpecT
+{
+private:
+    T value_;
+
+public:
+    IntFormatSpec(T val, const SpecT &spec = SpecT())
+        : SpecT(spec)
+        , value_(val)
+    {
+    }
+
+    T value() const
+    {
+        return value_;
+    }
+};
+
+// A string format specifier.
+template<typename Char>
+class StrFormatSpec : public AlignSpec
+{
+private:
+    const Char *str_;
+
+public:
+    template<typename FillChar>
+    StrFormatSpec(const Char *str, unsigned width, FillChar fill)
+        : AlignSpec(width, fill)
+        , str_(str)
+    {
+        internal::CharTraits<Char>::convert(FillChar());
+    }
+
+    const Char *str() const
+    {
+        return str_;
+    }
+};
+
+/**
+  Returns an integer format specifier to format the value in base 2.
+ */
+IntFormatSpec<int, TypeSpec<'b'>> bin(int value);
+
+/**
+  Returns an integer format specifier to format the value in base 8.
+ */
+IntFormatSpec<int, TypeSpec<'o'>> oct(int value);
+
+/**
+  Returns an integer format specifier to format the value in base 16 using
+  lower-case letters for the digits above 9.
+ */
+IntFormatSpec<int, TypeSpec<'x'>> hex(int value);
+
+/**
+  Returns an integer formatter format specifier to format in base 16 using
+  upper-case letters for the digits above 9.
+ */
+IntFormatSpec<int, TypeSpec<'X'>> hexu(int value);
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns an integer format specifier to pad the formatted argument with the
+  fill character to the specified width using the default (right) numeric
+  alignment.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    MemoryWriter out;
+    out << pad(hex(0xcafe), 8, '0');
+    // out.str() == "0000cafe"
+
+  \endrst
+ */
+template<char TYPE_CODE, typename Char>
+IntFormatSpec<int, AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>, Char> pad(int value, unsigned width, Char fill = ' ');
+
+#define FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(TYPE)                                                                                                    \
+    inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'b'>> bin(TYPE value)                                                                              \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'b'>>(value, TypeSpec<'b'>());                                                                 \
+    }                                                                                                                                      \
+                                                                                                                                           \
+    inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'o'>> oct(TYPE value)                                                                              \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'o'>>(value, TypeSpec<'o'>());                                                                 \
+    }                                                                                                                                      \
+                                                                                                                                           \
+    inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'x'>> hex(TYPE value)                                                                              \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'x'>>(value, TypeSpec<'x'>());                                                                 \
+    }                                                                                                                                      \
+                                                                                                                                           \
+    inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'X'>> hexu(TYPE value)                                                                             \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<'X'>>(value, TypeSpec<'X'>());                                                                 \
+    }                                                                                                                                      \
+                                                                                                                                           \
+    template<char TYPE_CODE>                                                                                                               \
+    inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>> pad(IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>> f, unsigned width)                   \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>>(f.value(), AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>(width, ' '));                             \
+    }                                                                                                                                      \
+                                                                                                                                           \
+    /* For compatibility with older compilers we provide two overloads for pad, */                                                         \
+    /* one that takes a fill character and one that doesn't. In the future this */                                                         \
+    /* can be replaced with one overload making the template argument Char      */                                                         \
+    /* default to char (C++11). */                                                                                                         \
+    template<char TYPE_CODE, typename Char>                                                                                                \
+    inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>, Char> pad(                                                                        \
+        IntFormatSpec<TYPE, TypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>, Char> f, unsigned width, Char fill)                                                       \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>, Char>(f.value(), AlignTypeSpec<TYPE_CODE>(width, fill));                      \
+    }                                                                                                                                      \
+                                                                                                                                           \
+    inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<0>> pad(TYPE value, unsigned width)                                                           \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<0>>(value, AlignTypeSpec<0>(width, ' '));                                                 \
+    }                                                                                                                                      \
+                                                                                                                                           \
+    template<typename Char>                                                                                                                \
+    inline IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<0>, Char> pad(TYPE value, unsigned width, Char fill)                                          \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        return IntFormatSpec<TYPE, AlignTypeSpec<0>, Char>(value, AlignTypeSpec<0>(width, fill));                                          \
+    }
+
+FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(int)
+FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(long)
+FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(unsigned)
+FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(unsigned long)
+FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(LongLong)
+FMT_DEFINE_INT_FORMATTERS(ULongLong)
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a string formatter that pads the formatted argument with the fill
+  character to the specified width using the default (left) string alignment.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::string s = str(MemoryWriter() << pad("abc", 8));
+    // s == "abc     "
+
+  \endrst
+ */
+template<typename Char>
+inline StrFormatSpec<Char> pad(const Char *str, unsigned width, Char fill = ' ')
+{
+    return StrFormatSpec<Char>(str, width, fill);
+}
+
+inline StrFormatSpec<wchar_t> pad(const wchar_t *str, unsigned width, char fill = ' ')
+{
+    return StrFormatSpec<wchar_t>(str, width, fill);
+}
+
+namespace internal {
+
+template<typename Char>
+class ArgMap
+{
+private:
+    typedef std::vector<std::pair<fmt::BasicStringRef<Char>, internal::Arg>> MapType;
+    typedef typename MapType::value_type Pair;
+
+    MapType map_;
+
+public:
+    void init(const ArgList &args);
+
+    const internal::Arg *find(const fmt::BasicStringRef<Char> &name) const
+    {
+        // The list is unsorted, so just return the first matching name.
+        for (typename MapType::const_iterator it = map_.begin(), end = map_.end(); it != end; ++it)
+        {
+            if (it->first == name)
+                return &it->second;
+        }
+        return FMT_NULL;
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename Char>
+void ArgMap<Char>::init(const ArgList &args)
+{
+    if (!map_.empty())
+        return;
+    typedef internal::NamedArg<Char> NamedArg;
+    const NamedArg *named_arg = FMT_NULL;
+    bool use_values = args.type(ArgList::MAX_PACKED_ARGS - 1) == internal::Arg::NONE;
+    if (use_values)
+    {
+        for (unsigned i = 0; /*nothing*/; ++i)
+        {
+            internal::Arg::Type arg_type = args.type(i);
+            switch (arg_type)
+            {
+            case internal::Arg::NONE:
+                return;
+            case internal::Arg::NAMED_ARG:
+                named_arg = static_cast<const NamedArg *>(args.values_[i].pointer);
+                map_.push_back(Pair(named_arg->name, *named_arg));
+                break;
+            default:
+                /*nothing*/
+                ;
+            }
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i != ArgList::MAX_PACKED_ARGS; ++i)
+    {
+        internal::Arg::Type arg_type = args.type(i);
+        if (arg_type == internal::Arg::NAMED_ARG)
+        {
+            named_arg = static_cast<const NamedArg *>(args.args_[i].pointer);
+            map_.push_back(Pair(named_arg->name, *named_arg));
+        }
+    }
+    for (unsigned i = ArgList::MAX_PACKED_ARGS; /*nothing*/; ++i)
+    {
+        switch (args.args_[i].type)
+        {
+        case internal::Arg::NONE:
+            return;
+        case internal::Arg::NAMED_ARG:
+            named_arg = static_cast<const NamedArg *>(args.args_[i].pointer);
+            map_.push_back(Pair(named_arg->name, *named_arg));
+            break;
+        default:
+            /*nothing*/
+            ;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename Impl, typename Char, typename Spec = fmt::FormatSpec>
+class ArgFormatterBase : public ArgVisitor<Impl, void>
+{
+private:
+    BasicWriter<Char> &writer_;
+    Spec &spec_;
+
+    FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ArgFormatterBase);
+
+    void write_pointer(const void *p)
+    {
+        spec_.flags_ = HASH_FLAG;
+        spec_.type_ = 'x';
+        writer_.write_int(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p), spec_);
+    }
+
+    // workaround MSVC two-phase lookup issue
+    typedef internal::Arg Arg;
+
+protected:
+    BasicWriter<Char> &writer()
+    {
+        return writer_;
+    }
+    Spec &spec()
+    {
+        return spec_;
+    }
+
+    void write(bool value)
+    {
+        const char *str_value = value ? "true" : "false";
+        Arg::StringValue<char> str = {str_value, std::strlen(str_value)};
+        writer_.write_str(str, spec_);
+    }
+
+    void write(const char *value)
+    {
+        Arg::StringValue<char> str = {value, value ? std::strlen(value) : 0};
+        writer_.write_str(str, spec_);
+    }
+
+public:
+    typedef Spec SpecType;
+
+    ArgFormatterBase(BasicWriter<Char> &w, Spec &s)
+        : writer_(w)
+        , spec_(s)
+    {
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    void visit_any_int(T value)
+    {
+        writer_.write_int(value, spec_);
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    void visit_any_double(T value)
+    {
+        writer_.write_double(value, spec_);
+    }
+
+    void visit_bool(bool value)
+    {
+        if (spec_.type_)
+        {
+            visit_any_int(value);
+            return;
+        }
+        write(value);
+    }
+
+    void visit_char(int value)
+    {
+        if (spec_.type_ && spec_.type_ != 'c')
+        {
+            spec_.flags_ |= CHAR_FLAG;
+            writer_.write_int(value, spec_);
+            return;
+        }
+        if (spec_.align_ == ALIGN_NUMERIC || spec_.flags_ != 0)
+            FMT_THROW(FormatError("invalid format specifier for char"));
+        typedef typename BasicWriter<Char>::CharPtr CharPtr;
+        Char fill = internal::CharTraits<Char>::cast(spec_.fill());
+        CharPtr out = CharPtr();
+        const unsigned CHAR_SIZE = 1;
+        if (spec_.width_ > CHAR_SIZE)
+        {
+            out = writer_.grow_buffer(spec_.width_);
+            if (spec_.align_ == ALIGN_RIGHT)
+            {
+                std::uninitialized_fill_n(out, spec_.width_ - CHAR_SIZE, fill);
+                out += spec_.width_ - CHAR_SIZE;
+            }
+            else if (spec_.align_ == ALIGN_CENTER)
+            {
+                out = writer_.fill_padding(out, spec_.width_, internal::const_check(CHAR_SIZE), fill);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                std::uninitialized_fill_n(out + CHAR_SIZE, spec_.width_ - CHAR_SIZE, fill);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            out = writer_.grow_buffer(CHAR_SIZE);
+        }
+        *out = internal::CharTraits<Char>::cast(value);
+    }
+
+    void visit_cstring(const char *value)
+    {
+        if (spec_.type_ == 'p')
+            return write_pointer(value);
+        write(value);
+    }
+
+    // Qualification with "internal" here and below is a workaround for nvcc.
+    void visit_string(internal::Arg::StringValue<char> value)
+    {
+        writer_.write_str(value, spec_);
+    }
+
+    using ArgVisitor<Impl, void>::visit_wstring;
+
+    void visit_wstring(internal::Arg::StringValue<Char> value)
+    {
+        writer_.write_str(value, spec_);
+    }
+
+    void visit_pointer(const void *value)
+    {
+        if (spec_.type_ && spec_.type_ != 'p')
+            report_unknown_type(spec_.type_, "pointer");
+        write_pointer(value);
+    }
+};
+
+class FormatterBase
+{
+private:
+    ArgList args_;
+    int next_arg_index_;
+
+    // Returns the argument with specified index.
+    FMT_API Arg do_get_arg(unsigned arg_index, const char *&error);
+
+protected:
+    const ArgList &args() const
+    {
+        return args_;
+    }
+
+    explicit FormatterBase(const ArgList &args)
+    {
+        args_ = args;
+        next_arg_index_ = 0;
+    }
+
+    // Returns the next argument.
+    Arg next_arg(const char *&error)
+    {
+        if (next_arg_index_ >= 0)
+            return do_get_arg(internal::to_unsigned(next_arg_index_++), error);
+        error = "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing";
+        return Arg();
+    }
+
+    // Checks if manual indexing is used and returns the argument with
+    // specified index.
+    Arg get_arg(unsigned arg_index, const char *&error)
+    {
+        return check_no_auto_index(error) ? do_get_arg(arg_index, error) : Arg();
+    }
+
+    bool check_no_auto_index(const char *&error)
+    {
+        if (next_arg_index_ > 0)
+        {
+            error = "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing";
+            return false;
+        }
+        next_arg_index_ = -1;
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    template<typename Char>
+    void write(BasicWriter<Char> &w, const Char *start, const Char *end)
+    {
+        if (start != end)
+            w << BasicStringRef<Char>(start, internal::to_unsigned(end - start));
+    }
+};
+} // namespace internal
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  An argument formatter based on the `curiously recurring template pattern
+  <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiously_recurring_template_pattern>`_.
+
+  To use `~fmt::BasicArgFormatter` define a subclass that implements some or
+  all of the visit methods with the same signatures as the methods in
+  `~fmt::ArgVisitor`, for example, `~fmt::ArgVisitor::visit_int()`.
+  Pass the subclass as the *Impl* template parameter. When a formatting
+  function processes an argument, it will dispatch to a visit method
+  specific to the argument type. For example, if the argument type is
+  ``double`` then the `~fmt::ArgVisitor::visit_double()` method of a subclass
+  will be called. If the subclass doesn't contain a method with this signature,
+  then a corresponding method of `~fmt::BasicArgFormatter` or its superclass
+  will be called.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template<typename Impl, typename Char, typename Spec = fmt::FormatSpec>
+class BasicArgFormatter : public internal::ArgFormatterBase<Impl, Char, Spec>
+{
+private:
+    BasicFormatter<Char, Impl> &formatter_;
+    const Char *format_;
+
+public:
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Constructs an argument formatter object.
+      *formatter* is a reference to the main formatter object, *spec* contains
+      format specifier information for standard argument types, and *fmt* points
+      to the part of the format string being parsed for custom argument types.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    BasicArgFormatter(BasicFormatter<Char, Impl> &formatter, Spec &spec, const Char *fmt)
+        : internal::ArgFormatterBase<Impl, Char, Spec>(formatter.writer(), spec)
+        , formatter_(formatter)
+        , format_(fmt)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /** Formats an argument of a custom (user-defined) type. */
+    void visit_custom(internal::Arg::CustomValue c)
+    {
+        c.format(&formatter_, c.value, &format_);
+    }
+};
+
+/** The default argument formatter. */
+template<typename Char>
+class ArgFormatter : public BasicArgFormatter<ArgFormatter<Char>, Char, FormatSpec>
+{
+public:
+    /** Constructs an argument formatter object. */
+    ArgFormatter(BasicFormatter<Char> &formatter, FormatSpec &spec, const Char *fmt)
+        : BasicArgFormatter<ArgFormatter<Char>, Char, FormatSpec>(formatter, spec, fmt)
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+/** This template formats data and writes the output to a writer. */
+template<typename CharType, typename ArgFormatter>
+class BasicFormatter : private internal::FormatterBase
+{
+public:
+    /** The character type for the output. */
+    typedef CharType Char;
+
+private:
+    BasicWriter<Char> &writer_;
+    internal::ArgMap<Char> map_;
+
+    FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(BasicFormatter);
+
+    using internal::FormatterBase::get_arg;
+
+    // Checks if manual indexing is used and returns the argument with
+    // specified name.
+    internal::Arg get_arg(BasicStringRef<Char> arg_name, const char *&error);
+
+    // Parses argument index and returns corresponding argument.
+    internal::Arg parse_arg_index(const Char *&s);
+
+    // Parses argument name and returns corresponding argument.
+    internal::Arg parse_arg_name(const Char *&s);
+
+public:
+    /**
+     \rst
+     Constructs a ``BasicFormatter`` object. References to the arguments and
+     the writer are stored in the formatter object so make sure they have
+     appropriate lifetimes.
+     \endrst
+     */
+    BasicFormatter(const ArgList &args, BasicWriter<Char> &w)
+        : internal::FormatterBase(args)
+        , writer_(w)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /** Returns a reference to the writer associated with this formatter. */
+    BasicWriter<Char> &writer()
+    {
+        return writer_;
+    }
+
+    /** Formats stored arguments and writes the output to the writer. */
+    void format(BasicCStringRef<Char> format_str);
+
+    // Formats a single argument and advances format_str, a format string pointer.
+    const Char *format(const Char *&format_str, const internal::Arg &arg);
+};
+
+// Generates a comma-separated list with results of applying f to
+// numbers 0..n-1.
+#define FMT_GEN(n, f) FMT_GEN##n(f)
+#define FMT_GEN1(f) f(0)
+#define FMT_GEN2(f) FMT_GEN1(f), f(1)
+#define FMT_GEN3(f) FMT_GEN2(f), f(2)
+#define FMT_GEN4(f) FMT_GEN3(f), f(3)
+#define FMT_GEN5(f) FMT_GEN4(f), f(4)
+#define FMT_GEN6(f) FMT_GEN5(f), f(5)
+#define FMT_GEN7(f) FMT_GEN6(f), f(6)
+#define FMT_GEN8(f) FMT_GEN7(f), f(7)
+#define FMT_GEN9(f) FMT_GEN8(f), f(8)
+#define FMT_GEN10(f) FMT_GEN9(f), f(9)
+#define FMT_GEN11(f) FMT_GEN10(f), f(10)
+#define FMT_GEN12(f) FMT_GEN11(f), f(11)
+#define FMT_GEN13(f) FMT_GEN12(f), f(12)
+#define FMT_GEN14(f) FMT_GEN13(f), f(13)
+#define FMT_GEN15(f) FMT_GEN14(f), f(14)
+
+namespace internal {
+inline uint64_t make_type()
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+inline uint64_t make_type(const T &arg)
+{
+    return MakeValue<BasicFormatter<char>>::type(arg);
+}
+
+template<std::size_t N, bool /*IsPacked*/ = (N < ArgList::MAX_PACKED_ARGS)>
+struct ArgArray;
+
+template<std::size_t N>
+struct ArgArray<N, true /*IsPacked*/>
+{
+    // '+' is used to silence GCC -Wduplicated-branches warning.
+    typedef Value Type[N > 0 ? N : +1];
+
+    template<typename Formatter, typename T>
+    static Value make(const T &value)
+    {
+#ifdef __clang__
+        Value result = MakeValue<Formatter>(value);
+        // Workaround a bug in Apple LLVM version 4.2 (clang-425.0.28) of clang:
+        // https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/276
+        (void)result.custom.format;
+        return result;
+#else
+        return MakeValue<Formatter>(value);
+#endif
+    }
+};
+
+template<std::size_t N>
+struct ArgArray<N, false /*IsPacked*/>
+{
+    typedef Arg Type[N + 1]; // +1 for the list end Arg::NONE
+
+    template<typename Formatter, typename T>
+    static Arg make(const T &value)
+    {
+        return MakeArg<Formatter>(value);
+    }
+};
+
+#if FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
+template<typename Arg, typename... Args>
+inline uint64_t make_type(const Arg &first, const Args &... tail)
+{
+    return make_type(first) | (make_type(tail...) << 4);
+}
+
+#else
+
+struct ArgType
+{
+    uint64_t type;
+
+    ArgType()
+        : type(0)
+    {
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    ArgType(const T &arg)
+        : type(make_type(arg))
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+#define FMT_ARG_TYPE_DEFAULT(n) ArgType t##n = ArgType()
+
+inline uint64_t make_type(FMT_GEN15(FMT_ARG_TYPE_DEFAULT))
+{
+    return t0.type | (t1.type << 4) | (t2.type << 8) | (t3.type << 12) | (t4.type << 16) | (t5.type << 20) | (t6.type << 24) |
+           (t7.type << 28) | (t8.type << 32) | (t9.type << 36) | (t10.type << 40) | (t11.type << 44) | (t12.type << 48) | (t13.type << 52) |
+           (t14.type << 56);
+}
+#endif
+} // namespace internal
+
+#define FMT_MAKE_TEMPLATE_ARG(n) typename T##n
+#define FMT_MAKE_ARG_TYPE(n) T##n
+#define FMT_MAKE_ARG(n) const T##n &v##n
+#define FMT_ASSIGN_char(n) arr[n] = fmt::internal::MakeValue<fmt::BasicFormatter<char>>(v##n)
+#define FMT_ASSIGN_wchar_t(n) arr[n] = fmt::internal::MakeValue<fmt::BasicFormatter<wchar_t>>(v##n)
+
+#if FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
+// Defines a variadic function returning void.
+#define FMT_VARIADIC_VOID(func, arg_type)                                                                                                  \
+    template<typename... Args>                                                                                                             \
+    void func(arg_type arg0, const Args &... args)                                                                                         \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        typedef fmt::internal::ArgArray<sizeof...(Args)> ArgArray;                                                                         \
+        typename ArgArray::Type array{ArgArray::template make<fmt::BasicFormatter<Char>>(args)...};                                        \
+        func(arg0, fmt::ArgList(fmt::internal::make_type(args...), array));                                                                \
+    }
+
+// Defines a variadic constructor.
+#define FMT_VARIADIC_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type)                                                                                \
+    template<typename... Args>                                                                                                             \
+    ctor(arg0_type arg0, arg1_type arg1, const Args &... args)                                                                             \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        typedef fmt::internal::ArgArray<sizeof...(Args)> ArgArray;                                                                         \
+        typename ArgArray::Type array{ArgArray::template make<fmt::BasicFormatter<Char>>(args)...};                                        \
+        func(arg0, arg1, fmt::ArgList(fmt::internal::make_type(args...), array));                                                          \
+    }
+
+#else
+
+#define FMT_MAKE_REF(n) fmt::internal::MakeValue<fmt::BasicFormatter<Char>>(v##n)
+#define FMT_MAKE_REF2(n) v##n
+
+// Defines a wrapper for a function taking one argument of type arg_type
+// and n additional arguments of arbitrary types.
+#define FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, n)                                                                                                       \
+    template<FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_TEMPLATE_ARG)>                                                                                            \
+    inline void func(arg_type arg1, FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_ARG))                                                                              \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        const fmt::internal::ArgArray<n>::Type array = {FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_REF)};                                                         \
+        func(arg1, fmt::ArgList(fmt::internal::make_type(FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_REF2)), array));                                              \
+    }
+
+// Emulates a variadic function returning void on a pre-C++11 compiler.
+#define FMT_VARIADIC_VOID(func, arg_type)                                                                                                  \
+    inline void func(arg_type arg)                                                                                                         \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        func(arg, fmt::ArgList());                                                                                                         \
+    }                                                                                                                                      \
+    FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 1)                                                                                                           \
+    FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 2)                                                                                                           \
+    FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 3)                                                                                                           \
+    FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 4)                                                                                                           \
+    FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 5)                                                                                                           \
+    FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 6)                                                                                                           \
+    FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 7) FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 8) FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 9) FMT_WRAP1(func, arg_type, 10)
+
+#define FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, n)                                                                                      \
+    template<FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_TEMPLATE_ARG)>                                                                                            \
+    ctor(arg0_type arg0, arg1_type arg1, FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_ARG))                                                                         \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        const fmt::internal::ArgArray<n>::Type array = {FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_REF)};                                                         \
+        func(arg0, arg1, fmt::ArgList(fmt::internal::make_type(FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_REF2)), array));                                        \
+    }
+
+// Emulates a variadic constructor on a pre-C++11 compiler.
+#define FMT_VARIADIC_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type)                                                                                \
+    FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 1)                                                                                          \
+    FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 2)                                                                                          \
+    FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 3)                                                                                          \
+    FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 4)                                                                                          \
+    FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 5)                                                                                          \
+    FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 6)                                                                                          \
+    FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 7)                                                                                          \
+    FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 8)                                                                                          \
+    FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 9)                                                                                          \
+    FMT_CTOR(ctor, func, arg0_type, arg1_type, 10)
+#endif
+
+// Generates a comma-separated list with results of applying f to pairs
+// (argument, index).
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH1(f, x0) f(x0, 0)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH2(f, x0, x1) FMT_FOR_EACH1(f, x0), f(x1, 1)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH3(f, x0, x1, x2) FMT_FOR_EACH2(f, x0, x1), f(x2, 2)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH4(f, x0, x1, x2, x3) FMT_FOR_EACH3(f, x0, x1, x2), f(x3, 3)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH5(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4) FMT_FOR_EACH4(f, x0, x1, x2, x3), f(x4, 4)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH6(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5) FMT_FOR_EACH5(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4), f(x5, 5)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH7(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6) FMT_FOR_EACH6(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5), f(x6, 6)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH8(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7) FMT_FOR_EACH7(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6), f(x7, 7)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH9(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8) FMT_FOR_EACH8(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7), f(x8, 8)
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH10(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9) FMT_FOR_EACH9(f, x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8), f(x9, 9)
+
+/**
+ An error returned by an operating system or a language runtime,
+ for example a file opening error.
+*/
+class SystemError : public internal::RuntimeError
+{
+private:
+    FMT_API void init(int err_code, CStringRef format_str, ArgList args);
+
+protected:
+    int error_code_;
+
+    typedef char Char; // For FMT_VARIADIC_CTOR.
+
+    SystemError() {}
+
+public:
+    /**
+     \rst
+     Constructs a :class:`fmt::SystemError` object with a description
+     formatted with `fmt::format_system_error`. *message* and additional
+     arguments passed into the constructor are formatted similarly to
+     `fmt::format`.
+
+     **Example**::
+
+       // This throws a SystemError with the description
+       //   cannot open file 'madeup': No such file or directory
+       // or similar (system message may vary).
+       const char *filename = "madeup";
+       std::FILE *file = std::fopen(filename, "r");
+       if (!file)
+         throw fmt::SystemError(errno, "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
+     \endrst
+    */
+    SystemError(int error_code, CStringRef message)
+    {
+        init(error_code, message, ArgList());
+    }
+    FMT_DEFAULTED_COPY_CTOR(SystemError)
+    FMT_VARIADIC_CTOR(SystemError, init, int, CStringRef)
+
+    FMT_API ~SystemError() FMT_DTOR_NOEXCEPT FMT_OVERRIDE;
+
+    int error_code() const
+    {
+        return error_code_;
+    }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats an error returned by an operating system or a language runtime,
+  for example a file opening error, and writes it to *out* in the following
+  form:
+
+  .. parsed-literal::
+     *<message>*: *<system-message>*
+
+  where *<message>* is the passed message and *<system-message>* is
+  the system message corresponding to the error code.
+  *error_code* is a system error code as given by ``errno``.
+  If *error_code* is not a valid error code such as -1, the system message
+  may look like "Unknown error -1" and is platform-dependent.
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_API void format_system_error(fmt::Writer &out, int error_code, fmt::StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  This template provides operations for formatting and writing data into
+  a character stream. The output is stored in a buffer provided by a subclass
+  such as :class:`fmt::BasicMemoryWriter`.
+
+  You can use one of the following typedefs for common character types:
+
+  +---------+----------------------+
+  | Type    | Definition           |
+  +=========+======================+
+  | Writer  | BasicWriter<char>    |
+  +---------+----------------------+
+  | WWriter | BasicWriter<wchar_t> |
+  +---------+----------------------+
+
+  \endrst
+ */
+template<typename Char>
+class BasicWriter
+{
+private:
+    // Output buffer.
+    Buffer<Char> &buffer_;
+
+    FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(BasicWriter);
+
+    typedef typename internal::CharTraits<Char>::CharPtr CharPtr;
+
+#if FMT_SECURE_SCL
+    // Returns pointer value.
+    static Char *get(CharPtr p)
+    {
+        return p.base();
+    }
+#else
+    static Char *get(Char *p)
+    {
+        return p;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    // Fills the padding around the content and returns the pointer to the
+    // content area.
+    static CharPtr fill_padding(CharPtr buffer, unsigned total_size, std::size_t content_size, wchar_t fill);
+
+    // Grows the buffer by n characters and returns a pointer to the newly
+    // allocated area.
+    CharPtr grow_buffer(std::size_t n)
+    {
+        std::size_t size = buffer_.size();
+        buffer_.resize(size + n);
+        return internal::make_ptr(&buffer_[size], n);
+    }
+
+    // Writes an unsigned decimal integer.
+    template<typename UInt>
+    Char *write_unsigned_decimal(UInt value, unsigned prefix_size = 0)
+    {
+        unsigned num_digits = internal::count_digits(value);
+        Char *ptr = get(grow_buffer(prefix_size + num_digits));
+        internal::format_decimal(ptr + prefix_size, value, num_digits);
+        return ptr;
+    }
+
+    // Writes a decimal integer.
+    template<typename Int>
+    void write_decimal(Int value)
+    {
+        typedef typename internal::IntTraits<Int>::MainType MainType;
+        MainType abs_value = static_cast<MainType>(value);
+        if (internal::is_negative(value))
+        {
+            abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+            *write_unsigned_decimal(abs_value, 1) = '-';
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            write_unsigned_decimal(abs_value, 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Prepare a buffer for integer formatting.
+    CharPtr prepare_int_buffer(unsigned num_digits, const EmptySpec &, const char *prefix, unsigned prefix_size)
+    {
+        unsigned size = prefix_size + num_digits;
+        CharPtr p = grow_buffer(size);
+        std::uninitialized_copy(prefix, prefix + prefix_size, p);
+        return p + size - 1;
+    }
+
+    template<typename Spec>
+    CharPtr prepare_int_buffer(unsigned num_digits, const Spec &spec, const char *prefix, unsigned prefix_size);
+
+    // Formats an integer.
+    template<typename T, typename Spec>
+    void write_int(T value, Spec spec);
+
+    // Formats a floating-point number (double or long double).
+    template<typename T, typename Spec>
+    void write_double(T value, const Spec &spec);
+
+    // Writes a formatted string.
+    template<typename StrChar>
+    CharPtr write_str(const StrChar *s, std::size_t size, const AlignSpec &spec);
+
+    template<typename StrChar, typename Spec>
+    void write_str(const internal::Arg::StringValue<StrChar> &str, const Spec &spec);
+
+    // This following methods are private to disallow writing wide characters
+    // and strings to a char stream. If you want to print a wide string as a
+    // pointer as std::ostream does, cast it to const void*.
+    // Do not implement!
+    void operator<<(typename internal::WCharHelper<wchar_t, Char>::Unsupported);
+    void operator<<(typename internal::WCharHelper<const wchar_t *, Char>::Unsupported);
+
+    // Appends floating-point length specifier to the format string.
+    // The second argument is only used for overload resolution.
+    void append_float_length(Char *&format_ptr, long double)
+    {
+        *format_ptr++ = 'L';
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    void append_float_length(Char *&, T)
+    {
+    }
+
+    template<typename Impl, typename Char_, typename Spec_>
+    friend class internal::ArgFormatterBase;
+
+    template<typename Impl, typename Char_, typename Spec_>
+    friend class BasicPrintfArgFormatter;
+
+protected:
+    /**
+      Constructs a ``BasicWriter`` object.
+     */
+    explicit BasicWriter(Buffer<Char> &b)
+        : buffer_(b)
+    {
+    }
+
+public:
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Destroys a ``BasicWriter`` object.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    virtual ~BasicWriter() {}
+
+    /**
+      Returns the total number of characters written.
+     */
+    std::size_t size() const
+    {
+        return buffer_.size();
+    }
+
+    /**
+      Returns a pointer to the output buffer content. No terminating null
+      character is appended.
+     */
+    const Char *data() const FMT_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return &buffer_[0];
+    }
+
+    /**
+      Returns a pointer to the output buffer content with terminating null
+      character appended.
+     */
+    const Char *c_str() const
+    {
+        std::size_t size = buffer_.size();
+        buffer_.reserve(size + 1);
+        buffer_[size] = '\0';
+        return &buffer_[0];
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Returns the content of the output buffer as an `std::string`.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    std::basic_string<Char> str() const
+    {
+        return std::basic_string<Char>(&buffer_[0], buffer_.size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Writes formatted data.
+
+      *args* is an argument list representing arbitrary arguments.
+
+      **Example**::
+
+         MemoryWriter out;
+         out.write("Current point:\n");
+         out.write("({:+f}, {:+f})", -3.14, 3.14);
+
+      This will write the following output to the ``out`` object:
+
+      .. code-block:: none
+
+         Current point:
+         (-3.140000, +3.140000)
+
+      The output can be accessed using :func:`data()`, :func:`c_str` or
+      :func:`str` methods.
+
+      See also :ref:`syntax`.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    void write(BasicCStringRef<Char> format, ArgList args)
+    {
+        BasicFormatter<Char>(args, *this).format(format);
+    }
+    FMT_VARIADIC_VOID(write, BasicCStringRef<Char>)
+
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(int value)
+    {
+        write_decimal(value);
+        return *this;
+    }
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(unsigned value)
+    {
+        return *this << IntFormatSpec<unsigned>(value);
+    }
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(long value)
+    {
+        write_decimal(value);
+        return *this;
+    }
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(unsigned long value)
+    {
+        return *this << IntFormatSpec<unsigned long>(value);
+    }
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(LongLong value)
+    {
+        write_decimal(value);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Formats *value* and writes it to the stream.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(ULongLong value)
+    {
+        return *this << IntFormatSpec<ULongLong>(value);
+    }
+
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(double value)
+    {
+        write_double(value, FormatSpec());
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Formats *value* using the general format for floating-point numbers
+      (``'g'``) and writes it to the stream.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(long double value)
+    {
+        write_double(value, FormatSpec());
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+      Writes a character to the stream.
+     */
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(char value)
+    {
+        buffer_.push_back(value);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(typename internal::WCharHelper<wchar_t, Char>::Supported value)
+    {
+        buffer_.push_back(value);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Writes *value* to the stream.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(fmt::BasicStringRef<Char> value)
+    {
+        const Char *str = value.data();
+        buffer_.append(str, str + value.size());
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(typename internal::WCharHelper<StringRef, Char>::Supported value)
+    {
+        const char *str = value.data();
+        buffer_.append(str, str + value.size());
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template<typename T, typename Spec, typename FillChar>
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(IntFormatSpec<T, Spec, FillChar> spec)
+    {
+        internal::CharTraits<Char>::convert(FillChar());
+        write_int(spec.value(), spec);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template<typename StrChar>
+    BasicWriter &operator<<(const StrFormatSpec<StrChar> &spec)
+    {
+        const StrChar *s = spec.str();
+        write_str(s, std::char_traits<Char>::length(s), spec);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    void clear() FMT_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        buffer_.clear();
+    }
+
+    Buffer<Char> &buffer() FMT_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return buffer_;
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename Char>
+template<typename StrChar>
+typename BasicWriter<Char>::CharPtr BasicWriter<Char>::write_str(const StrChar *s, std::size_t size, const AlignSpec &spec)
+{
+    CharPtr out = CharPtr();
+    if (spec.width() > size)
+    {
+        out = grow_buffer(spec.width());
+        Char fill = internal::CharTraits<Char>::cast(spec.fill());
+        if (spec.align() == ALIGN_RIGHT)
+        {
+            std::uninitialized_fill_n(out, spec.width() - size, fill);
+            out += spec.width() - size;
+        }
+        else if (spec.align() == ALIGN_CENTER)
+        {
+            out = fill_padding(out, spec.width(), size, fill);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            std::uninitialized_fill_n(out + size, spec.width() - size, fill);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        out = grow_buffer(size);
+    }
+    std::uninitialized_copy(s, s + size, out);
+    return out;
+}
+
+template<typename Char>
+template<typename StrChar, typename Spec>
+void BasicWriter<Char>::write_str(const internal::Arg::StringValue<StrChar> &s, const Spec &spec)
+{
+    // Check if StrChar is convertible to Char.
+    internal::CharTraits<Char>::convert(StrChar());
+    if (spec.type_ && spec.type_ != 's')
+        internal::report_unknown_type(spec.type_, "string");
+    const StrChar *str_value = s.value;
+    std::size_t str_size = s.size;
+    if (str_size == 0)
+    {
+        if (!str_value)
+        {
+            FMT_THROW(FormatError("string pointer is null"));
+        }
+    }
+    std::size_t precision = static_cast<std::size_t>(spec.precision_);
+    if (spec.precision_ >= 0 && precision < str_size)
+        str_size = precision;
+    write_str(str_value, str_size, spec);
+}
+
+template<typename Char>
+typename BasicWriter<Char>::CharPtr BasicWriter<Char>::fill_padding(
+    CharPtr buffer, unsigned total_size, std::size_t content_size, wchar_t fill)
+{
+    std::size_t padding = total_size - content_size;
+    std::size_t left_padding = padding / 2;
+    Char fill_char = internal::CharTraits<Char>::cast(fill);
+    std::uninitialized_fill_n(buffer, left_padding, fill_char);
+    buffer += left_padding;
+    CharPtr content = buffer;
+    std::uninitialized_fill_n(buffer + content_size, padding - left_padding, fill_char);
+    return content;
+}
+
+template<typename Char>
+template<typename Spec>
+typename BasicWriter<Char>::CharPtr BasicWriter<Char>::prepare_int_buffer(
+    unsigned num_digits, const Spec &spec, const char *prefix, unsigned prefix_size)
+{
+    unsigned width = spec.width();
+    Alignment align = spec.align();
+    Char fill = internal::CharTraits<Char>::cast(spec.fill());
+    if (spec.precision() > static_cast<int>(num_digits))
+    {
+        // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so ignore it if precision
+        // is specified.
+        if (prefix_size > 0 && prefix[prefix_size - 1] == '0')
+            --prefix_size;
+        unsigned number_size = prefix_size + internal::to_unsigned(spec.precision());
+        AlignSpec subspec(number_size, '0', ALIGN_NUMERIC);
+        if (number_size >= width)
+            return prepare_int_buffer(num_digits, subspec, prefix, prefix_size);
+        buffer_.reserve(width);
+        unsigned fill_size = width - number_size;
+        if (align != ALIGN_LEFT)
+        {
+            CharPtr p = grow_buffer(fill_size);
+            std::uninitialized_fill(p, p + fill_size, fill);
+        }
+        CharPtr result = prepare_int_buffer(num_digits, subspec, prefix, prefix_size);
+        if (align == ALIGN_LEFT)
+        {
+            CharPtr p = grow_buffer(fill_size);
+            std::uninitialized_fill(p, p + fill_size, fill);
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    unsigned size = prefix_size + num_digits;
+    if (width <= size)
+    {
+        CharPtr p = grow_buffer(size);
+        std::uninitialized_copy(prefix, prefix + prefix_size, p);
+        return p + size - 1;
+    }
+    CharPtr p = grow_buffer(width);
+    CharPtr end = p + width;
+    if (align == ALIGN_LEFT)
+    {
+        std::uninitialized_copy(prefix, prefix + prefix_size, p);
+        p += size;
+        std::uninitialized_fill(p, end, fill);
+    }
+    else if (align == ALIGN_CENTER)
+    {
+        p = fill_padding(p, width, size, fill);
+        std::uninitialized_copy(prefix, prefix + prefix_size, p);
+        p += size;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (align == ALIGN_NUMERIC)
+        {
+            if (prefix_size != 0)
+            {
+                p = std::uninitialized_copy(prefix, prefix + prefix_size, p);
+                size -= prefix_size;
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            std::uninitialized_copy(prefix, prefix + prefix_size, end - size);
+        }
+        std::uninitialized_fill(p, end - size, fill);
+        p = end;
+    }
+    return p - 1;
+}
+
+template<typename Char>
+template<typename T, typename Spec>
+void BasicWriter<Char>::write_int(T value, Spec spec)
+{
+    unsigned prefix_size = 0;
+    typedef typename internal::IntTraits<T>::MainType UnsignedType;
+    UnsignedType abs_value = static_cast<UnsignedType>(value);
+    char prefix[4] = "";
+    if (internal::is_negative(value))
+    {
+        prefix[0] = '-';
+        ++prefix_size;
+        abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+    }
+    else if (spec.flag(SIGN_FLAG))
+    {
+        prefix[0] = spec.flag(PLUS_FLAG) ? '+' : ' ';
+        ++prefix_size;
+    }
+    switch (spec.type())
+    {
+    case 0:
+    case 'd':
+    {
+        unsigned num_digits = internal::count_digits(abs_value);
+        CharPtr p = prepare_int_buffer(num_digits, spec, prefix, prefix_size) + 1;
+        internal::format_decimal(get(p), abs_value, 0);
+        break;
+    }
+    case 'x':
+    case 'X':
+    {
+        UnsignedType n = abs_value;
+        if (spec.flag(HASH_FLAG))
+        {
+            prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
+            prefix[prefix_size++] = spec.type_prefix();
+        }
+        unsigned num_digits = 0;
+        do
+        {
+            ++num_digits;
+        } while ((n >>= 4) != 0);
+        Char *p = get(prepare_int_buffer(num_digits, spec, prefix, prefix_size));
+        n = abs_value;
+        const char *digits = spec.type() == 'x' ? "0123456789abcdef" : "0123456789ABCDEF";
+        do
+        {
+            *p-- = digits[n & 0xf];
+        } while ((n >>= 4) != 0);
+        break;
+    }
+    case 'b':
+    case 'B':
+    {
+        UnsignedType n = abs_value;
+        if (spec.flag(HASH_FLAG))
+        {
+            prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
+            prefix[prefix_size++] = spec.type_prefix();
+        }
+        unsigned num_digits = 0;
+        do
+        {
+            ++num_digits;
+        } while ((n >>= 1) != 0);
+        Char *p = get(prepare_int_buffer(num_digits, spec, prefix, prefix_size));
+        n = abs_value;
+        do
+        {
+            *p-- = static_cast<Char>('0' + (n & 1));
+        } while ((n >>= 1) != 0);
+        break;
+    }
+    case 'o':
+    {
+        UnsignedType n = abs_value;
+        if (spec.flag(HASH_FLAG))
+            prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
+        unsigned num_digits = 0;
+        do
+        {
+            ++num_digits;
+        } while ((n >>= 3) != 0);
+        Char *p = get(prepare_int_buffer(num_digits, spec, prefix, prefix_size));
+        n = abs_value;
+        do
+        {
+            *p-- = static_cast<Char>('0' + (n & 7));
+        } while ((n >>= 3) != 0);
+        break;
+    }
+    case 'n':
+    {
+        unsigned num_digits = internal::count_digits(abs_value);
+        fmt::StringRef sep = "";
+#if !(defined(ANDROID) || defined(__ANDROID__))
+        sep = internal::thousands_sep(std::localeconv());
+#endif
+        unsigned size = static_cast<unsigned>(num_digits + sep.size() * ((num_digits - 1) / 3));
+        CharPtr p = prepare_int_buffer(size, spec, prefix, prefix_size) + 1;
+        internal::format_decimal(get(p), abs_value, 0, internal::ThousandsSep(sep));
+        break;
+    }
+    default:
+        internal::report_unknown_type(spec.type(), spec.flag(CHAR_FLAG) ? "char" : "integer");
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename Char>
+template<typename T, typename Spec>
+void BasicWriter<Char>::write_double(T value, const Spec &spec)
+{
+    // Check type.
+    char type = spec.type();
+    bool upper = false;
+    switch (type)
+    {
+    case 0:
+        type = 'g';
+        break;
+    case 'e':
+    case 'f':
+    case 'g':
+    case 'a':
+        break;
+    case 'F':
+#if FMT_MSC_VER
+        // MSVC's printf doesn't support 'F'.
+        type = 'f';
+#endif
+    // Fall through.
+    case 'E':
+    case 'G':
+    case 'A':
+        upper = true;
+        break;
+    default:
+        internal::report_unknown_type(type, "double");
+        break;
+    }
+
+    char sign = 0;
+    // Use isnegative instead of value < 0 because the latter is always
+    // false for NaN.
+    if (internal::FPUtil::isnegative(static_cast<double>(value)))
+    {
+        sign = '-';
+        value = -value;
+    }
+    else if (spec.flag(SIGN_FLAG))
+    {
+        sign = spec.flag(PLUS_FLAG) ? '+' : ' ';
+    }
+
+    if (internal::FPUtil::isnotanumber(value))
+    {
+        // Format NaN ourselves because sprintf's output is not consistent
+        // across platforms.
+        std::size_t nan_size = 4;
+        const char *nan = upper ? " NAN" : " nan";
+        if (!sign)
+        {
+            --nan_size;
+            ++nan;
+        }
+        CharPtr out = write_str(nan, nan_size, spec);
+        if (sign)
+            *out = sign;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (internal::FPUtil::isinfinity(value))
+    {
+        // Format infinity ourselves because sprintf's output is not consistent
+        // across platforms.
+        std::size_t inf_size = 4;
+        const char *inf = upper ? " INF" : " inf";
+        if (!sign)
+        {
+            --inf_size;
+            ++inf;
+        }
+        CharPtr out = write_str(inf, inf_size, spec);
+        if (sign)
+            *out = sign;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    std::size_t offset = buffer_.size();
+    unsigned width = spec.width();
+    if (sign)
+    {
+        buffer_.reserve(buffer_.size() + (width > 1u ? width : 1u));
+        if (width > 0)
+            --width;
+        ++offset;
+    }
+
+    // Build format string.
+    enum
+    {
+        MAX_FORMAT_SIZE = 10
+    }; // longest format: %#-*.*Lg
+    Char format[MAX_FORMAT_SIZE];
+    Char *format_ptr = format;
+    *format_ptr++ = '%';
+    unsigned width_for_sprintf = width;
+    if (spec.flag(HASH_FLAG))
+        *format_ptr++ = '#';
+    if (spec.align() == ALIGN_CENTER)
+    {
+        width_for_sprintf = 0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (spec.align() == ALIGN_LEFT)
+            *format_ptr++ = '-';
+        if (width != 0)
+            *format_ptr++ = '*';
+    }
+    if (spec.precision() >= 0)
+    {
+        *format_ptr++ = '.';
+        *format_ptr++ = '*';
+    }
+
+    append_float_length(format_ptr, value);
+    *format_ptr++ = type;
+    *format_ptr = '\0';
+
+    // Format using snprintf.
+    Char fill = internal::CharTraits<Char>::cast(spec.fill());
+    unsigned n = 0;
+    Char *start = FMT_NULL;
+    for (;;)
+    {
+        std::size_t buffer_size = buffer_.capacity() - offset;
+#if FMT_MSC_VER
+        // MSVC's vsnprintf_s doesn't work with zero size, so reserve
+        // space for at least one extra character to make the size non-zero.
+        // Note that the buffer's capacity will increase by more than 1.
+        if (buffer_size == 0)
+        {
+            buffer_.reserve(offset + 1);
+            buffer_size = buffer_.capacity() - offset;
+        }
+#endif
+        start = &buffer_[offset];
+        int result = internal::CharTraits<Char>::format_float(start, buffer_size, format, width_for_sprintf, spec.precision(), value);
+        if (result >= 0)
+        {
+            n = internal::to_unsigned(result);
+            if (offset + n < buffer_.capacity())
+                break; // The buffer is large enough - continue with formatting.
+            buffer_.reserve(offset + n + 1);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // If result is negative we ask to increase the capacity by at least 1,
+            // but as std::vector, the buffer grows exponentially.
+            buffer_.reserve(buffer_.capacity() + 1);
+        }
+    }
+    if (sign)
+    {
+        if ((spec.align() != ALIGN_RIGHT && spec.align() != ALIGN_DEFAULT) || *start != ' ')
+        {
+            *(start - 1) = sign;
+            sign = 0;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            *(start - 1) = fill;
+        }
+        ++n;
+    }
+    if (spec.align() == ALIGN_CENTER && spec.width() > n)
+    {
+        width = spec.width();
+        CharPtr p = grow_buffer(width);
+        std::memmove(get(p) + (width - n) / 2, get(p), n * sizeof(Char));
+        fill_padding(p, spec.width(), n, fill);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (spec.fill() != ' ' || sign)
+    {
+        while (*start == ' ')
+            *start++ = fill;
+        if (sign)
+            *(start - 1) = sign;
+    }
+    grow_buffer(n);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  This class template provides operations for formatting and writing data
+  into a character stream. The output is stored in a memory buffer that grows
+  dynamically.
+
+  You can use one of the following typedefs for common character types
+  and the standard allocator:
+
+  +---------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+  | Type          | Definition                                          |
+  +===============+=====================================================+
+  | MemoryWriter  | BasicMemoryWriter<char, std::allocator<char>>       |
+  +---------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+  | WMemoryWriter | BasicMemoryWriter<wchar_t, std::allocator<wchar_t>> |
+  +---------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+
+  **Example**::
+
+     MemoryWriter out;
+     out << "The answer is " << 42 << "\n";
+     out.write("({:+f}, {:+f})", -3.14, 3.14);
+
+  This will write the following output to the ``out`` object:
+
+  .. code-block:: none
+
+     The answer is 42
+     (-3.140000, +3.140000)
+
+  The output can be converted to an ``std::string`` with ``out.str()`` or
+  accessed as a C string with ``out.c_str()``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template<typename Char, typename Allocator = std::allocator<Char>>
+class BasicMemoryWriter : public BasicWriter<Char>
+{
+private:
+    internal::MemoryBuffer<Char, internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE, Allocator> buffer_;
+
+public:
+    explicit BasicMemoryWriter(const Allocator &alloc = Allocator())
+        : BasicWriter<Char>(buffer_)
+        , buffer_(alloc)
+    {
+    }
+
+#if FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Constructs a :class:`fmt::BasicMemoryWriter` object moving the content
+      of the other object to it.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    BasicMemoryWriter(BasicMemoryWriter &&other)
+        : BasicWriter<Char>(buffer_)
+        , buffer_(std::move(other.buffer_))
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Moves the content of the other ``BasicMemoryWriter`` object to this one.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    BasicMemoryWriter &operator=(BasicMemoryWriter &&other)
+    {
+        buffer_ = std::move(other.buffer_);
+        return *this;
+    }
+#endif
+};
+
+typedef BasicMemoryWriter<char> MemoryWriter;
+typedef BasicMemoryWriter<wchar_t> WMemoryWriter;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  This class template provides operations for formatting and writing data
+  into a fixed-size array. For writing into a dynamically growing buffer
+  use :class:`fmt::BasicMemoryWriter`.
+
+  Any write method will throw ``std::runtime_error`` if the output doesn't fit
+  into the array.
+
+  You can use one of the following typedefs for common character types:
+
+  +--------------+---------------------------+
+  | Type         | Definition                |
+  +==============+===========================+
+  | ArrayWriter  | BasicArrayWriter<char>    |
+  +--------------+---------------------------+
+  | WArrayWriter | BasicArrayWriter<wchar_t> |
+  +--------------+---------------------------+
+  \endrst
+ */
+template<typename Char>
+class BasicArrayWriter : public BasicWriter<Char>
+{
+private:
+    internal::FixedBuffer<Char> buffer_;
+
+public:
+    /**
+     \rst
+     Constructs a :class:`fmt::BasicArrayWriter` object for *array* of the
+     given size.
+     \endrst
+     */
+    BasicArrayWriter(Char *array, std::size_t size)
+        : BasicWriter<Char>(buffer_)
+        , buffer_(array, size)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     \rst
+     Constructs a :class:`fmt::BasicArrayWriter` object for *array* of the
+     size known at compile time.
+     \endrst
+     */
+    template<std::size_t SIZE>
+    explicit BasicArrayWriter(Char (&array)[SIZE])
+        : BasicWriter<Char>(buffer_)
+        , buffer_(array, SIZE)
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+typedef BasicArrayWriter<char> ArrayWriter;
+typedef BasicArrayWriter<wchar_t> WArrayWriter;
+
+// Reports a system error without throwing an exception.
+// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
+FMT_API void report_system_error(int error_code, StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+#if FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H
+
+/** A Windows error. */
+class WindowsError : public SystemError
+{
+private:
+    FMT_API void init(int error_code, CStringRef format_str, ArgList args);
+
+public:
+    /**
+     \rst
+     Constructs a :class:`fmt::WindowsError` object with the description
+     of the form
+
+     .. parsed-literal::
+       *<message>*: *<system-message>*
+
+     where *<message>* is the formatted message and *<system-message>* is the
+     system message corresponding to the error code.
+     *error_code* is a Windows error code as given by ``GetLastError``.
+     If *error_code* is not a valid error code such as -1, the system message
+     will look like "error -1".
+
+     **Example**::
+
+       // This throws a WindowsError with the description
+       //   cannot open file 'madeup': The system cannot find the file specified.
+       // or similar (system message may vary).
+       const char *filename = "madeup";
+       LPOFSTRUCT of = LPOFSTRUCT();
+       HFILE file = OpenFile(filename, &of, OF_READ);
+       if (file == HFILE_ERROR) {
+         throw fmt::WindowsError(GetLastError(),
+                                 "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
+       }
+     \endrst
+    */
+    WindowsError(int error_code, CStringRef message)
+    {
+        init(error_code, message, ArgList());
+    }
+    FMT_VARIADIC_CTOR(WindowsError, init, int, CStringRef)
+};
+
+// Reports a Windows error without throwing an exception.
+// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
+FMT_API void report_windows_error(int error_code, StringRef message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+#endif
+
+enum Color
+{
+    BLACK,
+    RED,
+    GREEN,
+    YELLOW,
+    BLUE,
+    MAGENTA,
+    CYAN,
+    WHITE
+};
+
+/**
+  Formats a string and prints it to stdout using ANSI escape sequences
+  to specify color (experimental).
+  Example:
+    print_colored(fmt::RED, "Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+ */
+FMT_API void print_colored(Color c, CStringRef format, ArgList args);
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::string message = format("The answer is {}", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+inline std::string format(CStringRef format_str, ArgList args)
+{
+    MemoryWriter w;
+    w.write(format_str, args);
+    return w.str();
+}
+
+inline std::wstring format(WCStringRef format_str, ArgList args)
+{
+    WMemoryWriter w;
+    w.write(format_str, args);
+    return w.str();
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the file *f*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_API void print(std::FILE *f, CStringRef format_str, ArgList args);
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to ``stdout``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    print("Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_API void print(CStringRef format_str, ArgList args);
+
+/**
+  Fast integer formatter.
+ */
+class FormatInt
+{
+private:
+    // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1),
+    // a sign and a null character.
+    enum
+    {
+        BUFFER_SIZE = std::numeric_limits<ULongLong>::digits10 + 3
+    };
+    mutable char buffer_[BUFFER_SIZE];
+    char *str_;
+
+    // Formats value in reverse and returns the number of digits.
+    char *format_decimal(ULongLong value)
+    {
+        char *buffer_end = buffer_ + BUFFER_SIZE - 1;
+        while (value >= 100)
+        {
+            // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of two digits instead
+            // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+            // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+            unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>((value % 100) * 2);
+            value /= 100;
+            *--buffer_end = internal::Data::DIGITS[index + 1];
+            *--buffer_end = internal::Data::DIGITS[index];
+        }
+        if (value < 10)
+        {
+            *--buffer_end = static_cast<char>('0' + value);
+            return buffer_end;
+        }
+        unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>(value * 2);
+        *--buffer_end = internal::Data::DIGITS[index + 1];
+        *--buffer_end = internal::Data::DIGITS[index];
+        return buffer_end;
+    }
+
+    void FormatSigned(LongLong value)
+    {
+        ULongLong abs_value = static_cast<ULongLong>(value);
+        bool negative = value < 0;
+        if (negative)
+            abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+        str_ = format_decimal(abs_value);
+        if (negative)
+            *--str_ = '-';
+    }
+
+public:
+    explicit FormatInt(int value)
+    {
+        FormatSigned(value);
+    }
+    explicit FormatInt(long value)
+    {
+        FormatSigned(value);
+    }
+    explicit FormatInt(LongLong value)
+    {
+        FormatSigned(value);
+    }
+    explicit FormatInt(unsigned value)
+        : str_(format_decimal(value))
+    {
+    }
+    explicit FormatInt(unsigned long value)
+        : str_(format_decimal(value))
+    {
+    }
+    explicit FormatInt(ULongLong value)
+        : str_(format_decimal(value))
+    {
+    }
+
+    /** Returns the number of characters written to the output buffer. */
+    std::size_t size() const
+    {
+        return internal::to_unsigned(buffer_ - str_ + BUFFER_SIZE - 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+      Returns a pointer to the output buffer content. No terminating null
+      character is appended.
+     */
+    const char *data() const
+    {
+        return str_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+      Returns a pointer to the output buffer content with terminating null
+      character appended.
+     */
+    const char *c_str() const
+    {
+        buffer_[BUFFER_SIZE - 1] = '\0';
+        return str_;
+    }
+
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Returns the content of the output buffer as an ``std::string``.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    std::string str() const
+    {
+        return std::string(str_, size());
+    }
+};
+
+// Formats a decimal integer value writing into buffer and returns
+// a pointer to the end of the formatted string. This function doesn't
+// write a terminating null character.
+template<typename T>
+inline void format_decimal(char *&buffer, T value)
+{
+    typedef typename internal::IntTraits<T>::MainType MainType;
+    MainType abs_value = static_cast<MainType>(value);
+    if (internal::is_negative(value))
+    {
+        *buffer++ = '-';
+        abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+    }
+    if (abs_value < 100)
+    {
+        if (abs_value < 10)
+        {
+            *buffer++ = static_cast<char>('0' + abs_value);
+            return;
+        }
+        unsigned index = static_cast<unsigned>(abs_value * 2);
+        *buffer++ = internal::Data::DIGITS[index];
+        *buffer++ = internal::Data::DIGITS[index + 1];
+        return;
+    }
+    unsigned num_digits = internal::count_digits(abs_value);
+    internal::format_decimal(buffer, abs_value, num_digits);
+    buffer += num_digits;
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a named argument for formatting functions.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", arg("s", 1.23));
+
+  \endrst
+ */
+template<typename T>
+inline internal::NamedArgWithType<char, T> arg(StringRef name, const T &arg)
+{
+    return internal::NamedArgWithType<char, T>(name, arg);
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+inline internal::NamedArgWithType<wchar_t, T> arg(WStringRef name, const T &arg)
+{
+    return internal::NamedArgWithType<wchar_t, T>(name, arg);
+}
+
+// The following two functions are deleted intentionally to disable
+// nested named arguments as in ``format("{}", arg("a", arg("b", 42)))``.
+template<typename Char>
+void arg(StringRef, const internal::NamedArg<Char> &) FMT_DELETED_OR_UNDEFINED;
+template<typename Char>
+void arg(WStringRef, const internal::NamedArg<Char> &) FMT_DELETED_OR_UNDEFINED;
+} // namespace fmt
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION
+// Use the system_header pragma to suppress warnings about variadic macros
+// because suppressing -Wvariadic-macros with the diagnostic pragma doesn't
+// work. It is used at the end because we want to suppress as little warnings
+// as possible.
+#pragma GCC system_header
+#endif
+
+// This is used to work around VC++ bugs in handling variadic macros.
+#define FMT_EXPAND(args) args
+
+// Returns the number of arguments.
+// Based on https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/comp.std.c/d-6Mj5Lko_s.
+#define FMT_NARG(...) FMT_NARG_(__VA_ARGS__, FMT_RSEQ_N())
+#define FMT_NARG_(...) FMT_EXPAND(FMT_ARG_N(__VA_ARGS__))
+#define FMT_ARG_N(_1, _2, _3, _4, _5, _6, _7, _8, _9, _10, N, ...) N
+#define FMT_RSEQ_N() 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0
+
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH_(N, f, ...) FMT_EXPAND(FMT_CONCAT(FMT_FOR_EACH, N)(f, __VA_ARGS__))
+#define FMT_FOR_EACH(f, ...) FMT_EXPAND(FMT_FOR_EACH_(FMT_NARG(__VA_ARGS__), f, __VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define FMT_ADD_ARG_NAME(type, index) type arg##index
+#define FMT_GET_ARG_NAME(type, index) arg##index
+
+#if FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
+#define FMT_VARIADIC_(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, ...)                                                                            \
+    template<typename... Args>                                                                                                             \
+    ReturnType func(FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_ADD_ARG_NAME, __VA_ARGS__), const Args &... args) Const                                               \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        typedef fmt::internal::ArgArray<sizeof...(Args)> ArgArray;                                                                         \
+        typename ArgArray::Type array{ArgArray::template make<fmt::BasicFormatter<Char>>(args)...};                                        \
+        call(FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_GET_ARG_NAME, __VA_ARGS__), fmt::ArgList(fmt::internal::make_type(args...), array));                         \
+    }
+#else
+// Defines a wrapper for a function taking __VA_ARGS__ arguments
+// and n additional arguments of arbitrary types.
+#define FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, n, ...)                                                                              \
+    template<FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_TEMPLATE_ARG)>                                                                                            \
+    inline ReturnType func(FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_ADD_ARG_NAME, __VA_ARGS__), FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_ARG)) Const                                    \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        fmt::internal::ArgArray<n>::Type arr;                                                                                              \
+        FMT_GEN(n, FMT_ASSIGN_##Char);                                                                                                     \
+        call(FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_GET_ARG_NAME, __VA_ARGS__), fmt::ArgList(fmt::internal::make_type(FMT_GEN(n, FMT_MAKE_REF2)), arr));         \
+    }
+
+#define FMT_VARIADIC_(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, ...)                                                                            \
+    inline ReturnType func(FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_ADD_ARG_NAME, __VA_ARGS__)) Const                                                              \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        call(FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_GET_ARG_NAME, __VA_ARGS__), fmt::ArgList());                                                                 \
+    }                                                                                                                                      \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 1, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                          \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 2, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                          \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 3, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                          \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 4, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                          \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 5, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                          \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 6, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                          \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 7, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                          \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 8, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                          \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 9, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                          \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 10, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                         \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 11, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                         \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 12, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                         \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 13, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                         \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 14, __VA_ARGS__)                                                                         \
+    FMT_WRAP(Const, Char, ReturnType, func, call, 15, __VA_ARGS__)
+#endif // FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Defines a variadic function with the specified return type, function name
+  and argument types passed as variable arguments to this macro.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    void print_error(const char *file, int line, const char *format,
+                     fmt::ArgList args) {
+      fmt::print("{}: {}: ", file, line);
+      fmt::print(format, args);
+    }
+    FMT_VARIADIC(void, print_error, const char *, int, const char *)
+
+  ``FMT_VARIADIC`` is used for compatibility with legacy C++ compilers that
+  don't implement variadic templates. You don't have to use this macro if
+  you don't need legacy compiler support and can use variadic templates
+  directly::
+
+    template <typename... Args>
+    void print_error(const char *file, int line, const char *format,
+                     const Args & ... args) {
+      fmt::print("{}: {}: ", file, line);
+      fmt::print(format, args...);
+    }
+  \endrst
+ */
+#define FMT_VARIADIC(ReturnType, func, ...) FMT_VARIADIC_(, char, ReturnType, func, return func, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define FMT_VARIADIC_CONST(ReturnType, func, ...) FMT_VARIADIC_(const, char, ReturnType, func, return func, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define FMT_VARIADIC_W(ReturnType, func, ...) FMT_VARIADIC_(, wchar_t, ReturnType, func, return func, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define FMT_VARIADIC_CONST_W(ReturnType, func, ...) FMT_VARIADIC_(const, wchar_t, ReturnType, func, return func, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define FMT_CAPTURE_ARG_(id, index) ::fmt::arg(#id, id)
+
+#define FMT_CAPTURE_ARG_W_(id, index) ::fmt::arg(L## #id, id)
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Convenient macro to capture the arguments' names and values into several
+  ``fmt::arg(name, value)``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    int x = 1, y = 2;
+    print("point: ({x}, {y})", FMT_CAPTURE(x, y));
+    // same as:
+    // print("point: ({x}, {y})", arg("x", x), arg("y", y));
+
+  \endrst
+ */
+#define FMT_CAPTURE(...) FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_CAPTURE_ARG_, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+#define FMT_CAPTURE_W(...) FMT_FOR_EACH(FMT_CAPTURE_ARG_W_, __VA_ARGS__)
+
+namespace fmt {
+FMT_VARIADIC(std::string, format, CStringRef)
+FMT_VARIADIC_W(std::wstring, format, WCStringRef)
+FMT_VARIADIC(void, print, CStringRef)
+FMT_VARIADIC(void, print, std::FILE *, CStringRef)
+FMT_VARIADIC(void, print_colored, Color, CStringRef)
+
+namespace internal {
+template<typename Char>
+inline bool is_name_start(Char c)
+{
+    return ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') || '_' == c;
+}
+
+// Parses an unsigned integer advancing s to the end of the parsed input.
+// This function assumes that the first character of s is a digit.
+template<typename Char>
+unsigned parse_nonnegative_int(const Char *&s)
+{
+    assert('0' <= *s && *s <= '9');
+    unsigned value = 0;
+    // Convert to unsigned to prevent a warning.
+    unsigned max_int = (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)();
+    unsigned big = max_int / 10;
+    do
+    {
+        // Check for overflow.
+        if (value > big)
+        {
+            value = max_int + 1;
+            break;
+        }
+        value = value * 10 + (*s - '0');
+        ++s;
+    } while ('0' <= *s && *s <= '9');
+    // Convert to unsigned to prevent a warning.
+    if (value > max_int)
+        FMT_THROW(FormatError("number is too big"));
+    return value;
+}
+
+inline void require_numeric_argument(const Arg &arg, char spec)
+{
+    if (arg.type > Arg::LAST_NUMERIC_TYPE)
+    {
+        std::string message = fmt::format("format specifier '{}' requires numeric argument", spec);
+        FMT_THROW(fmt::FormatError(message));
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename Char>
+void check_sign(const Char *&s, const Arg &arg)
+{
+    char sign = static_cast<char>(*s);
+    require_numeric_argument(arg, sign);
+    if (arg.type == Arg::UINT || arg.type == Arg::ULONG_LONG)
+    {
+        FMT_THROW(FormatError(fmt::format("format specifier '{}' requires signed argument", sign)));
+    }
+    ++s;
+}
+} // namespace internal
+
+template<typename Char, typename AF>
+inline internal::Arg BasicFormatter<Char, AF>::get_arg(BasicStringRef<Char> arg_name, const char *&error)
+{
+    if (check_no_auto_index(error))
+    {
+        map_.init(args());
+        const internal::Arg *arg = map_.find(arg_name);
+        if (arg)
+            return *arg;
+        error = "argument not found";
+    }
+    return internal::Arg();
+}
+
+template<typename Char, typename AF>
+inline internal::Arg BasicFormatter<Char, AF>::parse_arg_index(const Char *&s)
+{
+    const char *error = FMT_NULL;
+    internal::Arg arg = *s < '0' || *s > '9' ? next_arg(error) : get_arg(internal::parse_nonnegative_int(s), error);
+    if (error)
+    {
+        FMT_THROW(FormatError(*s != '}' && *s != ':' ? "invalid format string" : error));
+    }
+    return arg;
+}
+
+template<typename Char, typename AF>
+inline internal::Arg BasicFormatter<Char, AF>::parse_arg_name(const Char *&s)
+{
+    assert(internal::is_name_start(*s));
+    const Char *start = s;
+    Char c;
+    do
+    {
+        c = *++s;
+    } while (internal::is_name_start(c) || ('0' <= c && c <= '9'));
+    const char *error = FMT_NULL;
+    internal::Arg arg = get_arg(BasicStringRef<Char>(start, s - start), error);
+    if (error)
+        FMT_THROW(FormatError(error));
+    return arg;
+}
+
+template<typename Char, typename ArgFormatter>
+const Char *BasicFormatter<Char, ArgFormatter>::format(const Char *&format_str, const internal::Arg &arg)
+{
+    using internal::Arg;
+    const Char *s = format_str;
+    typename ArgFormatter::SpecType spec;
+    if (*s == ':')
+    {
+        if (arg.type == Arg::CUSTOM)
+        {
+            arg.custom.format(this, arg.custom.value, &s);
+            return s;
+        }
+        ++s;
+        // Parse fill and alignment.
+        if (Char c = *s)
+        {
+            const Char *p = s + 1;
+            spec.align_ = ALIGN_DEFAULT;
+            do
+            {
+                switch (*p)
+                {
+                case '<':
+                    spec.align_ = ALIGN_LEFT;
+                    break;
+                case '>':
+                    spec.align_ = ALIGN_RIGHT;
+                    break;
+                case '=':
+                    spec.align_ = ALIGN_NUMERIC;
+                    break;
+                case '^':
+                    spec.align_ = ALIGN_CENTER;
+                    break;
+                }
+                if (spec.align_ != ALIGN_DEFAULT)
+                {
+                    if (p != s)
+                    {
+                        if (c == '}')
+                            break;
+                        if (c == '{')
+                            FMT_THROW(FormatError("invalid fill character '{'"));
+                        s += 2;
+                        spec.fill_ = c;
+                    }
+                    else
+                        ++s;
+                    if (spec.align_ == ALIGN_NUMERIC)
+                        require_numeric_argument(arg, '=');
+                    break;
+                }
+            } while (--p >= s);
+        }
+
+        // Parse sign.
+        switch (*s)
+        {
+        case '+':
+            check_sign(s, arg);
+            spec.flags_ |= SIGN_FLAG | PLUS_FLAG;
+            break;
+        case '-':
+            check_sign(s, arg);
+            spec.flags_ |= MINUS_FLAG;
+            break;
+        case ' ':
+            check_sign(s, arg);
+            spec.flags_ |= SIGN_FLAG;
+            break;
+        }
+
+        if (*s == '#')
+        {
+            require_numeric_argument(arg, '#');
+            spec.flags_ |= HASH_FLAG;
+            ++s;
+        }
+
+        // Parse zero flag.
+        if (*s == '0')
+        {
+            require_numeric_argument(arg, '0');
+            spec.align_ = ALIGN_NUMERIC;
+            spec.fill_ = '0';
+            ++s;
+        }
+
+        // Parse width.
+        if ('0' <= *s && *s <= '9')
+        {
+            spec.width_ = internal::parse_nonnegative_int(s);
+        }
+        else if (*s == '{')
+        {
+            ++s;
+            Arg width_arg = internal::is_name_start(*s) ? parse_arg_name(s) : parse_arg_index(s);
+            if (*s++ != '}')
+                FMT_THROW(FormatError("invalid format string"));
+            ULongLong value = 0;
+            switch (width_arg.type)
+            {
+            case Arg::INT:
+                if (width_arg.int_value < 0)
+                    FMT_THROW(FormatError("negative width"));
+                value = width_arg.int_value;
+                break;
+            case Arg::UINT:
+                value = width_arg.uint_value;
+                break;
+            case Arg::LONG_LONG:
+                if (width_arg.long_long_value < 0)
+                    FMT_THROW(FormatError("negative width"));
+                value = width_arg.long_long_value;
+                break;
+            case Arg::ULONG_LONG:
+                value = width_arg.ulong_long_value;
+                break;
+            default:
+                FMT_THROW(FormatError("width is not integer"));
+            }
+            unsigned max_int = (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)();
+            if (value > max_int)
+                FMT_THROW(FormatError("number is too big"));
+            spec.width_ = static_cast<int>(value);
+        }
+
+        // Parse precision.
+        if (*s == '.')
+        {
+            ++s;
+            spec.precision_ = 0;
+            if ('0' <= *s && *s <= '9')
+            {
+                spec.precision_ = internal::parse_nonnegative_int(s);
+            }
+            else if (*s == '{')
+            {
+                ++s;
+                Arg precision_arg = internal::is_name_start(*s) ? parse_arg_name(s) : parse_arg_index(s);
+                if (*s++ != '}')
+                    FMT_THROW(FormatError("invalid format string"));
+                ULongLong value = 0;
+                switch (precision_arg.type)
+                {
+                case Arg::INT:
+                    if (precision_arg.int_value < 0)
+                        FMT_THROW(FormatError("negative precision"));
+                    value = precision_arg.int_value;
+                    break;
+                case Arg::UINT:
+                    value = precision_arg.uint_value;
+                    break;
+                case Arg::LONG_LONG:
+                    if (precision_arg.long_long_value < 0)
+                        FMT_THROW(FormatError("negative precision"));
+                    value = precision_arg.long_long_value;
+                    break;
+                case Arg::ULONG_LONG:
+                    value = precision_arg.ulong_long_value;
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    FMT_THROW(FormatError("precision is not integer"));
+                }
+                unsigned max_int = (std::numeric_limits<int>::max)();
+                if (value > max_int)
+                    FMT_THROW(FormatError("number is too big"));
+                spec.precision_ = static_cast<int>(value);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                FMT_THROW(FormatError("missing precision specifier"));
+            }
+            if (arg.type <= Arg::LAST_INTEGER_TYPE || arg.type == Arg::POINTER)
+            {
+                FMT_THROW(FormatError(
+                    fmt::format("precision not allowed in {} format specifier", arg.type == Arg::POINTER ? "pointer" : "integer")));
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Parse type.
+        if (*s != '}' && *s)
+            spec.type_ = static_cast<char>(*s++);
+    }
+
+    if (*s++ != '}')
+        FMT_THROW(FormatError("missing '}' in format string"));
+
+    // Format argument.
+    ArgFormatter(*this, spec, s - 1).visit(arg);
+    return s;
+}
+
+template<typename Char, typename AF>
+void BasicFormatter<Char, AF>::format(BasicCStringRef<Char> format_str)
+{
+    const Char *s = format_str.c_str();
+    const Char *start = s;
+    while (*s)
+    {
+        Char c = *s++;
+        if (c != '{' && c != '}')
+            continue;
+        if (*s == c)
+        {
+            write(writer_, start, s);
+            start = ++s;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (c == '}')
+            FMT_THROW(FormatError("unmatched '}' in format string"));
+        write(writer_, start, s - 1);
+        internal::Arg arg = internal::is_name_start(*s) ? parse_arg_name(s) : parse_arg_index(s);
+        start = s = format(s, arg);
+    }
+    write(writer_, start, s);
+}
+
+template<typename Char, typename It>
+struct ArgJoin
+{
+    It first;
+    It last;
+    BasicCStringRef<Char> sep;
+
+    ArgJoin(It first, It last, const BasicCStringRef<Char> &sep)
+        : first(first)
+        , last(last)
+        , sep(sep)
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename It>
+ArgJoin<char, It> join(It first, It last, const BasicCStringRef<char> &sep)
+{
+    return ArgJoin<char, It>(first, last, sep);
+}
+
+template<typename It>
+ArgJoin<wchar_t, It> join(It first, It last, const BasicCStringRef<wchar_t> &sep)
+{
+    return ArgJoin<wchar_t, It>(first, last, sep);
+}
+
+#if FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11
+template<typename Range>
+auto join(const Range &range, const BasicCStringRef<char> &sep) -> ArgJoin<char, decltype(std::begin(range))>
+{
+    return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
+}
+
+template<typename Range>
+auto join(const Range &range, const BasicCStringRef<wchar_t> &sep) -> ArgJoin<wchar_t, decltype(std::begin(range))>
+{
+    return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
+}
+#endif
+
+template<typename ArgFormatter, typename Char, typename It>
+void format_arg(fmt::BasicFormatter<Char, ArgFormatter> &f, const Char *&format_str, const ArgJoin<Char, It> &e)
+{
+    const Char *end = format_str;
+    if (*end == ':')
+        ++end;
+    while (*end && *end != '}')
+        ++end;
+    if (*end != '}')
+        FMT_THROW(FormatError("missing '}' in format string"));
+
+    It it = e.first;
+    if (it != e.last)
+    {
+        const Char *save = format_str;
+        f.format(format_str, internal::MakeArg<fmt::BasicFormatter<Char, ArgFormatter>>(*it++));
+        while (it != e.last)
+        {
+            f.writer().write(e.sep);
+            format_str = save;
+            f.format(format_str, internal::MakeArg<fmt::BasicFormatter<Char, ArgFormatter>>(*it++));
+        }
+    }
+    format_str = end + 1;
+}
+} // namespace fmt
+
+#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+namespace fmt {
+namespace internal {
+
+template<typename Char>
+struct UdlFormat
+{
+    const Char *str;
+
+    template<typename... Args>
+    auto operator()(Args &&... args) const -> decltype(format(str, std::forward<Args>(args)...))
+    {
+        return format(str, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename Char>
+struct UdlArg
+{
+    const Char *str;
+
+    template<typename T>
+    NamedArgWithType<Char, T> operator=(T &&value) const
+    {
+        return {str, std::forward<T>(value)};
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace internal
+
+inline namespace literals {
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  C++11 literal equivalent of :func:`fmt::format`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    std::string message = "The answer is {}"_format(42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+inline internal::UdlFormat<char> operator"" _format(const char *s, std::size_t)
+{
+    return {s};
+}
+inline internal::UdlFormat<wchar_t> operator"" _format(const wchar_t *s, std::size_t)
+{
+    return {s};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  C++11 literal equivalent of :func:`fmt::arg`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", "s"_a=1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+inline internal::UdlArg<char> operator"" _a(const char *s, std::size_t)
+{
+    return {s};
+}
+inline internal::UdlArg<wchar_t> operator"" _a(const wchar_t *s, std::size_t)
+{
+    return {s};
+}
+
+} // namespace literals
+} // namespace fmt
+#endif // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+
+// Restore warnings.
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 406
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(FMT_ICC_VERSION)
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#define FMT_FUNC inline
+#include "format.cc"
+#else
+#define FMT_FUNC
+#endif
+
+#endif // FMT_FORMAT_H_
diff --git a/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/ostream.cc b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/ostream.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d443f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/ostream.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ Formatting library for C++ - std::ostream support
+
+ Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ For the license information refer to format.h.
+ */
+
+#include "ostream.h"
+
+namespace fmt {
+
+namespace internal {
+FMT_FUNC void write(std::ostream &os, Writer &w) {
+  const char *data = w.data();
+  typedef internal::MakeUnsigned<std::streamsize>::Type UnsignedStreamSize;
+  UnsignedStreamSize size = w.size();
+  UnsignedStreamSize max_size =
+      internal::to_unsigned((std::numeric_limits<std::streamsize>::max)());
+  do {
+    UnsignedStreamSize n = size <= max_size ? size : max_size;
+    os.write(data, static_cast<std::streamsize>(n));
+    data += n;
+    size -= n;
+  } while (size != 0);
+}
+}
+
+FMT_FUNC void print(std::ostream &os, CStringRef format_str, ArgList args) {
+  MemoryWriter w;
+  w.write(format_str, args);
+  internal::write(os, w);
+}
+}  // namespace fmt
diff --git a/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/ostream.h b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/ostream.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffa75ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/ostream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/*
+ Formatting library for C++ - std::ostream support
+
+ Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ For the license information refer to format.h.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FMT_OSTREAM_H_
+#define FMT_OSTREAM_H_
+
+#include "format.h"
+#include <ostream>
+
+namespace fmt {
+
+namespace internal {
+
+template<class Char>
+class FormatBuf : public std::basic_streambuf<Char>
+{
+private:
+    typedef typename std::basic_streambuf<Char>::int_type int_type;
+    typedef typename std::basic_streambuf<Char>::traits_type traits_type;
+
+    Buffer<Char> &buffer_;
+
+public:
+    FormatBuf(Buffer<Char> &buffer)
+        : buffer_(buffer)
+    {
+    }
+
+protected:
+    // The put-area is actually always empty. This makes the implementation
+    // simpler and has the advantage that the streambuf and the buffer are always
+    // in sync and sputc never writes into uninitialized memory. The obvious
+    // disadvantage is that each call to sputc always results in a (virtual) call
+    // to overflow. There is no disadvantage here for sputn since this always
+    // results in a call to xsputn.
+
+    int_type overflow(int_type ch = traits_type::eof()) FMT_OVERRIDE
+    {
+        if (!traits_type::eq_int_type(ch, traits_type::eof()))
+            buffer_.push_back(static_cast<Char>(ch));
+        return ch;
+    }
+
+    std::streamsize xsputn(const Char *s, std::streamsize count) FMT_OVERRIDE
+    {
+        buffer_.append(s, s + count);
+        return count;
+    }
+};
+
+Yes &convert(std::ostream &);
+
+struct DummyStream : std::ostream
+{
+    DummyStream(); // Suppress a bogus warning in MSVC.
+
+    // Hide all operator<< overloads from std::ostream.
+    template<typename T>
+    typename EnableIf<sizeof(T) == 0>::type operator<<(const T &);
+};
+
+No &operator<<(std::ostream &, int);
+
+template<typename T>
+struct ConvertToIntImpl<T, true>
+{
+    // Convert to int only if T doesn't have an overloaded operator<<.
+    enum
+    {
+        value = sizeof(convert(get<DummyStream>() << get<T>())) == sizeof(No)
+    };
+};
+
+// Write the content of w to os.
+FMT_API void write(std::ostream &os, Writer &w);
+} // namespace internal
+
+// Formats a value.
+template<typename Char, typename ArgFormatter_, typename T>
+void format_arg(BasicFormatter<Char, ArgFormatter_> &f, const Char *&format_str, const T &value)
+{
+    internal::MemoryBuffer<Char, internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE> buffer;
+
+    internal::FormatBuf<Char> format_buf(buffer);
+    std::basic_ostream<Char> output(&format_buf);
+    output.exceptions(std::ios_base::failbit | std::ios_base::badbit);
+    output << value;
+
+    BasicStringRef<Char> str(&buffer[0], buffer.size());
+    typedef internal::MakeArg<BasicFormatter<Char>> MakeArg;
+    format_str = f.format(format_str, MakeArg(str));
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    print(cerr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_API void print(std::ostream &os, CStringRef format_str, ArgList args);
+FMT_VARIADIC(void, print, std::ostream &, CStringRef)
+} // namespace fmt
+
+#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#include "ostream.cc"
+#endif
+
+#endif // FMT_OSTREAM_H_
diff --git a/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/posix.cc b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/posix.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..356668c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/posix.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+/*
+ A C++ interface to POSIX functions.
+
+ Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ For the license information refer to format.h.
+ */
+
+// Disable bogus MSVC warnings.
+#ifndef _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+# define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
+#endif
+
+#include "posix.h"
+
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+# include <unistd.h>
+#else
+# ifndef WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+#  define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN
+# endif
+# include <windows.h>
+# include <io.h>
+
+# define O_CREAT _O_CREAT
+# define O_TRUNC _O_TRUNC
+
+# ifndef S_IRUSR
+#  define S_IRUSR _S_IREAD
+# endif
+
+# ifndef S_IWUSR
+#  define S_IWUSR _S_IWRITE
+# endif
+
+# ifdef __MINGW32__
+#  define _SH_DENYNO 0x40
+# endif
+
+#endif  // _WIN32
+
+#ifdef fileno
+# undef fileno
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+// Return type of read and write functions.
+typedef int RWResult;
+
+// On Windows the count argument to read and write is unsigned, so convert
+// it from size_t preventing integer overflow.
+inline unsigned convert_rwcount(std::size_t count) {
+  return count <= UINT_MAX ? static_cast<unsigned>(count) : UINT_MAX;
+}
+#else
+// Return type of read and write functions.
+typedef ssize_t RWResult;
+
+inline std::size_t convert_rwcount(std::size_t count) { return count; }
+#endif
+}
+
+fmt::BufferedFile::~BufferedFile() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  if (file_ && FMT_SYSTEM(fclose(file_)) != 0)
+    fmt::report_system_error(errno, "cannot close file");
+}
+
+fmt::BufferedFile::BufferedFile(
+    fmt::CStringRef filename, fmt::CStringRef mode) {
+  FMT_RETRY_VAL(file_, FMT_SYSTEM(fopen(filename.c_str(), mode.c_str())), 0);
+  if (!file_)
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno, "cannot open file {}", filename));
+}
+
+void fmt::BufferedFile::close() {
+  if (!file_)
+    return;
+  int result = FMT_SYSTEM(fclose(file_));
+  file_ = FMT_NULL;
+  if (result != 0)
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno, "cannot close file"));
+}
+
+// A macro used to prevent expansion of fileno on broken versions of MinGW.
+#define FMT_ARGS
+
+int fmt::BufferedFile::fileno() const {
+  int fd = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fileno FMT_ARGS(file_));
+  if (fd == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno, "cannot get file descriptor"));
+  return fd;
+}
+
+fmt::File::File(fmt::CStringRef path, int oflag) {
+  int mode = S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR;
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+  fd_ = -1;
+  FMT_POSIX_CALL(sopen_s(&fd_, path.c_str(), oflag, _SH_DENYNO, mode));
+#else
+  FMT_RETRY(fd_, FMT_POSIX_CALL(open(path.c_str(), oflag, mode)));
+#endif
+  if (fd_ == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno, "cannot open file {}", path));
+}
+
+fmt::File::~File() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  // Don't retry close in case of EINTR!
+  // See http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2005-09/3000.html
+  if (fd_ != -1 && FMT_POSIX_CALL(close(fd_)) != 0)
+    fmt::report_system_error(errno, "cannot close file");
+}
+
+void fmt::File::close() {
+  if (fd_ == -1)
+    return;
+  // Don't retry close in case of EINTR!
+  // See http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2005-09/3000.html
+  int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(close(fd_));
+  fd_ = -1;
+  if (result != 0)
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno, "cannot close file"));
+}
+
+fmt::LongLong fmt::File::size() const {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  // Use GetFileSize instead of GetFileSizeEx for the case when _WIN32_WINNT
+  // is less than 0x0500 as is the case with some default MinGW builds.
+  // Both functions support large file sizes.
+  DWORD size_upper = 0;
+  HANDLE handle = reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(_get_osfhandle(fd_));
+  DWORD size_lower = FMT_SYSTEM(GetFileSize(handle, &size_upper));
+  if (size_lower == INVALID_FILE_SIZE) {
+    DWORD error = GetLastError();
+    if (error != NO_ERROR)
+      FMT_THROW(WindowsError(GetLastError(), "cannot get file size"));
+  }
+  fmt::ULongLong long_size = size_upper;
+  return (long_size << sizeof(DWORD) * CHAR_BIT) | size_lower;
+#else
+  typedef struct stat Stat;
+  Stat file_stat = Stat();
+  if (FMT_POSIX_CALL(fstat(fd_, &file_stat)) == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno, "cannot get file attributes"));
+  FMT_STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof(fmt::LongLong) >= sizeof(file_stat.st_size),
+      "return type of File::size is not large enough");
+  return file_stat.st_size;
+#endif
+}
+
+std::size_t fmt::File::read(void *buffer, std::size_t count) {
+  RWResult result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(read(fd_, buffer, convert_rwcount(count))));
+  if (result < 0)
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno, "cannot read from file"));
+  return internal::to_unsigned(result);
+}
+
+std::size_t fmt::File::write(const void *buffer, std::size_t count) {
+  RWResult result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(write(fd_, buffer, convert_rwcount(count))));
+  if (result < 0)
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno, "cannot write to file"));
+  return internal::to_unsigned(result);
+}
+
+fmt::File fmt::File::dup(int fd) {
+  // Don't retry as dup doesn't return EINTR.
+  // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/dup.html
+  int new_fd = FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup(fd));
+  if (new_fd == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno, "cannot duplicate file descriptor {}", fd));
+  return File(new_fd);
+}
+
+void fmt::File::dup2(int fd) {
+  int result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup2(fd_, fd)));
+  if (result == -1) {
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno,
+      "cannot duplicate file descriptor {} to {}", fd_, fd));
+  }
+}
+
+void fmt::File::dup2(int fd, ErrorCode &ec) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  int result = 0;
+  FMT_RETRY(result, FMT_POSIX_CALL(dup2(fd_, fd)));
+  if (result == -1)
+    ec = ErrorCode(errno);
+}
+
+void fmt::File::pipe(File &read_end, File &write_end) {
+  // Close the descriptors first to make sure that assignments don't throw
+  // and there are no leaks.
+  read_end.close();
+  write_end.close();
+  int fds[2] = {};
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  // Make the default pipe capacity same as on Linux 2.6.11+.
+  enum { DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 65536 };
+  int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(pipe(fds, DEFAULT_CAPACITY, _O_BINARY));
+#else
+  // Don't retry as the pipe function doesn't return EINTR.
+  // http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009696799/functions/pipe.html
+  int result = FMT_POSIX_CALL(pipe(fds));
+#endif
+  if (result != 0)
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno, "cannot create pipe"));
+  // The following assignments don't throw because read_fd and write_fd
+  // are closed.
+  read_end = File(fds[0]);
+  write_end = File(fds[1]);
+}
+
+fmt::BufferedFile fmt::File::fdopen(const char *mode) {
+  // Don't retry as fdopen doesn't return EINTR.
+  FILE *f = FMT_POSIX_CALL(fdopen(fd_, mode));
+  if (!f)
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno, "cannot associate stream with file descriptor"));
+  BufferedFile file(f);
+  fd_ = -1;
+  return file;
+}
+
+long fmt::getpagesize() {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  SYSTEM_INFO si;
+  GetSystemInfo(&si);
+  return si.dwPageSize;
+#else
+  long size = FMT_POSIX_CALL(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE));
+  if (size < 0)
+    FMT_THROW(SystemError(errno, "cannot get memory page size"));
+  return size;
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/posix.h b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/posix.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20af016
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/posix.h
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+/*
+ A C++ interface to POSIX functions.
+
+ Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ For the license information refer to format.h.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FMT_POSIX_H_
+#define FMT_POSIX_H_
+
+#if defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
+// Workaround MinGW bug https://sourceforge.net/p/mingw/bugs/2024/.
+#undef __STRICT_ANSI__
+#endif
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>  // for O_RDONLY
+#include <locale.h> // for locale_t
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h> // for strtod_l
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#if defined __APPLE__ || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+#include <xlocale.h> // for LC_NUMERIC_MASK on OS X
+#endif
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+#ifndef FMT_POSIX
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+// Fix warnings about deprecated symbols.
+#define FMT_POSIX(call) _##call
+#else
+#define FMT_POSIX(call) call
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// Calls to system functions are wrapped in FMT_SYSTEM for testability.
+#ifdef FMT_SYSTEM
+#define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) FMT_SYSTEM(call)
+#else
+#define FMT_SYSTEM(call) call
+#ifdef _WIN32
+// Fix warnings about deprecated symbols.
+#define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) ::_##call
+#else
+#define FMT_POSIX_CALL(call) ::call
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// Retries the expression while it evaluates to error_result and errno
+// equals to EINTR.
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#define FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, error_result)                                                                                    \
+    do                                                                                                                                     \
+    {                                                                                                                                      \
+        result = (expression);                                                                                                             \
+    } while (result == error_result && errno == EINTR)
+#else
+#define FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, error_result) result = (expression)
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_RETRY(result, expression) FMT_RETRY_VAL(result, expression, -1)
+
+namespace fmt {
+
+// An error code.
+class ErrorCode
+{
+private:
+    int value_;
+
+public:
+    explicit ErrorCode(int value = 0) FMT_NOEXCEPT : value_(value) {}
+
+    int get() const FMT_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return value_;
+    }
+};
+
+// A buffered file.
+class BufferedFile
+{
+private:
+    FILE *file_;
+
+    friend class File;
+
+    explicit BufferedFile(FILE *f)
+        : file_(f)
+    {
+    }
+
+public:
+    // Constructs a BufferedFile object which doesn't represent any file.
+    BufferedFile() FMT_NOEXCEPT : file_(FMT_NULL) {}
+
+    // Destroys the object closing the file it represents if any.
+    FMT_API ~BufferedFile() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+#if !FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    // Emulate a move constructor and a move assignment operator if rvalue
+    // references are not supported.
+
+private:
+    // A proxy object to emulate a move constructor.
+    // It is private to make it impossible call operator Proxy directly.
+    struct Proxy
+    {
+        FILE *file;
+    };
+
+public:
+    // A "move constructor" for moving from a temporary.
+    BufferedFile(Proxy p) FMT_NOEXCEPT : file_(p.file) {}
+
+    // A "move constructor" for moving from an lvalue.
+    BufferedFile(BufferedFile &f) FMT_NOEXCEPT : file_(f.file_)
+    {
+        f.file_ = FMT_NULL;
+    }
+
+    // A "move assignment operator" for moving from a temporary.
+    BufferedFile &operator=(Proxy p)
+    {
+        close();
+        file_ = p.file;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // A "move assignment operator" for moving from an lvalue.
+    BufferedFile &operator=(BufferedFile &other)
+    {
+        close();
+        file_ = other.file_;
+        other.file_ = FMT_NULL;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // Returns a proxy object for moving from a temporary:
+    //   BufferedFile file = BufferedFile(...);
+    operator Proxy() FMT_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        Proxy p = {file_};
+        file_ = FMT_NULL;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+#else
+private:
+    FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(BufferedFile);
+
+public:
+    BufferedFile(BufferedFile &&other) FMT_NOEXCEPT : file_(other.file_)
+    {
+        other.file_ = FMT_NULL;
+    }
+
+    BufferedFile &operator=(BufferedFile &&other)
+    {
+        close();
+        file_ = other.file_;
+        other.file_ = FMT_NULL;
+        return *this;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    // Opens a file.
+    FMT_API BufferedFile(CStringRef filename, CStringRef mode);
+
+    // Closes the file.
+    FMT_API void close();
+
+    // Returns the pointer to a FILE object representing this file.
+    FILE *get() const FMT_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return file_;
+    }
+
+    // We place parentheses around fileno to workaround a bug in some versions
+    // of MinGW that define fileno as a macro.
+    FMT_API int(fileno)() const;
+
+    void print(CStringRef format_str, const ArgList &args)
+    {
+        fmt::print(file_, format_str, args);
+    }
+    FMT_VARIADIC(void, print, CStringRef)
+};
+
+// A file. Closed file is represented by a File object with descriptor -1.
+// Methods that are not declared with FMT_NOEXCEPT may throw
+// fmt::SystemError in case of failure. Note that some errors such as
+// closing the file multiple times will cause a crash on Windows rather
+// than an exception. You can get standard behavior by overriding the
+// invalid parameter handler with _set_invalid_parameter_handler.
+class File
+{
+private:
+    int fd_; // File descriptor.
+
+    // Constructs a File object with a given descriptor.
+    explicit File(int fd)
+        : fd_(fd)
+    {
+    }
+
+public:
+    // Possible values for the oflag argument to the constructor.
+    enum
+    {
+        RDONLY = FMT_POSIX(O_RDONLY), // Open for reading only.
+        WRONLY = FMT_POSIX(O_WRONLY), // Open for writing only.
+        RDWR = FMT_POSIX(O_RDWR)      // Open for reading and writing.
+    };
+
+    // Constructs a File object which doesn't represent any file.
+    File() FMT_NOEXCEPT : fd_(-1) {}
+
+    // Opens a file and constructs a File object representing this file.
+    FMT_API File(CStringRef path, int oflag);
+
+#if !FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+    // Emulate a move constructor and a move assignment operator if rvalue
+    // references are not supported.
+
+private:
+    // A proxy object to emulate a move constructor.
+    // It is private to make it impossible call operator Proxy directly.
+    struct Proxy
+    {
+        int fd;
+    };
+
+public:
+    // A "move constructor" for moving from a temporary.
+    File(Proxy p) FMT_NOEXCEPT : fd_(p.fd) {}
+
+    // A "move constructor" for moving from an lvalue.
+    File(File &other) FMT_NOEXCEPT : fd_(other.fd_)
+    {
+        other.fd_ = -1;
+    }
+
+    // A "move assignment operator" for moving from a temporary.
+    File &operator=(Proxy p)
+    {
+        close();
+        fd_ = p.fd;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // A "move assignment operator" for moving from an lvalue.
+    File &operator=(File &other)
+    {
+        close();
+        fd_ = other.fd_;
+        other.fd_ = -1;
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // Returns a proxy object for moving from a temporary:
+    //   File file = File(...);
+    operator Proxy() FMT_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        Proxy p = {fd_};
+        fd_ = -1;
+        return p;
+    }
+
+#else
+private:
+    FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(File);
+
+public:
+    File(File &&other) FMT_NOEXCEPT : fd_(other.fd_)
+    {
+        other.fd_ = -1;
+    }
+
+    File &operator=(File &&other)
+    {
+        close();
+        fd_ = other.fd_;
+        other.fd_ = -1;
+        return *this;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    // Destroys the object closing the file it represents if any.
+    FMT_API ~File() FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+    // Returns the file descriptor.
+    int descriptor() const FMT_NOEXCEPT
+    {
+        return fd_;
+    }
+
+    // Closes the file.
+    FMT_API void close();
+
+    // Returns the file size. The size has signed type for consistency with
+    // stat::st_size.
+    FMT_API LongLong size() const;
+
+    // Attempts to read count bytes from the file into the specified buffer.
+    FMT_API std::size_t read(void *buffer, std::size_t count);
+
+    // Attempts to write count bytes from the specified buffer to the file.
+    FMT_API std::size_t write(const void *buffer, std::size_t count);
+
+    // Duplicates a file descriptor with the dup function and returns
+    // the duplicate as a file object.
+    FMT_API static File dup(int fd);
+
+    // Makes fd be the copy of this file descriptor, closing fd first if
+    // necessary.
+    FMT_API void dup2(int fd);
+
+    // Makes fd be the copy of this file descriptor, closing fd first if
+    // necessary.
+    FMT_API void dup2(int fd, ErrorCode &ec) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+    // Creates a pipe setting up read_end and write_end file objects for reading
+    // and writing respectively.
+    FMT_API static void pipe(File &read_end, File &write_end);
+
+    // Creates a BufferedFile object associated with this file and detaches
+    // this File object from the file.
+    FMT_API BufferedFile fdopen(const char *mode);
+};
+
+// Returns the memory page size.
+long getpagesize();
+
+#if (defined(LC_NUMERIC_MASK) || defined(_MSC_VER)) && !defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#define FMT_LOCALE
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_LOCALE
+// A "C" numeric locale.
+class Locale
+{
+private:
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    typedef _locale_t locale_t;
+
+    enum
+    {
+        LC_NUMERIC_MASK = LC_NUMERIC
+    };
+
+    static locale_t newlocale(int category_mask, const char *locale, locale_t)
+    {
+        return _create_locale(category_mask, locale);
+    }
+
+    static void freelocale(locale_t locale)
+    {
+        _free_locale(locale);
+    }
+
+    static double strtod_l(const char *nptr, char **endptr, _locale_t locale)
+    {
+        return _strtod_l(nptr, endptr, locale);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    locale_t locale_;
+
+    FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Locale);
+
+public:
+    typedef locale_t Type;
+
+    Locale()
+        : locale_(newlocale(LC_NUMERIC_MASK, "C", FMT_NULL))
+    {
+        if (!locale_)
+            FMT_THROW(fmt::SystemError(errno, "cannot create locale"));
+    }
+    ~Locale()
+    {
+        freelocale(locale_);
+    }
+
+    Type get() const
+    {
+        return locale_;
+    }
+
+    // Converts string to floating-point number and advances str past the end
+    // of the parsed input.
+    double strtod(const char *&str) const
+    {
+        char *end = FMT_NULL;
+        double result = strtod_l(str, &end, locale_);
+        str = end;
+        return result;
+    }
+};
+#endif // FMT_LOCALE
+} // namespace fmt
+
+#if !FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
+namespace std {
+// For compatibility with C++98.
+inline fmt::BufferedFile &move(fmt::BufferedFile &f)
+{
+    return f;
+}
+inline fmt::File &move(fmt::File &f)
+{
+    return f;
+}
+} // namespace std
+#endif
+
+#endif // FMT_POSIX_H_
diff --git a/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/printf.cc b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/printf.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95d7a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/printf.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ Formatting library for C++
+
+ Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ For the license information refer to format.h.
+ */
+
+#include "format.h"
+#include "printf.h"
+
+namespace fmt {
+
+template <typename Char>
+void printf(BasicWriter<Char> &w, BasicCStringRef<Char> format, ArgList args);
+
+FMT_FUNC int fprintf(std::FILE *f, CStringRef format, ArgList args) {
+  MemoryWriter w;
+  printf(w, format, args);
+  std::size_t size = w.size();
+  return std::fwrite(w.data(), 1, size, f) < size ? -1 : static_cast<int>(size);
+}
+
+#ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+
+template void PrintfFormatter<char>::format(CStringRef format);
+template void PrintfFormatter<wchar_t>::format(WCStringRef format);
+
+#endif  // FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+
+}  // namespace fmt
diff --git a/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/printf.h b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/printf.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..679e8fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/printf.h
@@ -0,0 +1,723 @@
+/*
+ Formatting library for C++
+
+ Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ For the license information refer to format.h.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FMT_PRINTF_H_
+#define FMT_PRINTF_H_
+
+#include <algorithm> // std::fill_n
+#include <limits>    // std::numeric_limits
+
+#include "ostream.h"
+
+namespace fmt {
+namespace internal {
+
+// Checks if a value fits in int - used to avoid warnings about comparing
+// signed and unsigned integers.
+template<bool IsSigned>
+struct IntChecker
+{
+    template<typename T>
+    static bool fits_in_int(T value)
+    {
+        unsigned max = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
+        return value <= max;
+    }
+    static bool fits_in_int(bool)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+template<>
+struct IntChecker<true>
+{
+    template<typename T>
+    static bool fits_in_int(T value)
+    {
+        return value >= std::numeric_limits<int>::min() && value <= std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
+    }
+    static bool fits_in_int(int)
+    {
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+class PrecisionHandler : public ArgVisitor<PrecisionHandler, int>
+{
+public:
+    void report_unhandled_arg()
+    {
+        FMT_THROW(FormatError("precision is not integer"));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    int visit_any_int(T value)
+    {
+        if (!IntChecker<std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed>::fits_in_int(value))
+            FMT_THROW(FormatError("number is too big"));
+        return static_cast<int>(value);
+    }
+};
+
+// IsZeroInt::visit(arg) returns true iff arg is a zero integer.
+class IsZeroInt : public ArgVisitor<IsZeroInt, bool>
+{
+public:
+    template<typename T>
+    bool visit_any_int(T value)
+    {
+        return value == 0;
+    }
+};
+
+// returns the default type for format specific "%s"
+class DefaultType : public ArgVisitor<DefaultType, char>
+{
+public:
+    char visit_char(int)
+    {
+        return 'c';
+    }
+
+    char visit_bool(bool)
+    {
+        return 's';
+    }
+
+    char visit_pointer(const void *)
+    {
+        return 'p';
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    char visit_any_int(T)
+    {
+        return 'd';
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    char visit_any_double(T)
+    {
+        return 'g';
+    }
+
+    char visit_unhandled_arg()
+    {
+        return 's';
+    }
+};
+
+template<typename T, typename U>
+struct is_same
+{
+    enum
+    {
+        value = 0
+    };
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_same<T, T>
+{
+    enum
+    {
+        value = 1
+    };
+};
+
+// An argument visitor that converts an integer argument to T for printf,
+// if T is an integral type. If T is void, the argument is converted to
+// corresponding signed or unsigned type depending on the type specifier:
+// 'd' and 'i' - signed, other - unsigned)
+template<typename T = void>
+class ArgConverter : public ArgVisitor<ArgConverter<T>, void>
+{
+private:
+    internal::Arg &arg_;
+    wchar_t type_;
+
+    FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ArgConverter);
+
+public:
+    ArgConverter(internal::Arg &arg, wchar_t type)
+        : arg_(arg)
+        , type_(type)
+    {
+    }
+
+    void visit_bool(bool value)
+    {
+        if (type_ != 's')
+            visit_any_int(value);
+    }
+
+    void visit_char(int value)
+    {
+        if (type_ != 's')
+            visit_any_int(value);
+    }
+
+    template<typename U>
+    void visit_any_int(U value)
+    {
+        bool is_signed = type_ == 'd' || type_ == 'i';
+        if (type_ == 's')
+        {
+            is_signed = std::numeric_limits<U>::is_signed;
+        }
+
+        using internal::Arg;
+        typedef typename internal::Conditional<is_same<T, void>::value, U, T>::type TargetType;
+        if (const_check(sizeof(TargetType) <= sizeof(int)))
+        {
+            // Extra casts are used to silence warnings.
+            if (is_signed)
+            {
+                arg_.type = Arg::INT;
+                arg_.int_value = static_cast<int>(static_cast<TargetType>(value));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                arg_.type = Arg::UINT;
+                typedef typename internal::MakeUnsigned<TargetType>::Type Unsigned;
+                arg_.uint_value = static_cast<unsigned>(static_cast<Unsigned>(value));
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (is_signed)
+            {
+                arg_.type = Arg::LONG_LONG;
+                // glibc's printf doesn't sign extend arguments of smaller types:
+                //   std::printf("%lld", -42);  // prints "4294967254"
+                // but we don't have to do the same because it's a UB.
+                arg_.long_long_value = static_cast<LongLong>(value);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                arg_.type = Arg::ULONG_LONG;
+                arg_.ulong_long_value = static_cast<typename internal::MakeUnsigned<U>::Type>(value);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+// Converts an integer argument to char for printf.
+class CharConverter : public ArgVisitor<CharConverter, void>
+{
+private:
+    internal::Arg &arg_;
+
+    FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(CharConverter);
+
+public:
+    explicit CharConverter(internal::Arg &arg)
+        : arg_(arg)
+    {
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    void visit_any_int(T value)
+    {
+        arg_.type = internal::Arg::CHAR;
+        arg_.int_value = static_cast<char>(value);
+    }
+};
+
+// Checks if an argument is a valid printf width specifier and sets
+// left alignment if it is negative.
+class WidthHandler : public ArgVisitor<WidthHandler, unsigned>
+{
+private:
+    FormatSpec &spec_;
+
+    FMT_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(WidthHandler);
+
+public:
+    explicit WidthHandler(FormatSpec &spec)
+        : spec_(spec)
+    {
+    }
+
+    void report_unhandled_arg()
+    {
+        FMT_THROW(FormatError("width is not integer"));
+    }
+
+    template<typename T>
+    unsigned visit_any_int(T value)
+    {
+        typedef typename internal::IntTraits<T>::MainType UnsignedType;
+        UnsignedType width = static_cast<UnsignedType>(value);
+        if (internal::is_negative(value))
+        {
+            spec_.align_ = ALIGN_LEFT;
+            width = 0 - width;
+        }
+        unsigned int_max = std::numeric_limits<int>::max();
+        if (width > int_max)
+            FMT_THROW(FormatError("number is too big"));
+        return static_cast<unsigned>(width);
+    }
+};
+} // namespace internal
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A ``printf`` argument formatter based on the `curiously recurring template
+  pattern <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiously_recurring_template_pattern>`_.
+
+  To use `~fmt::BasicPrintfArgFormatter` define a subclass that implements some
+  or all of the visit methods with the same signatures as the methods in
+  `~fmt::ArgVisitor`, for example, `~fmt::ArgVisitor::visit_int()`.
+  Pass the subclass as the *Impl* template parameter. When a formatting
+  function processes an argument, it will dispatch to a visit method
+  specific to the argument type. For example, if the argument type is
+  ``double`` then the `~fmt::ArgVisitor::visit_double()` method of a subclass
+  will be called. If the subclass doesn't contain a method with this signature,
+  then a corresponding method of `~fmt::BasicPrintfArgFormatter` or its
+  superclass will be called.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template<typename Impl, typename Char, typename Spec>
+class BasicPrintfArgFormatter : public internal::ArgFormatterBase<Impl, Char, Spec>
+{
+private:
+    void write_null_pointer()
+    {
+        this->spec().type_ = 0;
+        this->write("(nil)");
+    }
+
+    typedef internal::ArgFormatterBase<Impl, Char, Spec> Base;
+
+public:
+    /**
+      \rst
+      Constructs an argument formatter object.
+      *writer* is a reference to the output writer and *spec* contains format
+      specifier information for standard argument types.
+      \endrst
+     */
+    BasicPrintfArgFormatter(BasicWriter<Char> &w, Spec &s)
+        : internal::ArgFormatterBase<Impl, Char, Spec>(w, s)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /** Formats an argument of type ``bool``. */
+    void visit_bool(bool value)
+    {
+        Spec &fmt_spec = this->spec();
+        if (fmt_spec.type_ != 's')
+            return this->visit_any_int(value);
+        fmt_spec.type_ = 0;
+        this->write(value);
+    }
+
+    /** Formats a character. */
+    void visit_char(int value)
+    {
+        const Spec &fmt_spec = this->spec();
+        BasicWriter<Char> &w = this->writer();
+        if (fmt_spec.type_ && fmt_spec.type_ != 'c')
+            w.write_int(value, fmt_spec);
+        typedef typename BasicWriter<Char>::CharPtr CharPtr;
+        CharPtr out = CharPtr();
+        if (fmt_spec.width_ > 1)
+        {
+            Char fill = ' ';
+            out = w.grow_buffer(fmt_spec.width_);
+            if (fmt_spec.align_ != ALIGN_LEFT)
+            {
+                std::fill_n(out, fmt_spec.width_ - 1, fill);
+                out += fmt_spec.width_ - 1;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                std::fill_n(out + 1, fmt_spec.width_ - 1, fill);
+            }
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            out = w.grow_buffer(1);
+        }
+        *out = static_cast<Char>(value);
+    }
+
+    /** Formats a null-terminated C string. */
+    void visit_cstring(const char *value)
+    {
+        if (value)
+            Base::visit_cstring(value);
+        else if (this->spec().type_ == 'p')
+            write_null_pointer();
+        else
+            this->write("(null)");
+    }
+
+    /** Formats a pointer. */
+    void visit_pointer(const void *value)
+    {
+        if (value)
+            return Base::visit_pointer(value);
+        this->spec().type_ = 0;
+        write_null_pointer();
+    }
+
+    /** Formats an argument of a custom (user-defined) type. */
+    void visit_custom(internal::Arg::CustomValue c)
+    {
+        BasicFormatter<Char> formatter(ArgList(), this->writer());
+        const Char format_str[] = {'}', 0};
+        const Char *format = format_str;
+        c.format(&formatter, c.value, &format);
+    }
+};
+
+/** The default printf argument formatter. */
+template<typename Char>
+class PrintfArgFormatter : public BasicPrintfArgFormatter<PrintfArgFormatter<Char>, Char, FormatSpec>
+{
+public:
+    /** Constructs an argument formatter object. */
+    PrintfArgFormatter(BasicWriter<Char> &w, FormatSpec &s)
+        : BasicPrintfArgFormatter<PrintfArgFormatter<Char>, Char, FormatSpec>(w, s)
+    {
+    }
+};
+
+/** This template formats data and writes the output to a writer. */
+template<typename Char, typename ArgFormatter = PrintfArgFormatter<Char>>
+class PrintfFormatter : private internal::FormatterBase
+{
+private:
+    BasicWriter<Char> &writer_;
+
+    void parse_flags(FormatSpec &spec, const Char *&s);
+
+    // Returns the argument with specified index or, if arg_index is equal
+    // to the maximum unsigned value, the next argument.
+    internal::Arg get_arg(const Char *s, unsigned arg_index = (std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max)());
+
+    // Parses argument index, flags and width and returns the argument index.
+    unsigned parse_header(const Char *&s, FormatSpec &spec);
+
+public:
+    /**
+     \rst
+     Constructs a ``PrintfFormatter`` object. References to the arguments and
+     the writer are stored in the formatter object so make sure they have
+     appropriate lifetimes.
+     \endrst
+     */
+    explicit PrintfFormatter(const ArgList &al, BasicWriter<Char> &w)
+        : FormatterBase(al)
+        , writer_(w)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /** Formats stored arguments and writes the output to the writer. */
+    void format(BasicCStringRef<Char> format_str);
+};
+
+template<typename Char, typename AF>
+void PrintfFormatter<Char, AF>::parse_flags(FormatSpec &spec, const Char *&s)
+{
+    for (;;)
+    {
+        switch (*s++)
+        {
+        case '-':
+            spec.align_ = ALIGN_LEFT;
+            break;
+        case '+':
+            spec.flags_ |= SIGN_FLAG | PLUS_FLAG;
+            break;
+        case '0':
+            spec.fill_ = '0';
+            break;
+        case ' ':
+            spec.flags_ |= SIGN_FLAG;
+            break;
+        case '#':
+            spec.flags_ |= HASH_FLAG;
+            break;
+        default:
+            --s;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename Char, typename AF>
+internal::Arg PrintfFormatter<Char, AF>::get_arg(const Char *s, unsigned arg_index)
+{
+    (void)s;
+    const char *error = FMT_NULL;
+    internal::Arg arg = arg_index == std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max() ? next_arg(error) : FormatterBase::get_arg(arg_index - 1, error);
+    if (error)
+        FMT_THROW(FormatError(!*s ? "invalid format string" : error));
+    return arg;
+}
+
+template<typename Char, typename AF>
+unsigned PrintfFormatter<Char, AF>::parse_header(const Char *&s, FormatSpec &spec)
+{
+    unsigned arg_index = std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max();
+    Char c = *s;
+    if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+    {
+        // Parse an argument index (if followed by '$') or a width possibly
+        // preceded with '0' flag(s).
+        unsigned value = internal::parse_nonnegative_int(s);
+        if (*s == '$') // value is an argument index
+        {
+            ++s;
+            arg_index = value;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (c == '0')
+                spec.fill_ = '0';
+            if (value != 0)
+            {
+                // Nonzero value means that we parsed width and don't need to
+                // parse it or flags again, so return now.
+                spec.width_ = value;
+                return arg_index;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    parse_flags(spec, s);
+    // Parse width.
+    if (*s >= '0' && *s <= '9')
+    {
+        spec.width_ = internal::parse_nonnegative_int(s);
+    }
+    else if (*s == '*')
+    {
+        ++s;
+        spec.width_ = internal::WidthHandler(spec).visit(get_arg(s));
+    }
+    return arg_index;
+}
+
+template<typename Char, typename AF>
+void PrintfFormatter<Char, AF>::format(BasicCStringRef<Char> format_str)
+{
+    const Char *start = format_str.c_str();
+    const Char *s = start;
+    while (*s)
+    {
+        Char c = *s++;
+        if (c != '%')
+            continue;
+        if (*s == c)
+        {
+            write(writer_, start, s);
+            start = ++s;
+            continue;
+        }
+        write(writer_, start, s - 1);
+
+        FormatSpec spec;
+        spec.align_ = ALIGN_RIGHT;
+
+        // Parse argument index, flags and width.
+        unsigned arg_index = parse_header(s, spec);
+
+        // Parse precision.
+        if (*s == '.')
+        {
+            ++s;
+            if ('0' <= *s && *s <= '9')
+            {
+                spec.precision_ = static_cast<int>(internal::parse_nonnegative_int(s));
+            }
+            else if (*s == '*')
+            {
+                ++s;
+                spec.precision_ = internal::PrecisionHandler().visit(get_arg(s));
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                spec.precision_ = 0;
+            }
+        }
+
+        using internal::Arg;
+        Arg arg = get_arg(s, arg_index);
+        if (spec.flag(HASH_FLAG) && internal::IsZeroInt().visit(arg))
+            spec.flags_ &= ~internal::to_unsigned<int>(HASH_FLAG);
+        if (spec.fill_ == '0')
+        {
+            if (arg.type <= Arg::LAST_NUMERIC_TYPE)
+                spec.align_ = ALIGN_NUMERIC;
+            else
+                spec.fill_ = ' '; // Ignore '0' flag for non-numeric types.
+        }
+
+        // Parse length and convert the argument to the required type.
+        using internal::ArgConverter;
+        switch (*s++)
+        {
+        case 'h':
+            if (*s == 'h')
+                ArgConverter<signed char>(arg, *++s).visit(arg);
+            else
+                ArgConverter<short>(arg, *s).visit(arg);
+            break;
+        case 'l':
+            if (*s == 'l')
+                ArgConverter<fmt::LongLong>(arg, *++s).visit(arg);
+            else
+                ArgConverter<long>(arg, *s).visit(arg);
+            break;
+        case 'j':
+            ArgConverter<intmax_t>(arg, *s).visit(arg);
+            break;
+        case 'z':
+            ArgConverter<std::size_t>(arg, *s).visit(arg);
+            break;
+        case 't':
+            ArgConverter<std::ptrdiff_t>(arg, *s).visit(arg);
+            break;
+        case 'L':
+            // printf produces garbage when 'L' is omitted for long double, no
+            // need to do the same.
+            break;
+        default:
+            --s;
+            ArgConverter<void>(arg, *s).visit(arg);
+        }
+
+        // Parse type.
+        if (!*s)
+            FMT_THROW(FormatError("invalid format string"));
+        spec.type_ = static_cast<char>(*s++);
+
+        if (spec.type_ == 's')
+        {
+            // set the format type to the default if 's' is specified
+            spec.type_ = internal::DefaultType().visit(arg);
+        }
+
+        if (arg.type <= Arg::LAST_INTEGER_TYPE)
+        {
+            // Normalize type.
+            switch (spec.type_)
+            {
+            case 'i':
+            case 'u':
+                spec.type_ = 'd';
+                break;
+            case 'c':
+                // TODO: handle wchar_t
+                internal::CharConverter(arg).visit(arg);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        start = s;
+
+        // Format argument.
+        AF(writer_, spec).visit(arg);
+    }
+    write(writer_, start, s);
+}
+
+inline void printf(Writer &w, CStringRef format, ArgList args)
+{
+    PrintfFormatter<char>(args, w).format(format);
+}
+FMT_VARIADIC(void, printf, Writer &, CStringRef)
+
+inline void printf(WWriter &w, WCStringRef format, ArgList args)
+{
+    PrintfFormatter<wchar_t>(args, w).format(format);
+}
+FMT_VARIADIC(void, printf, WWriter &, WCStringRef)
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::string message = fmt::sprintf("The answer is %d", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+inline std::string sprintf(CStringRef format, ArgList args)
+{
+    MemoryWriter w;
+    printf(w, format, args);
+    return w.str();
+}
+FMT_VARIADIC(std::string, sprintf, CStringRef)
+
+inline std::wstring sprintf(WCStringRef format, ArgList args)
+{
+    WMemoryWriter w;
+    printf(w, format, args);
+    return w.str();
+}
+FMT_VARIADIC_W(std::wstring, sprintf, WCStringRef)
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the file *f*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::fprintf(stderr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_API int fprintf(std::FILE *f, CStringRef format, ArgList args);
+FMT_VARIADIC(int, fprintf, std::FILE *, CStringRef)
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to ``stdout``.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::printf("Elapsed time: %.2f seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+inline int printf(CStringRef format, ArgList args)
+{
+    return fprintf(stdout, format, args);
+}
+FMT_VARIADIC(int, printf, CStringRef)
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Prints formatted data to the stream *os*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fprintf(cerr, "Don't %s!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+inline int fprintf(std::ostream &os, CStringRef format_str, ArgList args)
+{
+    MemoryWriter w;
+    printf(w, format_str, args);
+    internal::write(os, w);
+    return static_cast<int>(w.size());
+}
+FMT_VARIADIC(int, fprintf, std::ostream &, CStringRef)
+} // namespace fmt
+
+#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#include "printf.cc"
+#endif
+
+#endif // FMT_PRINTF_H_
diff --git a/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/time.h b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/time.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d4210c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spdlog/fmt/bundled/time.h
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+/*
+ Formatting library for C++ - time formatting
+
+ Copyright (c) 2012 - 2016, Victor Zverovich
+ All rights reserved.
+
+ For the license information refer to format.h.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FMT_TIME_H_
+#define FMT_TIME_H_
+
+#include "format.h"
+#include <ctime>
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4702) // unreachable code
+#pragma warning(disable : 4996) // "deprecated" functions
+#endif
+
+namespace fmt {
+template<typename ArgFormatter>
+void format_arg(BasicFormatter<char, ArgFormatter> &f, const char *&format_str, const std::tm &tm)
+{
+    if (*format_str == ':')
+        ++format_str;
+    const char *end = format_str;
+    while (*end && *end != '}')
+        ++end;
+    if (*end != '}')
+        FMT_THROW(FormatError("missing '}' in format string"));
+    internal::MemoryBuffer<char, internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE> format;
+    format.append(format_str, end + 1);
+    format[format.size() - 1] = '\0';
+    Buffer<char> &buffer = f.writer().buffer();
+    std::size_t start = buffer.size();
+    for (;;)
+    {
+        std::size_t size = buffer.capacity() - start;
+        std::size_t count = std::strftime(&buffer[start], size, &format[0], &tm);
+        if (count != 0)
+        {
+            buffer.resize(start + count);
+            break;
+        }
+        if (size >= format.size() * 256)
+        {
+            // If the buffer is 256 times larger than the format string, assume
+            // that `strftime` gives an empty result. There doesn't seem to be a
+            // better way to distinguish the two cases:
+            // https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/367
+            break;
+        }
+        const std::size_t MIN_GROWTH = 10;
+        buffer.reserve(buffer.capacity() + (size > MIN_GROWTH ? size : MIN_GROWTH));
+    }
+    format_str = end + 1;
+}
+
+namespace internal {
+inline Null<> localtime_r(...)
+{
+    return Null<>();
+}
+inline Null<> localtime_s(...)
+{
+    return Null<>();
+}
+inline Null<> gmtime_r(...)
+{
+    return Null<>();
+}
+inline Null<> gmtime_s(...)
+{
+    return Null<>();
+}
+} // namespace internal
+
+// Thread-safe replacement for std::localtime
+inline std::tm localtime(std::time_t time)
+{
+    struct LocalTime
+    {
+        std::time_t time_;
+        std::tm tm_;
+
+        LocalTime(std::time_t t)
+            : time_(t)
+        {
+        }
+
+        bool run()
+        {
+            using namespace fmt::internal;
+            return handle(localtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
+        }
+
+        bool handle(std::tm *tm)
+        {
+            return tm != FMT_NULL;
+        }
+
+        bool handle(internal::Null<>)
+        {
+            using namespace fmt::internal;
+            return fallback(localtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
+        }
+
+        bool fallback(int res)
+        {
+            return res == 0;
+        }
+
+        bool fallback(internal::Null<>)
+        {
+            using namespace fmt::internal;
+            std::tm *tm = std::localtime(&time_);
+            if (tm)
+                tm_ = *tm;
+            return tm != FMT_NULL;
+        }
+    };
+    LocalTime lt(time);
+    if (lt.run())
+        return lt.tm_;
+    // Too big time values may be unsupported.
+    FMT_THROW(fmt::FormatError("time_t value out of range"));
+    return std::tm();
+}
+
+// Thread-safe replacement for std::gmtime
+inline std::tm gmtime(std::time_t time)
+{
+    struct GMTime
+    {
+        std::time_t time_;
+        std::tm tm_;
+
+        GMTime(std::time_t t)
+            : time_(t)
+        {
+        }
+
+        bool run()
+        {
+            using namespace fmt::internal;
+            return handle(gmtime_r(&time_, &tm_));
+        }
+
+        bool handle(std::tm *tm)
+        {
+            return tm != FMT_NULL;
+        }
+
+        bool handle(internal::Null<>)
+        {
+            using namespace fmt::internal;
+            return fallback(gmtime_s(&tm_, &time_));
+        }
+
+        bool fallback(int res)
+        {
+            return res == 0;
+        }
+
+        bool fallback(internal::Null<>)
+        {
+            std::tm *tm = std::gmtime(&time_);
+            if (tm != FMT_NULL)
+                tm_ = *tm;
+            return tm != FMT_NULL;
+        }
+    };
+    GMTime gt(time);
+    if (gt.run())
+        return gt.tm_;
+    // Too big time values may be unsupported.
+    FMT_THROW(fmt::FormatError("time_t value out of range"));
+    return std::tm();
+}
+} // namespace fmt
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+#endif // FMT_TIME_H_
diff --git a/lib/spdlog/fmt/fmt.h b/lib/spdlog/fmt/fmt.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e2e0485
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spdlog/fmt/fmt.h
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+//
+// Copyright(c) 2016 Gabi Melman.
+// Distributed under the MIT License (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+//
+// Include a bundled header-only copy of fmtlib or an external one.
+// By default spdlog include its own copy.
+//
+
+#if !defined(SPDLOG_FMT_EXTERNAL)
+
+#ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#define FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H
+#define FMT_USE_WINDOWS_H 0
+#endif
+#include "bundled/format.h"
+#if defined(SPDLOG_FMT_PRINTF)
+#include "bundled/printf.h"
+#endif
+
+#else // external fmtlib
+
+#include <fmt/format.h>
+#if defined(SPDLOG_FMT_PRINTF)
+#include <fmt/printf.h>
+#endif
+
+#endif
diff --git a/lib/spdlog/fmt/ostr.h b/lib/spdlog/fmt/ostr.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9902898
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/spdlog/fmt/ostr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// Copyright(c) 2016 Gabi Melman.
+// Distributed under the MIT License (http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
+//
+
+#pragma once
+//
+// include bundled or external copy of fmtlib's ostream support
+//
+#if !defined(SPDLOG_FMT_EXTERNAL)
+#ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#define FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#endif
+#include "bundled/ostream.h"
+#include "fmt.h"
+#else
+#include <fmt/ostream.h>
+#endif