New upstream version 2.5~beta1upstream/2.5_beta1

1 files changed, 1857 insertions, 1425 deletions

diff --git a/src/openvpn/tun.c b/src/openvpn/tun.c
index 80eaa2c..3045445 100644
--- a/src/openvpn/tun.c
+++ b/src/openvpn/tun.c
@@ -40,12 +40,13 @@
 #include "tun.h"
 #include "fdmisc.h"
 #include "common.h"
-#include "misc.h"
+#include "run_command.h"
 #include "socket.h"
 #include "manage.h"
 #include "route.h"
 #include "win32.h"
 #include "block_dns.h"
+#include "networking.h"
 
 #include "memdbg.h"
 
@@ -57,6 +58,9 @@
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 
+const static GUID GUID_DEVCLASS_NET = { 0x4d36e972L, 0xe325, 0x11ce, { 0xbf, 0xc1, 0x08, 0x00, 0x2b, 0xe1, 0x03, 0x18 } };
+const static GUID GUID_DEVINTERFACE_NET = { 0xcac88484, 0x7515, 0x4c03, { 0x82, 0xe6, 0x71, 0xa8, 0x7a, 0xba, 0xc3, 0x61 } };
+
 /* #define SIMULATE_DHCP_FAILED */       /* simulate bad DHCP negotiation */
 
 #define NI_TEST_FIRST  (1<<0)
@@ -69,6 +73,10 @@ static void netsh_ifconfig(const struct tuntap_options *to,
                            const in_addr_t netmask,
                            const unsigned int flags);
 
+static void windows_set_mtu(const int iface_index,
+                            const short family,
+                            const int mtu);
+
 static void netsh_set_dns6_servers(const struct in6_addr *addr_list,
                                    const int addr_len,
                                    const char *flex_name);
@@ -82,7 +90,6 @@ static DWORD get_adapter_index_flexible(const char *name);
 static bool
 do_address_service(const bool add, const short family, const struct tuntap *tt)
 {
-    DWORD len;
     bool ret = false;
     ack_message_t ack;
     struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
@@ -106,8 +113,8 @@ do_address_service(const bool add, const short family, const struct tuntap *tt)
 
     if (addr.family == AF_INET)
     {
-        addr.address.ipv4.s_addr = tt->local;
-        addr.prefix_len = 32;
+        addr.address.ipv4.s_addr = htonl(tt->local);
+        addr.prefix_len = netmask_to_netbits2(tt->adapter_netmask);
     }
     else
     {
@@ -115,11 +122,8 @@ do_address_service(const bool add, const short family, const struct tuntap *tt)
         addr.prefix_len = tt->netbits_ipv6;
     }
 
-    if (!WriteFile(pipe, &addr, sizeof(addr), &len, NULL)
-        || !ReadFile(pipe, &ack, sizeof(ack), &len, NULL))
+    if (!send_msg_iservice(pipe, &addr, sizeof(addr), &ack, "TUN"))
     {
-        msg(M_WARN, "TUN: could not talk to service: %s [%lu]",
-            strerror_win32(GetLastError(), &gc), GetLastError());
         goto out;
     }
 
@@ -139,14 +143,15 @@ out:
 }
 
 static bool
-do_dns6_service(bool add, const struct tuntap *tt)
+do_dns_service(bool add, const short family, const struct tuntap *tt)
 {
-    DWORD len;
     bool ret = false;
     ack_message_t ack;
     struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
     HANDLE pipe = tt->options.msg_channel;
-    int addr_len = add ? tt->options.dns6_len : 0;
+    int len = family == AF_INET6 ? tt->options.dns6_len : tt->options.dns_len;
+    int addr_len = add ? len : 0;
+    const char *ip_proto_name = family == AF_INET6 ? "IPv6" : "IPv4";
 
     if (addr_len == 0 && add) /* no addresses to add */
     {
@@ -161,7 +166,7 @@ do_dns6_service(bool add, const struct tuntap *tt)
         },
         .iface = { .index = tt->adapter_index, .name = "" },
         .domains = "",
-        .family = AF_INET6,
+        .family = family,
         .addr_len = addr_len
     };
 
@@ -173,35 +178,39 @@ do_dns6_service(bool add, const struct tuntap *tt)
     {
         addr_len = _countof(dns.addr);
         dns.addr_len = addr_len;
-        msg(M_WARN, "Number of IPv6 DNS addresses sent to service truncated to %d",
-            addr_len);
+        msg(M_WARN, "Number of %s DNS addresses sent to service truncated to %d",
+            ip_proto_name, addr_len);
     }
 
     for (int i = 0; i < addr_len; ++i)
     {
-        dns.addr[i].ipv6 = tt->options.dns6[i];
+        if (family == AF_INET6)
+        {
+            dns.addr[i].ipv6 = tt->options.dns6[i];
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            dns.addr[i].ipv4.s_addr = htonl(tt->options.dns[i]);
+        }
     }
 
-    msg(D_LOW, "%s IPv6 dns servers on '%s' (if_index = %d) using service",
-        (add ? "Setting" : "Deleting"), dns.iface.name, dns.iface.index);
+    msg(D_LOW, "%s %s dns servers on '%s' (if_index = %d) using service",
+        (add ? "Setting" : "Deleting"), ip_proto_name, dns.iface.name, dns.iface.index);
 
-    if (!WriteFile(pipe, &dns, sizeof(dns), &len, NULL)
-        || !ReadFile(pipe, &ack, sizeof(ack), &len, NULL))
+    if (!send_msg_iservice(pipe, &dns, sizeof(dns), &ack, "TUN"))
     {
-        msg(M_WARN, "TUN: could not talk to service: %s [%lu]",
-            strerror_win32(GetLastError(), &gc), GetLastError());
         goto out;
     }
 
     if (ack.error_number != NO_ERROR)
     {
-        msg(M_WARN, "TUN: %s IPv6 dns failed using service: %s [status=%u if_name=%s]",
-            (add ? "adding" : "deleting"), strerror_win32(ack.error_number, &gc),
+        msg(M_WARN, "TUN: %s %s dns failed using service: %s [status=%u if_name=%s]",
+            (add ? "adding" : "deleting"), ip_proto_name, strerror_win32(ack.error_number, &gc),
             ack.error_number, dns.iface.name);
         goto out;
     }
 
-    msg(M_INFO, "IPv6 dns servers %s using service", (add ? "set" : "deleted"));
+    msg(M_INFO, "%s dns servers %s using service", ip_proto_name, (add ? "set" : "deleted"));
     ret = true;
 
 out:
@@ -209,6 +218,52 @@ out:
     return ret;
 }
 
+static bool
+do_set_mtu_service(const struct tuntap *tt, const short family, const int mtu)
+{
+    DWORD len;
+    bool ret = false;
+    ack_message_t ack;
+    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+    HANDLE pipe = tt->options.msg_channel;
+    const char *family_name = (family == AF_INET6) ? "IPv6" : "IPv4";
+    set_mtu_message_t mtu_msg = {
+        .header = {
+            msg_set_mtu,
+            sizeof(set_mtu_message_t),
+            0
+        },
+        .iface = {.index = tt->adapter_index},
+        .mtu = mtu,
+        .family = family
+    };
+    strncpynt(mtu_msg.iface.name, tt->actual_name, sizeof(mtu_msg.iface.name));
+    if (family == AF_INET6 && mtu < 1280)
+    {
+        msg(M_INFO, "NOTE: IPv6 interface MTU < 1280 conflicts with IETF standards and might not work");
+    }
+
+    if (!send_msg_iservice(pipe, &mtu_msg, sizeof(mtu_msg), &ack, "Set_mtu"))
+    {
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (ack.error_number != NO_ERROR)
+    {
+        msg(M_NONFATAL, "TUN: setting %s mtu using service failed: %s [status=%u if_index=%d]",
+            family_name, strerror_win32(ack.error_number, &gc), ack.error_number, mtu_msg.iface.index);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        msg(M_INFO, "%s MTU set to %d on interface %d using service", family_name, mtu, mtu_msg.iface.index);
+        ret = true;
+    }
+
+out:
+    gc_free(&gc);
+    return ret;
+}
+
 #endif /* ifdef _WIN32 */
 
 #ifdef TARGET_SOLARIS
@@ -342,16 +397,6 @@ ifconfig_sanity_check(bool tun, in_addr_t addr, int topology)
 }
 
 /*
- * For TAP-style devices, generate a broadcast address.
- */
-static in_addr_t
-generate_ifconfig_broadcast_addr(in_addr_t local,
-                                 in_addr_t netmask)
-{
-    return local | ~netmask;
-}
-
-/*
  * Check that --local and --remote addresses do not
  * clash with ifconfig addresses or subnet.
  */
@@ -460,13 +505,13 @@ check_subnet_conflict(const in_addr_t ip,
 }
 
 void
-warn_on_use_of_common_subnets(void)
+warn_on_use_of_common_subnets(openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
     struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
     struct route_gateway_info rgi;
     const int needed = (RGI_ADDR_DEFINED|RGI_NETMASK_DEFINED);
 
-    get_default_gateway(&rgi);
+    get_default_gateway(&rgi, ctx);
     if ((rgi.flags & needed) == needed)
     {
         const in_addr_t lan_network = rgi.gateway.addr & rgi.gateway.netmask;
@@ -561,8 +606,8 @@ is_tun_p2p(const struct tuntap *tt)
     bool tun = false;
 
     if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TAP
-          || (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
-          || tt->type == DEV_TYPE_NULL )
+        || (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+        || tt->type == DEV_TYPE_NULL)
     {
         tun = false;
     }
@@ -602,9 +647,7 @@ do_ifconfig_setenv(const struct tuntap *tt, struct env_set *es)
         }
         else
         {
-            const char *ifconfig_broadcast = print_in_addr_t(tt->broadcast, 0, &gc);
             setenv_str(es, "ifconfig_netmask", ifconfig_remote_netmask);
-            setenv_str(es, "ifconfig_broadcast", ifconfig_broadcast);
         }
     }
 
@@ -639,7 +682,8 @@ init_tun(const char *dev,        /* --dev option */
          struct addrinfo *local_public,
          struct addrinfo *remote_public,
          const bool strict_warn,
-         struct env_set *es)
+         struct env_set *es,
+         openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
     struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
     struct tuntap *tt;
@@ -730,14 +774,6 @@ init_tun(const char *dev,        /* --dev option */
             }
         }
 
-        /*
-         * If TAP-style interface, generate broadcast address.
-         */
-        if (!tun)
-        {
-            tt->broadcast = generate_ifconfig_broadcast_addr(tt->local, tt->remote_netmask);
-        }
-
 #ifdef _WIN32
         /*
          * Make sure that both ifconfig addresses are part of the
@@ -798,10 +834,40 @@ init_tun_post(struct tuntap *tt,
 #ifdef _WIN32
     overlapped_io_init(&tt->reads, frame, FALSE, true);
     overlapped_io_init(&tt->writes, frame, TRUE, true);
-    tt->rw_handle.read = tt->reads.overlapped.hEvent;
-    tt->rw_handle.write = tt->writes.overlapped.hEvent;
     tt->adapter_index = TUN_ADAPTER_INDEX_INVALID;
-#endif
+
+    if (tt->windows_driver == WINDOWS_DRIVER_WINTUN)
+    {
+        tt->wintun_send_ring_handle = CreateFileMapping(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL,
+                                                        PAGE_READWRITE,
+                                                        0,
+                                                        sizeof(struct tun_ring),
+                                                        NULL);
+        tt->wintun_receive_ring_handle = CreateFileMapping(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
+                                                           NULL,
+                                                           PAGE_READWRITE,
+                                                           0,
+                                                           sizeof(struct tun_ring),
+                                                           NULL);
+        if ((tt->wintun_send_ring_handle == NULL) || (tt->wintun_receive_ring_handle == NULL))
+        {
+            msg(M_FATAL, "Cannot allocate memory for ring buffer");
+        }
+
+        tt->rw_handle.read = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
+        tt->rw_handle.write = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
+
+        if ((tt->rw_handle.read == NULL) || (tt->rw_handle.write == NULL))
+        {
+            msg(M_FATAL, "Cannot create events for ring buffer");
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        tt->rw_handle.read = tt->reads.overlapped.hEvent;
+        tt->rw_handle.write = tt->writes.overlapped.hEvent;
+    }
+#endif /* ifdef _WIN32 */
 }
 
 #if defined(_WIN32)    \
@@ -812,7 +878,7 @@ init_tun_post(struct tuntap *tt,
  * an extra call to "route add..."
  * -> helper function to simplify code below
  */
-void
+static void
 add_route_connected_v6_net(struct tuntap *tt,
                            const struct env_set *es)
 {
@@ -824,12 +890,11 @@ add_route_connected_v6_net(struct tuntap *tt,
     r6.gateway = tt->local_ipv6;
     r6.metric  = 0;                     /* connected route */
     r6.flags   = RT_DEFINED | RT_METRIC_DEFINED;
-    add_route_ipv6(&r6, tt, 0, es);
+    add_route_ipv6(&r6, tt, 0, es, NULL);
 }
 
 void
-delete_route_connected_v6_net(struct tuntap *tt,
-                              const struct env_set *es)
+delete_route_connected_v6_net(const struct tuntap *tt)
 {
     struct route_ipv6 r6;
 
@@ -840,7 +905,7 @@ delete_route_connected_v6_net(struct tuntap *tt,
     r6.metric  = 0;                     /* connected route */
     r6.flags   = RT_DEFINED | RT_ADDED | RT_METRIC_DEFINED;
     route_ipv6_clear_host_bits(&r6);
-    delete_route_ipv6(&r6, tt, 0, es);
+    delete_route_ipv6(&r6, tt, 0, NULL, NULL);
 }
 #endif /* if defined(_WIN32) || defined(TARGET_DARWIN) || defined(TARGET_NETBSD) || defined(TARGET_OPENBSD) */
 
@@ -871,739 +936,576 @@ create_arbitrary_remote( struct tuntap *tt )
 }
 #endif
 
-/* execute the ifconfig command through the shell */
-void
-do_ifconfig(struct tuntap *tt,
-            const char *actual,     /* actual device name */
-            int tun_mtu,
-            const struct env_set *es)
+/**
+ * do_ifconfig_ipv6 - perform platform specific ifconfig6 commands
+ *
+ * @param tt        the tuntap interface context
+ * @param ifname    the human readable interface name
+ * @param mtu       the MTU value to set the interface to
+ * @param es        the environment to be used when executing the commands
+ * @param ctx       the networking API opaque context
+ */
+static void
+do_ifconfig_ipv6(struct tuntap *tt, const char *ifname, int tun_mtu,
+                 const struct env_set *es, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
+#if !defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+    struct argv argv = argv_new();
     struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+    const char *ifconfig_ipv6_local = print_in6_addr(tt->local_ipv6, 0, &gc);
+#endif
 
-    if (tt->did_ifconfig_setup)
+#if defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+    if (net_iface_mtu_set(ctx, ifname, tun_mtu) < 0)
     {
-        bool tun = false;
-        const char *ifconfig_local = NULL;
-        const char *ifconfig_remote_netmask = NULL;
-        const char *ifconfig_broadcast = NULL;
-        const char *ifconfig_ipv6_local = NULL;
-        bool do_ipv6 = false;
-        struct argv argv = argv_new();
+        msg(M_FATAL, "Linux can't set mtu (%d) on %s", tun_mtu, ifname);
+    }
 
-        msg( D_LOW, "do_ifconfig, tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup=%d",
-             tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup );
+    if (net_iface_up(ctx, ifname, true) < 0)
+    {
+        msg(M_FATAL, "Linux can't bring %s up", ifname);
+    }
 
-        /*
-         * We only handle TUN/TAP devices here, not --dev null devices.
-         */
-        tun = is_tun_p2p(tt);
+    if (net_addr_v6_add(ctx, ifname, &tt->local_ipv6,
+                        tt->netbits_ipv6) < 0)
+    {
+        msg(M_FATAL, "Linux can't add IPv6 to interface %s", ifname);
+    }
+#elif defined(TARGET_ANDROID)
+    char out6[64];
 
-        /*
-         * Set ifconfig parameters
-         */
-        ifconfig_local = print_in_addr_t(tt->local, 0, &gc);
-        ifconfig_remote_netmask = print_in_addr_t(tt->remote_netmask, 0, &gc);
+    openvpn_snprintf(out6, sizeof(out6), "%s/%d %d",
+                     ifconfig_ipv6_local, tt->netbits_ipv6, tun_mtu);
+    management_android_control(management, "IFCONFIG6", out6);
+#elif defined(TARGET_SOLARIS)
+    argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s inet6 unplumb", IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname);
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, NULL);
 
-        if (tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup)
-        {
-            ifconfig_ipv6_local = print_in6_addr(tt->local_ipv6, 0, &gc);
-            do_ipv6 = true;
-        }
+    if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN)
+    {
+        const char *ifconfig_ipv6_remote = print_in6_addr(tt->remote_ipv6, 0, &gc);
 
-        /*
-         * If TAP-style device, generate broadcast address.
-         */
-        if (!tun)
-        {
-            ifconfig_broadcast = print_in_addr_t(tt->broadcast, 0, &gc);
-        }
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s inet6 plumb %s/%d %s mtu %d up",
+                    IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname, ifconfig_ipv6_local,
+                    tt->netbits_ipv6, ifconfig_ipv6_remote, tun_mtu);
+    }
+    else /* tap mode */
+    {
+        /* base IPv6 tap interface needs to be brought up first */
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s inet6 plumb up", IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname);
+        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
 
-#ifdef ENABLE_MANAGEMENT
-        if (management)
+        if (!openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0,
+                                  "Solaris ifconfig IPv6 (prepare) failed"))
         {
-            management_set_state(management,
-                                 OPENVPN_STATE_ASSIGN_IP,
-                                 NULL,
-                                 &tt->local,
-                                 &tt->local_ipv6,
-                                 NULL,
-                                 NULL);
+            solaris_error_close(tt, es, ifname, true);
         }
-#endif
 
+        /* we might need to do "ifconfig %s inet6 auto-dhcp drop"
+         * after the system has noticed the interface and fired up
+         * the DHCPv6 client - but this takes quite a while, and the
+         * server will ignore the DHCPv6 packets anyway.  So we don't.
+         */
 
-#if defined(TARGET_LINUX)
-#ifdef ENABLE_IPROUTE
-        /*
-         * Set the MTU for the device
+        /* static IPv6 addresses need to go to a subinterface (tap0:1)
+         * and we cannot set an mtu here (must go to the "parent")
          */
-        argv_printf(&argv,
-                    "%s link set dev %s up mtu %d",
-                    iproute_path,
-                    actual,
-                    tun_mtu
-                    );
-        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "Linux ip link set failed");
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s inet6 addif %s/%d up", IFCONFIG_PATH,
+                    ifname, ifconfig_ipv6_local, tt->netbits_ipv6 );
+    }
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
 
-        if (tun)
-        {
+    if (!openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, "Solaris ifconfig IPv6 failed"))
+    {
+        solaris_error_close(tt, es, ifname, true);
+    }
 
-            /*
-             * Set the address for the device
-             */
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s addr add dev %s local %s peer %s",
-                        iproute_path,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask
-                        );
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "Linux ip addr add failed");
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s addr add dev %s %s/%d broadcast %s",
-                        iproute_path,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        netmask_to_netbits2(tt->remote_netmask),
-                        ifconfig_broadcast
-                        );
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "Linux ip addr add failed");
-        }
-        if (do_ipv6)
-        {
-            argv_printf( &argv,
-                         "%s -6 addr add %s/%d dev %s",
-                         iproute_path,
-                         ifconfig_ipv6_local,
-                         tt->netbits_ipv6,
-                         actual
-                         );
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "Linux ip -6 addr add failed");
-        }
-        tt->did_ifconfig = true;
-#else  /* ifdef ENABLE_IPROUTE */
-        if (tun)
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s pointopoint %s mtu %d",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                        tun_mtu
-                        );
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d broadcast %s",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                        tun_mtu,
-                        ifconfig_broadcast
-                        );
-        }
+    if (tt->type != DEV_TYPE_TUN)
+    {
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s inet6 mtu %d", IFCONFIG_PATH,
+                    ifname, tun_mtu);
         argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "Linux ifconfig failed");
-        if (do_ipv6)
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s add %s/%d",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_ipv6_local,
-                        tt->netbits_ipv6
-                        );
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "Linux ifconfig inet6 failed");
-        }
-        tt->did_ifconfig = true;
-
-#endif /*ENABLE_IPROUTE*/
-#elif defined(TARGET_ANDROID)
+        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, "Solaris ifconfig IPv6 mtu failed");
+    }
+#elif defined(TARGET_OPENBSD) || defined(TARGET_NETBSD) \
+    || defined(TARGET_DARWIN) || defined(TARGET_FREEBSD) \
+    || defined(TARGET_DRAGONFLY)
+    argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s inet6 %s/%d mtu %d up", IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname,
+                ifconfig_ipv6_local, tt->netbits_ipv6, tun_mtu);
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
 
-        if (do_ipv6)
-        {
-            struct buffer out6 = alloc_buf_gc(64, &gc);
-            buf_printf(&out6, "%s/%d", ifconfig_ipv6_local,tt->netbits_ipv6);
-            management_android_control(management, "IFCONFIG6",buf_bptr(&out6));
-        }
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL,
+                         "generic BSD ifconfig inet6 failed");
 
-        struct buffer out = alloc_buf_gc(64, &gc);
+#if defined(TARGET_OPENBSD) || defined(TARGET_NETBSD) \
+    || defined(TARGET_DARWIN)
+    /* and, hooray, we explicitly need to add a route... */
+    add_route_connected_v6_net(tt, es);
+#endif
+#elif defined(TARGET_AIX)
+    argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s inet6 %s/%d mtu %d up", IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname,
+                ifconfig_ipv6_local, tt->netbits_ipv6, tun_mtu);
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
 
-        char *top;
-        switch (tt->topology)
-        {
-            case TOP_NET30:
-                top = "net30";
-                break;
+    /* AIX ifconfig will complain if it can't find ODM path in env */
+    es = env_set_create(NULL);
+    env_set_add(es, "ODMDIR=/etc/objrepos");
 
-            case TOP_P2P:
-                top = "p2p";
-                break;
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL,
+                         "generic BSD ifconfig inet6 failed");
 
-            case TOP_SUBNET:
-                top = "subnet";
-                break;
+    env_set_destroy(es);
+#elif defined (_WIN32)
+    if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_MANUAL)
+    {
+        msg(M_INFO, "******** NOTE:  Please manually set the v6 IP of '%s' to %s (if it is not already set)",
+            ifname, ifconfig_ipv6_local);
+    }
+    else if (tt->options.msg_channel)
+    {
+        do_address_service(true, AF_INET6, tt);
+        add_route_connected_v6_net(tt, es);
+        do_dns_service(true, AF_INET6, tt);
+        do_set_mtu_service(tt, AF_INET6, tun_mtu);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* example: netsh interface ipv6 set address interface=42
+         *                  2001:608:8003::d store=active
+         */
+        char iface[64];
 
-            default:
-                top = "undef";
-        }
+        openvpn_snprintf(iface, sizeof(iface), "interface=%lu",
+                         tt->adapter_index);
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s%s interface ipv6 set address %s %s store=active",
+                    get_win_sys_path(), NETSH_PATH_SUFFIX, iface,
+                    ifconfig_ipv6_local);
+        netsh_command(&argv, 4, M_FATAL);
+        add_route_connected_v6_net(tt, es);
+        /* set ipv6 dns servers if any are specified */
+        netsh_set_dns6_servers(tt->options.dns6, tt->options.dns6_len, ifname);
+        windows_set_mtu(tt->adapter_index, AF_INET6, tun_mtu);
+    }
+#else /* platforms we have no IPv6 code for */
+    msg(M_FATAL, "Sorry, but I don't know how to do IPv6 'ifconfig' commands on this operating system.  You should ifconfig your TUN/TAP device manually or use an --up script.");
+#endif /* outer "if defined(TARGET_xxx)" conditional */
 
-        buf_printf(&out, "%s %s %d %s", ifconfig_local, ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu, top);
-        management_android_control(management, "IFCONFIG", buf_bptr(&out));
+#if !defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+    gc_free(&gc);
+    argv_free(&argv);
+#endif
+}
 
-#elif defined(TARGET_SOLARIS)
-        /* Solaris 2.6 (and 7?) cannot set all parameters in one go...
-         * example:
-         *    ifconfig tun2 10.2.0.2 10.2.0.1 mtu 1450 up
-         *    ifconfig tun2 netmask 255.255.255.255
-         */
-        if (tun)
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s %s mtu %d up",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                        tun_mtu
-                        );
-
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            if (!openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, "Solaris ifconfig phase-1 failed"))
-            {
-                solaris_error_close(tt, es, actual, false);
-            }
+/**
+ * do_ifconfig_ipv4 - perform platform specific ifconfig commands
+ *
+ * @param tt        the tuntap interface context
+ * @param ifname    the human readable interface name
+ * @param mtu       the MTU value to set the interface to
+ * @param es        the environment to be used when executing the commands
+ * @param ctx       the networking API opaque context
+ */
+static void
+do_ifconfig_ipv4(struct tuntap *tt, const char *ifname, int tun_mtu,
+                 const struct env_set *es, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
+{
+    /*
+     * We only handle TUN/TAP devices here, not --dev null devices.
+     */
+    bool tun = is_tun_p2p(tt);
 
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s netmask 255.255.255.255",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual
-                        );
-        }
-        else if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d up",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                        tun_mtu
-                        );
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        " %s %s %s netmask %s broadcast + up",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask
-                        );
-        }
+#if !defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+    const char *ifconfig_local = NULL;
+    const char *ifconfig_remote_netmask = NULL;
+    struct argv argv = argv_new();
+    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
 
-        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-        if (!openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, "Solaris ifconfig phase-2 failed"))
-        {
-            solaris_error_close(tt, es, actual, false);
-        }
+    /*
+     * Set ifconfig parameters
+     */
+    ifconfig_local = print_in_addr_t(tt->local, 0, &gc);
+    ifconfig_remote_netmask = print_in_addr_t(tt->remote_netmask, 0, &gc);
+#endif
 
-        if (do_ipv6)
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s inet6 unplumb",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH, actual );
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, NULL);
+#if defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+    if (net_iface_mtu_set(ctx, ifname, tun_mtu) < 0)
+    {
+        msg(M_FATAL, "Linux can't set mtu (%d) on %s", tun_mtu, ifname);
+    }
 
-            if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN)
-            {
-                const char *ifconfig_ipv6_remote =
-                    print_in6_addr(tt->remote_ipv6, 0, &gc);
-
-                argv_printf(&argv,
-                            "%s %s inet6 plumb %s/%d %s up",
-                            IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                            actual,
-                            ifconfig_ipv6_local,
-                            tt->netbits_ipv6,
-                            ifconfig_ipv6_remote
-                            );
-            }
-            else                                        /* tap mode */
-            {
-                /* base IPv6 tap interface needs to be brought up first
-                 */
-                argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s inet6 plumb up",
-                            IFCONFIG_PATH, actual );
-                argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-                if (!openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, "Solaris ifconfig IPv6 (prepare) failed"))
-                {
-                    solaris_error_close(tt, es, actual, true);
-                }
+    if (net_iface_up(ctx, ifname, true) < 0)
+    {
+        msg(M_FATAL, "Linux can't bring %s up", ifname);
+    }
 
-                /* we might need to do "ifconfig %s inet6 auto-dhcp drop"
-                 * after the system has noticed the interface and fired up
-                 * the DHCPv6 client - but this takes quite a while, and the
-                 * server will ignore the DHCPv6 packets anyway.  So we don't.
-                 */
-
-                /* static IPv6 addresses need to go to a subinterface (tap0:1)
-                 */
-                argv_printf(&argv,
-                            "%s %s inet6 addif %s/%d up",
-                            IFCONFIG_PATH, actual,
-                            ifconfig_ipv6_local, tt->netbits_ipv6 );
-            }
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            if (!openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, "Solaris ifconfig IPv6 failed"))
-            {
-                solaris_error_close(tt, es, actual, true);
-            }
+    if (tun)
+    {
+        if (net_addr_ptp_v4_add(ctx, ifname, &tt->local,
+                                &tt->remote_netmask) < 0)
+        {
+            msg(M_FATAL, "Linux can't add IP to interface %s", ifname);
         }
-
-        if (!tun && tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (net_addr_v4_add(ctx, ifname, &tt->local,
+                            netmask_to_netbits2(tt->remote_netmask)) < 0)
         {
-            /* Add a network route for the local tun interface */
-            struct route_ipv4 r;
-            CLEAR(r);
-            r.flags = RT_DEFINED | RT_METRIC_DEFINED;
-            r.network = tt->local & tt->remote_netmask;
-            r.netmask = tt->remote_netmask;
-            r.gateway = tt->local;
-            r.metric = 0;
-            add_route(&r, tt, 0, NULL, es);
+            msg(M_FATAL, "Linux can't add IP to interface %s", ifname);
         }
+    }
+#elif defined(TARGET_ANDROID)
+    char out[64];
 
-        tt->did_ifconfig = true;
+    char *top;
+    switch (tt->topology)
+    {
+        case TOP_NET30:
+            top = "net30";
+            break;
 
-#elif defined(TARGET_OPENBSD)
+        case TOP_P2P:
+            top = "p2p";
+            break;
 
-        in_addr_t remote_end;           /* for "virtual" subnet topology */
+        case TOP_SUBNET:
+            top = "subnet";
+            break;
 
-        /*
-         * On OpenBSD, tun interfaces are persistent if created with
-         * "ifconfig tunX create", and auto-destroyed if created by
-         * opening "/dev/tunX" (so we just use the /dev/tunX)
-         */
+        default:
+            top = "undef";
+    }
 
-        /* example: ifconfig tun2 10.2.0.2 10.2.0.1 mtu 1450 netmask 255.255.255.255 up */
-        if (tun)
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask 255.255.255.255 up -link0",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                        tun_mtu
-                        );
-        }
-        else if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
-        {
-            remote_end = create_arbitrary_remote( tt );
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask %s up -link0",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        print_in_addr_t(remote_end, 0, &gc),
-                        tun_mtu,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask
-                        );
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d broadcast %s link0",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                        tun_mtu,
-                        ifconfig_broadcast
-                        );
-        }
-        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "OpenBSD ifconfig failed");
+    openvpn_snprintf(out, sizeof(out), "%s %s %d %s", ifconfig_local,
+                     ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu, top);
+    management_android_control(management, "IFCONFIG", out);
 
-        /* Add a network route for the local tun interface */
-        if (!tun && tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+#elif defined(TARGET_SOLARIS)
+    /* Solaris 2.6 (and 7?) cannot set all parameters in one go...
+     * example:
+     *    ifconfig tun2 10.2.0.2 10.2.0.1 mtu 1450 up
+     *    ifconfig tun2 netmask 255.255.255.255
+     */
+    if (tun)
+    {
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s %s mtu %d up", IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname,
+                    ifconfig_local, ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu);
+
+        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+        if (!openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, "Solaris ifconfig phase-1 failed"))
         {
-            struct route_ipv4 r;
-            CLEAR(r);
-            r.flags = RT_DEFINED;
-            r.network = tt->local & tt->remote_netmask;
-            r.netmask = tt->remote_netmask;
-            r.gateway = remote_end;
-            add_route(&r, tt, 0, NULL, es);
+            solaris_error_close(tt, es, ifname, false);
         }
 
-        if (do_ipv6)
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s inet6 %s/%d",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_ipv6_local,
-                        tt->netbits_ipv6
-                        );
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "OpenBSD ifconfig inet6 failed");
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s netmask 255.255.255.255", IFCONFIG_PATH,
+                    ifname);
+    }
+    else if (tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+    {
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d up", IFCONFIG_PATH,
+                    ifname, ifconfig_local, ifconfig_local,
+                    ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s netmask %s up",
+                    IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname, ifconfig_local,
+                    ifconfig_remote_netmask);
+    }
 
-            /* and, hooray, we explicitely need to add a route... */
-            add_route_connected_v6_net(tt, es);
-        }
-        tt->did_ifconfig = true;
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+    if (!openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, "Solaris ifconfig phase-2 failed"))
+    {
+        solaris_error_close(tt, es, ifname, false);
+    }
 
-#elif defined(TARGET_NETBSD)
+    if (!tun && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+    {
+        /* Add a network route for the local tun interface */
+        struct route_ipv4 r;
+        CLEAR(r);
+        r.flags = RT_DEFINED | RT_METRIC_DEFINED;
+        r.network = tt->local & tt->remote_netmask;
+        r.netmask = tt->remote_netmask;
+        r.gateway = tt->local;
+        r.metric = 0;
+        add_route(&r, tt, 0, NULL, es, NULL);
+    }
 
-        in_addr_t remote_end;           /* for "virtual" subnet topology */
+#elif defined(TARGET_OPENBSD)
 
-        if (tun)
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask 255.255.255.255 up",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                        tun_mtu
-                        );
-        }
-        else if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
-        {
-            remote_end = create_arbitrary_remote( tt );
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask %s up",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        print_in_addr_t(remote_end, 0, &gc),
-                        tun_mtu,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask
-                        );
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            /*
-             * NetBSD has distinct tun and tap devices
-             * so we don't need the "link0" extra parameter to specify we want to do
-             * tunneling at the ethernet level
-             */
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d broadcast %s",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                        tun_mtu,
-                        ifconfig_broadcast
-                        );
-        }
-        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "NetBSD ifconfig failed");
+    in_addr_t remote_end;           /* for "virtual" subnet topology */
 
-        /* Add a network route for the local tun interface */
-        if (!tun && tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
-        {
-            struct route_ipv4 r;
-            CLEAR(r);
-            r.flags = RT_DEFINED;
-            r.network = tt->local & tt->remote_netmask;
-            r.netmask = tt->remote_netmask;
-            r.gateway = remote_end;
-            add_route(&r, tt, 0, NULL, es);
-        }
+    /*
+     * On OpenBSD, tun interfaces are persistent if created with
+     * "ifconfig tunX create", and auto-destroyed if created by
+     * opening "/dev/tunX" (so we just use the /dev/tunX)
+     */
 
-        if (do_ipv6)
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s inet6 %s/%d",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_ipv6_local,
-                        tt->netbits_ipv6
-                        );
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "NetBSD ifconfig inet6 failed");
+    /* example: ifconfig tun2 10.2.0.2 10.2.0.1 mtu 1450 netmask 255.255.255.255 up */
+    if (tun)
+    {
+        argv_printf(&argv,
+                    "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask 255.255.255.255 up -link0",
+                    IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname, ifconfig_local,
+                    ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu);
+    }
+    else if (tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+    {
+        remote_end = create_arbitrary_remote( tt );
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask %s up -link0",
+                    IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname, ifconfig_local,
+                    print_in_addr_t(remote_end, 0, &gc), tun_mtu,
+                    ifconfig_remote_netmask);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d link0",
+                    IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname, ifconfig_local,
+                    ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu);
+    }
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "OpenBSD ifconfig failed");
 
-            /* and, hooray, we explicitely need to add a route... */
-            add_route_connected_v6_net(tt, es);
-        }
-        tt->did_ifconfig = true;
+    /* Add a network route for the local tun interface */
+    if (!tun && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+    {
+        struct route_ipv4 r;
+        CLEAR(r);
+        r.flags = RT_DEFINED;
+        r.network = tt->local & tt->remote_netmask;
+        r.netmask = tt->remote_netmask;
+        r.gateway = remote_end;
+        add_route(&r, tt, 0, NULL, es, NULL);
+    }
 
-#elif defined(TARGET_DARWIN)
+#elif defined(TARGET_NETBSD)
+    in_addr_t remote_end;           /* for "virtual" subnet topology */
+
+    if (tun)
+    {
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask 255.255.255.255 up",
+                    IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname, ifconfig_local,
+                    ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu);
+    }
+    else if (tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+    {
+        remote_end = create_arbitrary_remote(tt);
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask %s up", IFCONFIG_PATH,
+                    ifname, ifconfig_local, print_in_addr_t(remote_end, 0, &gc),
+                    tun_mtu, ifconfig_remote_netmask);
+    }
+    else
+    {
         /*
-         * Darwin (i.e. Mac OS X) seems to exhibit similar behaviour to OpenBSD...
+         * NetBSD has distinct tun and tap devices
+         * so we don't need the "link0" extra parameter to specify we want to do
+         * tunneling at the ethernet level
          */
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d",
+                    IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname, ifconfig_local,
+                    ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu);
+    }
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "NetBSD ifconfig failed");
 
-        argv_printf(&argv,
-                    "%s %s delete",
-                    IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                    actual);
-        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, NULL);
-        msg(M_INFO, "NOTE: Tried to delete pre-existing tun/tap instance -- No Problem if failure");
+    /* Add a network route for the local tun interface */
+    if (!tun && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+    {
+        struct route_ipv4 r;
+        CLEAR(r);
+        r.flags = RT_DEFINED;
+        r.network = tt->local & tt->remote_netmask;
+        r.netmask = tt->remote_netmask;
+        r.gateway = remote_end;
+        add_route(&r, tt, 0, NULL, es, NULL);
+    }
+
+#elif defined(TARGET_DARWIN)
+    /*
+     * Darwin (i.e. Mac OS X) seems to exhibit similar behaviour to OpenBSD...
+     */
 
+    argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s delete", IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname);
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, NULL);
+    msg(M_INFO,
+        "NOTE: Tried to delete pre-existing tun/tap instance -- No Problem if failure");
 
-        /* example: ifconfig tun2 10.2.0.2 10.2.0.1 mtu 1450 netmask 255.255.255.255 up */
-        if (tun)
+
+    /* example: ifconfig tun2 10.2.0.2 10.2.0.1 mtu 1450 netmask 255.255.255.255 up */
+    if (tun)
+    {
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask 255.255.255.255 up",
+                    IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname, ifconfig_local,
+                    ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
         {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask 255.255.255.255 up",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                        tun_mtu
-                        );
+            argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d up",
+                        IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname, ifconfig_local, ifconfig_local,
+                        ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu);
         }
         else
         {
-            if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
-            {
-                argv_printf(&argv,
-                            "%s %s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d up",
-                            IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                            actual,
-                            ifconfig_local,
-                            ifconfig_local,
-                            ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                            tun_mtu
-                            );
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                argv_printf(&argv,
-                            "%s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d up",
-                            IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                            actual,
-                            ifconfig_local,
-                            ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                            tun_mtu
-                            );
-            }
-        }
-
-        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "Mac OS X ifconfig failed");
-        tt->did_ifconfig = true;
-
-        /* Add a network route for the local tun interface */
-        if (!tun && tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
-        {
-            struct route_ipv4 r;
-            CLEAR(r);
-            r.flags = RT_DEFINED;
-            r.network = tt->local & tt->remote_netmask;
-            r.netmask = tt->remote_netmask;
-            r.gateway = tt->local;
-            add_route(&r, tt, 0, NULL, es);
+            argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d up", IFCONFIG_PATH,
+                        ifname, ifconfig_local, ifconfig_remote_netmask,
+                        tun_mtu);
         }
+    }
 
-        if (do_ipv6)
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s inet6 %s/%d",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_ipv6_local,
-                        tt->netbits_ipv6
-                        );
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "MacOS X ifconfig inet6 failed");
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "Mac OS X ifconfig failed");
 
-            /* and, hooray, we explicitely need to add a route... */
-            add_route_connected_v6_net(tt, es);
-        }
+    /* Add a network route for the local tun interface */
+    if (!tun && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+    {
+        struct route_ipv4 r;
+        CLEAR(r);
+        r.flags = RT_DEFINED;
+        r.network = tt->local & tt->remote_netmask;
+        r.netmask = tt->remote_netmask;
+        r.gateway = tt->local;
+        add_route(&r, tt, 0, NULL, es, NULL);
+    }
 
 #elif defined(TARGET_FREEBSD) || defined(TARGET_DRAGONFLY)
 
-        in_addr_t remote_end;           /* for "virtual" subnet topology */
+    in_addr_t remote_end;           /* for "virtual" subnet topology */
 
-        /* example: ifconfig tun2 10.2.0.2 10.2.0.1 mtu 1450 netmask 255.255.255.255 up */
-        if (tun)
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask 255.255.255.255 up",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                        tun_mtu
-                        );
-        }
-        else if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
-        {
-            remote_end = create_arbitrary_remote( tt );
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask %s up",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        print_in_addr_t(remote_end, 0, &gc),
-                        tun_mtu,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask
-                        );
-        }
-        else
-        {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d up",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                        tun_mtu
-                        );
-        }
+    /* example: ifconfig tun2 10.2.0.2 10.2.0.1 mtu 1450 netmask 255.255.255.255 up */
+    if (tun)
+    {
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask 255.255.255.255 up",
+                    IFCONFIG_PATH, ifname, ifconfig_local,
+                    ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu);
+    }
+    else if (tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+    {
+        remote_end = create_arbitrary_remote( tt );
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s %s mtu %d netmask %s up", IFCONFIG_PATH,
+                    ifname, ifconfig_local, print_in_addr_t(remote_end, 0, &gc),
+                    tun_mtu, ifconfig_remote_netmask);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d up", IFCONFIG_PATH,
+                    ifname, ifconfig_local, ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu);
+    }
 
-        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "FreeBSD ifconfig failed");
-        tt->did_ifconfig = true;
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "FreeBSD ifconfig failed");
 
-        /* Add a network route for the local tun interface */
-        if (!tun && tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
-        {
-            struct route_ipv4 r;
-            CLEAR(r);
-            r.flags = RT_DEFINED;
-            r.network = tt->local & tt->remote_netmask;
-            r.netmask = tt->remote_netmask;
-            r.gateway = remote_end;
-            add_route(&r, tt, 0, NULL, es);
-        }
+    /* Add a network route for the local tun interface */
+    if (!tun && tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+    {
+        struct route_ipv4 r;
+        CLEAR(r);
+        r.flags = RT_DEFINED;
+        r.network = tt->local & tt->remote_netmask;
+        r.netmask = tt->remote_netmask;
+        r.gateway = remote_end;
+        add_route(&r, tt, 0, NULL, es, NULL);
+    }
 
-        if (do_ipv6)
+#elif defined(TARGET_AIX)
+    {
+        /* AIX ifconfig will complain if it can't find ODM path in env */
+        struct env_set *aix_es = env_set_create(NULL);
+        env_set_add( aix_es, "ODMDIR=/etc/objrepos" );
+
+        if (tun)
         {
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s inet6 %s/%d",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_ipv6_local,
-                        tt->netbits_ipv6
-                        );
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "FreeBSD ifconfig inet6 failed");
+            msg(M_FATAL, "no tun support on AIX (canthappen)");
         }
 
-#elif defined(TARGET_AIX)
-        {
-            /* AIX ifconfig will complain if it can't find ODM path in env */
-            struct env_set *aix_es = env_set_create(NULL);
-            env_set_add( aix_es, "ODMDIR=/etc/objrepos" );
+        /* example: ifconfig tap0 172.30.1.1 netmask 255.255.254.0 up */
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d up", IFCONFIG_PATH,
+                    ifname, ifconfig_local, ifconfig_remote_netmask, tun_mtu);
 
-            if (tun)
-            {
-                msg(M_FATAL, "no tun support on AIX (canthappen)");
-            }
+        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, aix_es, S_FATAL, "AIX ifconfig failed");
 
-            /* example: ifconfig tap0 172.30.1.1 netmask 255.255.254.0 up */
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s %s netmask %s mtu %d up",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        ifconfig_remote_netmask,
-                        tun_mtu
-                        );
-
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, aix_es, S_FATAL, "AIX ifconfig failed");
-            tt->did_ifconfig = true;
-
-            if (do_ipv6)
-            {
-                argv_printf(&argv,
-                            "%s %s inet6 %s/%d",
-                            IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                            actual,
-                            ifconfig_ipv6_local,
-                            tt->netbits_ipv6
-                            );
-                argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-                openvpn_execve_check(&argv, aix_es, S_FATAL, "AIX ifconfig inet6 failed");
-            }
-            env_set_destroy(aix_es);
-        }
+        env_set_destroy(aix_es);
+    }
 #elif defined (_WIN32)
-        {
-            ASSERT(actual != NULL);
+    ASSERT(ifname != NULL);
 
-            switch (tt->options.ip_win32_type)
-            {
-                case IPW32_SET_MANUAL:
-                    msg(M_INFO, "******** NOTE:  Please manually set the IP/netmask of '%s' to %s/%s (if it is not already set)",
-                        actual,
-                        ifconfig_local,
-                        print_in_addr_t(tt->adapter_netmask, 0, &gc));
-                    break;
+    if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_MANUAL)
+    {
+        msg(M_INFO,
+            "******** NOTE:  Please manually set the IP/netmask of '%s' to %s/%s (if it is not already set)",
+            ifname, ifconfig_local,
+            print_in_addr_t(tt->adapter_netmask, 0, &gc));
+    }
+    else if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_DHCP_MASQ || tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_ADAPTIVE)
+    {
+        /* Let the DHCP configure the interface. */
+    }
+    else if (tt->options.msg_channel)
+    {
+        do_address_service(true, AF_INET, tt);
+        do_dns_service(true, AF_INET, tt);
+    }
+    else if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_NETSH)
+    {
+        netsh_ifconfig(&tt->options, ifname, tt->local,
+                       tt->adapter_netmask, NI_IP_NETMASK|NI_OPTIONS);
+    }
+    if (tt->options.msg_channel)
+    {
+        do_set_mtu_service(tt, AF_INET, tun_mtu);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        windows_set_mtu(tt->adapter_index, AF_INET, tun_mtu);
+    }
+#else  /* if defined(TARGET_LINUX) */
+    msg(M_FATAL, "Sorry, but I don't know how to do 'ifconfig' commands on this operating system.  You should ifconfig your TUN/TAP device manually or use an --up script.");
+#endif /* if defined(TARGET_LINUX) */
 
-                case IPW32_SET_NETSH:
-                    netsh_ifconfig(&tt->options,
-                                   actual,
-                                   tt->local,
-                                   tt->adapter_netmask,
-                                   NI_IP_NETMASK|NI_OPTIONS);
+#if !defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+    gc_free(&gc);
+    argv_free(&argv);
+#endif
+}
 
-                    break;
-            }
-            tt->did_ifconfig = true;
-        }
+/* execute the ifconfig command through the shell */
+void
+do_ifconfig(struct tuntap *tt, const char *ifname, int tun_mtu,
+            const struct env_set *es, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
+{
+    msg(D_LOW, "do_ifconfig, ipv4=%d, ipv6=%d", tt->did_ifconfig_setup,
+        tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup);
 
-        if (do_ipv6)
-        {
-            if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_MANUAL)
-            {
-                msg(M_INFO, "******** NOTE:  Please manually set the v6 IP of '%s' to %s (if it is not already set)",
-                    actual,
-                    ifconfig_ipv6_local);
-            }
-            else if (tt->options.msg_channel)
-            {
-                do_address_service(true, AF_INET6, tt);
-                do_dns6_service(true, tt);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                /* example: netsh interface ipv6 set address interface=42 2001:608:8003::d store=active */
-                char iface[64];
-                openvpn_snprintf(iface, sizeof(iface), "interface=%lu", tt->adapter_index );
-                argv_printf(&argv,
-                            "%s%sc interface ipv6 set address %s %s store=active",
-                            get_win_sys_path(),
-                            NETSH_PATH_SUFFIX,
-                            iface,
-                            ifconfig_ipv6_local );
-                netsh_command(&argv, 4, M_FATAL);
-                /* set ipv6 dns servers if any are specified */
-                netsh_set_dns6_servers(tt->options.dns6, tt->options.dns6_len, actual);
-            }
+#ifdef ENABLE_MANAGEMENT
+    if (management)
+    {
+        management_set_state(management,
+                             OPENVPN_STATE_ASSIGN_IP,
+                             NULL,
+                             &tt->local,
+                             &tt->local_ipv6,
+                             NULL,
+                             NULL);
+    }
+#endif
 
-            /* explicit route needed */
-            if (tt->options.ip_win32_type != IPW32_SET_MANUAL)
-            {
-                add_route_connected_v6_net(tt, es);
-            }
-        }
-#else  /* if defined(TARGET_LINUX) */
-        msg(M_FATAL, "Sorry, but I don't know how to do 'ifconfig' commands on this operating system.  You should ifconfig your TUN/TAP device manually or use an --up script.");
-#endif /* if defined(TARGET_LINUX) */
-        argv_reset(&argv);
+    if (tt->did_ifconfig_setup)
+    {
+        do_ifconfig_ipv4(tt, ifname, tun_mtu, es, ctx);
     }
-    gc_free(&gc);
+
+    if (tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup)
+    {
+        do_ifconfig_ipv6(tt, ifname, tun_mtu, es, ctx);
+    }
+
+    /* release resources potentially allocated during interface setup */
+    net_ctx_free(ctx);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1913,13 +1815,12 @@ open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tun
 }
 
 void
-close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
+close_tun(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
-    if (tt)
-    {
-        close_tun_generic(tt);
-        free(tt);
-    }
+    ASSERT(tt);
+
+    close_tun_generic(tt);
+    free(tt);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2065,12 +1966,14 @@ open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tun
     ASSERT(0);
 }
 
-#endif /* !PENDANTIC */
+#endif /* !PEDANTIC */
 
 #ifdef ENABLE_FEATURE_TUN_PERSIST
 
 void
-tuncfg(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, int persist_mode, const char *username, const char *groupname, const struct tuntap_options *options)
+tuncfg(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node,
+       int persist_mode, const char *username, const char *groupname,
+       const struct tuntap_options *options, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
     struct tuntap *tt;
 
@@ -2109,86 +2012,95 @@ tuncfg(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, int persist_
             msg(M_ERR, "Cannot ioctl TUNSETOWNER(%s) %s", groupname, dev);
         }
     }
-    close_tun(tt);
+    close_tun(tt, ctx);
     msg(M_INFO, "Persist state set to: %s", (persist_mode ? "ON" : "OFF"));
 }
 
 #endif /* ENABLE_FEATURE_TUN_PERSIST */
 
-void
-close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
+static void
+undo_ifconfig_ipv4(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
-    if (tt)
+#if defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+    int netbits = netmask_to_netbits2(tt->remote_netmask);
+
+    if (is_tun_p2p(tt))
+    {
+        if (net_addr_ptp_v4_del(ctx, tt->actual_name, &tt->local,
+                                &tt->remote_netmask) < 0)
+        {
+            msg(M_WARN, "Linux can't del IP from iface %s",
+                tt->actual_name);
+        }
+    }
+    else
     {
-        if (tt->type != DEV_TYPE_NULL && tt->did_ifconfig)
+        if (net_addr_v4_del(ctx, tt->actual_name, &tt->local, netbits) < 0)
         {
-            struct argv argv = argv_new();
-            struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+            msg(M_WARN, "Linux can't del IP from iface %s",
+                tt->actual_name);
+        }
+    }
+#else  /* ifndef TARGET_LINUX */
+    struct argv argv = argv_new();
 
-#ifdef ENABLE_IPROUTE
-            if (is_tun_p2p(tt))
-            {
-                argv_printf(&argv,
-                            "%s addr del dev %s local %s peer %s",
-                            iproute_path,
-                            tt->actual_name,
-                            print_in_addr_t(tt->local, 0, &gc),
-                            print_in_addr_t(tt->remote_netmask, 0, &gc)
-                            );
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                argv_printf(&argv,
-                            "%s addr del dev %s %s/%d",
-                            iproute_path,
-                            tt->actual_name,
-                            print_in_addr_t(tt->local, 0, &gc),
-                            netmask_to_netbits2(tt->remote_netmask)
-                            );
-            }
-#else  /* ifdef ENABLE_IPROUTE */
-            argv_printf(&argv,
-                        "%s %s 0.0.0.0",
-                        IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                        tt->actual_name
-                        );
-#endif /* ifdef ENABLE_IPROUTE */
-
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "Linux ip addr del failed");
-
-            if (tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup)
-            {
-                const char *ifconfig_ipv6_local = print_in6_addr(tt->local_ipv6, 0, &gc);
-
-#ifdef ENABLE_IPROUTE
-                argv_printf(&argv, "%s -6 addr del %s/%d dev %s",
-                            iproute_path,
-                            ifconfig_ipv6_local,
-                            tt->netbits_ipv6,
-                            tt->actual_name
-                            );
-                argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-                openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "Linux ip -6 addr del failed");
-#else  /* ifdef ENABLE_IPROUTE */
-                argv_printf(&argv,
-                            "%s %s del %s/%d",
-                            IFCONFIG_PATH,
-                            tt->actual_name,
-                            ifconfig_ipv6_local,
-                            tt->netbits_ipv6
-                            );
-                argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-                openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "Linux ifconfig inet6 del failed");
-#endif
-            }
+    argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s 0.0.0.0", IFCONFIG_PATH, tt->actual_name);
+
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "Generic ip addr del failed");
+
+    argv_free(&argv);
+#endif /* ifdef TARGET_LINUX */
+}
 
-            argv_reset(&argv);
-            gc_free(&gc);
+static void
+undo_ifconfig_ipv6(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
+{
+#if defined(TARGET_LINUX)
+    if (net_addr_v6_del(ctx, tt->actual_name, &tt->local_ipv6,
+                        tt->netbits_ipv6) < 0)
+    {
+        msg(M_WARN, "Linux can't del IPv6 from iface %s", tt->actual_name);
+    }
+#else  /* ifndef TARGET_LINUX */
+    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+    const char *ifconfig_ipv6_local = print_in6_addr(tt->local_ipv6, 0, gc);
+    struct argv argv = argv_new();
+
+    argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s del %s/%d", IFCONFIG_PATH, tt->actual_name,
+                ifconfig_ipv6_local, tt->netbits_ipv6);
+
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "Linux ip -6 addr del failed");
+
+    argv_free(&argv);
+    gc_free(&gc);
+#endif /* ifdef TARGET_LINUX */
+}
+
+void
+close_tun(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
+{
+    ASSERT(tt);
+
+    if (tt->type != DEV_TYPE_NULL)
+    {
+        if (tt->did_ifconfig_setup)
+        {
+            undo_ifconfig_ipv4(tt, ctx);
         }
-        close_tun_generic(tt);
-        free(tt);
+
+        if (tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup)
+        {
+            undo_ifconfig_ipv6(tt, ctx);
+        }
+
+        /* release resources potentially allocated during undo */
+        net_ctx_reset(ctx);
     }
+
+    close_tun_generic(tt);
+    free(tt);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2446,57 +2358,54 @@ open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tun
 static void
 solaris_close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
 {
-    if (tt)
+    /* IPv6 interfaces need to be 'manually' de-configured */
+    if (tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup)
     {
-        /* IPv6 interfaces need to be 'manually' de-configured */
-        if (tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup)
+        struct argv argv = argv_new();
+        argv_printf( &argv, "%s %s inet6 unplumb",
+                     IFCONFIG_PATH, tt->actual_name );
+        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "Solaris ifconfig inet6 unplumb failed");
+        argv_free(&argv);
+    }
+
+    if (tt->ip_fd >= 0)
+    {
+        struct lifreq ifr;
+        CLEAR(ifr);
+        strncpynt(ifr.lifr_name, tt->actual_name, sizeof(ifr.lifr_name));
+
+        if (ioctl(tt->ip_fd, SIOCGLIFFLAGS, &ifr) < 0)
         {
-            struct argv argv = argv_new();
-            argv_printf( &argv, "%s %s inet6 unplumb",
-                         IFCONFIG_PATH, tt->actual_name );
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "Solaris ifconfig inet6 unplumb failed");
-            argv_reset(&argv);
+            msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Can't get iface flags");
         }
 
-        if (tt->ip_fd >= 0)
+        if (ioctl(tt->ip_fd, SIOCGLIFMUXID, &ifr) < 0)
         {
-            struct lifreq ifr;
-            CLEAR(ifr);
-            strncpynt(ifr.lifr_name, tt->actual_name, sizeof(ifr.lifr_name));
-
-            if (ioctl(tt->ip_fd, SIOCGLIFFLAGS, &ifr) < 0)
-            {
-                msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Can't get iface flags");
-            }
-
-            if (ioctl(tt->ip_fd, SIOCGLIFMUXID, &ifr) < 0)
-            {
-                msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Can't get multiplexor id");
-            }
-
-            if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TAP)
-            {
-                if (ioctl(tt->ip_fd, I_PUNLINK, ifr.lifr_arp_muxid) < 0)
-                {
-                    msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Can't unlink interface(arp)");
-                }
-            }
+            msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Can't get multiplexor id");
+        }
 
-            if (ioctl(tt->ip_fd, I_PUNLINK, ifr.lifr_ip_muxid) < 0)
+        if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TAP)
+        {
+            if (ioctl(tt->ip_fd, I_PUNLINK, ifr.lifr_arp_muxid) < 0)
             {
-                msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Can't unlink interface(ip)");
+                msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Can't unlink interface(arp)");
             }
-
-            close(tt->ip_fd);
-            tt->ip_fd = -1;
         }
 
-        if (tt->fd >= 0)
+        if (ioctl(tt->ip_fd, I_PUNLINK, ifr.lifr_ip_muxid) < 0)
         {
-            close(tt->fd);
-            tt->fd = -1;
+            msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Can't unlink interface(ip)");
         }
+
+        close(tt->ip_fd);
+        tt->ip_fd = -1;
+    }
+
+    if (tt->fd >= 0)
+    {
+        close(tt->fd);
+        tt->fd = -1;
     }
 }
 
@@ -2504,20 +2413,19 @@ solaris_close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
  * Close TUN device.
  */
 void
-close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
+close_tun(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
-    if (tt)
-    {
-        solaris_close_tun(tt);
+    ASSERT(tt);
 
-        if (tt->actual_name)
-        {
-            free(tt->actual_name);
-        }
+    solaris_close_tun(tt);
 
-        clear_tuntap(tt);
-        free(tt);
+    if (tt->actual_name)
+    {
+        free(tt->actual_name);
     }
+
+    clear_tuntap(tt);
+    free(tt);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2541,9 +2449,9 @@ solaris_error_close(struct tuntap *tt, const struct env_set *es,
 
     argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
     openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, "Solaris ifconfig unplumb failed");
-    close_tun(tt);
+    close_tun(tt, NULL);
     msg(M_FATAL, "Solaris ifconfig failed");
-    argv_reset(&argv);
+    argv_free(&argv);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2604,33 +2512,34 @@ open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tun
  */
 
 void
-close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
+close_tun(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
+    ASSERT(tt);
+
     /* only *TAP* devices need destroying, tun devices auto-self-destruct
      */
-    if (tt && (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN || tt->persistent_if ) )
+    if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN || tt->persistent_if)
     {
         close_tun_generic(tt);
         free(tt);
+        return;
     }
-    else if (tt)
-    {
-        struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
-        struct argv argv = argv_new();
 
-        /* setup command, close tun dev (clears tt->actual_name!), run command
-         */
+    struct argv argv = argv_new();
 
-        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s destroy",
-                    IFCONFIG_PATH, tt->actual_name);
+    /* setup command, close tun dev (clears tt->actual_name!), run command
+     */
 
-        close_tun_generic(tt);
+    argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s destroy",
+                IFCONFIG_PATH, tt->actual_name);
 
-        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "OpenBSD 'destroy tun interface' failed (non-critical)");
+    close_tun_generic(tt);
 
-        free(tt);
-    }
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "OpenBSD 'destroy tun interface' failed (non-critical)");
+
+    free(tt);
+    argv_free(&argv);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2686,36 +2595,37 @@ open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tun
 
 /* the current way OpenVPN handles tun devices on NetBSD leads to
  * lingering tunX interfaces after close -> for a full cleanup, they
- * need to be explicitely destroyed
+ * need to be explicitly destroyed
  */
 void
-close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
+close_tun(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
+    ASSERT(tt);
+
     /* only tun devices need destroying, tap devices auto-self-destruct
      */
-    if (tt && ( tt->type != DEV_TYPE_TUN || tt->persistent_if ) )
+    if (tt->type != DEV_TYPE_TUN || tt->persistent_if)
     {
         close_tun_generic(tt);
         free(tt);
+        return;
     }
-    else if (tt)
-    {
-        struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
-        struct argv argv = argv_new();
 
-        /* setup command, close tun dev (clears tt->actual_name!), run command
-         */
+    struct argv argv = argv_new();
 
-        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s destroy",
-                    IFCONFIG_PATH, tt->actual_name);
+    /* setup command, close tun dev (clears tt->actual_name!), run command
+     */
 
-        close_tun_generic(tt);
+    argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s destroy",
+                IFCONFIG_PATH, tt->actual_name);
 
-        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "NetBSD 'destroy tun interface' failed (non-critical)");
+    close_tun_generic(tt);
 
-        free(tt);
-    }
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "NetBSD 'destroy tun interface' failed (non-critical)");
+
+    free(tt);
+    argv_free(&argv);
 }
 
 static inline int
@@ -2829,30 +2739,34 @@ open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tun
  * we need to call "ifconfig ... destroy" for cleanup
  */
 void
-close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
+close_tun(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
-    if (tt && tt->persistent_if)        /* keep pre-existing if around */
+    ASSERT(tt);
+
+    if (tt->persistent_if)        /* keep pre-existing if around */
     {
         close_tun_generic(tt);
         free(tt);
+        return;
     }
-    else if (tt)                        /* close and destroy */
-    {
-        struct argv argv = argv_new();
 
-        /* setup command, close tun dev (clears tt->actual_name!), run command
-         */
+    /* close and destroy */
+    struct argv argv = argv_new();
 
-        argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s destroy",
-                    IFCONFIG_PATH, tt->actual_name);
+    /* setup command, close tun dev (clears tt->actual_name!), run command
+     */
 
-        close_tun_generic(tt);
+    argv_printf(&argv, "%s %s destroy",
+                IFCONFIG_PATH, tt->actual_name);
 
-        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "FreeBSD 'destroy tun interface' failed (non-critical)");
+    close_tun_generic(tt);
 
-        free(tt);
-    }
+    argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+    openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0,
+                         "FreeBSD 'destroy tun interface' failed (non-critical)");
+
+    free(tt);
+    argv_free(&argv);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2941,13 +2855,12 @@ open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tun
 }
 
 void
-close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
+close_tun(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
-    if (tt)
-    {
-        close_tun_generic(tt);
-        free(tt);
-    }
+    ASSERT(tt);
+
+    close_tun_generic(tt);
+    free(tt);
 }
 
 int
@@ -3037,14 +2950,16 @@ utun_open_helper(struct ctl_info ctlInfo, int utunnum)
 
     if (fd < 0)
     {
-        msg(M_INFO | M_ERRNO, "Opening utun (socket(SYSPROTO_CONTROL))");
+        msg(M_INFO | M_ERRNO, "Opening utun%d failed (socket(SYSPROTO_CONTROL))",
+            utunnum);
         return -2;
     }
 
     if (ioctl(fd, CTLIOCGINFO, &ctlInfo) == -1)
     {
         close(fd);
-        msg(M_INFO | M_ERRNO, "Opening utun (ioctl(CTLIOCGINFO))");
+        msg(M_INFO | M_ERRNO, "Opening utun%d failed (ioctl(CTLIOCGINFO))",
+            utunnum);
         return -2;
     }
 
@@ -3062,7 +2977,8 @@ utun_open_helper(struct ctl_info ctlInfo, int utunnum)
 
     if (connect(fd, (struct sockaddr *)&sc, sizeof(sc)) < 0)
     {
-        msg(M_INFO | M_ERRNO, "Opening utun (connect(AF_SYS_CONTROL))");
+        msg(M_INFO | M_ERRNO, "Opening utun%d failed (connect(AF_SYS_CONTROL))",
+            utunnum);
         close(fd);
         return -1;
     }
@@ -3105,11 +3021,18 @@ open_darwin_utun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, st
     /* try to open first available utun device if no specific utun is requested */
     if (utunnum == -1)
     {
-        for (utunnum = 0; utunnum<255; utunnum++)
+        for (utunnum = 0; utunnum < 255; utunnum++)
         {
+            char ifname[20];
+            /* if the interface exists silently skip it */
+            ASSERT(snprintf(ifname, sizeof(ifname), "utun%d", utunnum) > 0);
+            if (if_nametoindex(ifname))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
             fd = utun_open_helper(ctlInfo, utunnum);
             /* Break if the fd is valid,
-             * or if early initalization failed (-2) */
+             * or if early initialization failed (-2) */
             if (fd !=-1)
             {
                 break;
@@ -3198,29 +3121,28 @@ open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tun
 }
 
 void
-close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
+close_tun(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
-    if (tt)
-    {
-        struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
-        struct argv argv = argv_new();
+    ASSERT(tt);
 
-        if (tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup)
-        {
-            const char *ifconfig_ipv6_local =
-                print_in6_addr(tt->local_ipv6, 0, &gc);
+    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+    struct argv argv = argv_new();
 
-            argv_printf(&argv, "%s delete -inet6 %s",
-                        ROUTE_PATH, ifconfig_ipv6_local );
-            argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
-            openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "MacOS X 'remove inet6 route' failed (non-critical)");
-        }
+    if (tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup)
+    {
+        const char *ifconfig_ipv6_local =
+            print_in6_addr(tt->local_ipv6, 0, &gc);
 
-        close_tun_generic(tt);
-        free(tt);
-        argv_reset(&argv);
-        gc_free(&gc);
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s delete -inet6 %s",
+                    ROUTE_PATH, ifconfig_ipv6_local );
+        argv_msg(M_INFO, &argv);
+        openvpn_execve_check(&argv, NULL, 0, "MacOS X 'remove inet6 route' failed (non-critical)");
     }
+
+    close_tun_generic(tt);
+    free(tt);
+    argv_free(&argv);
+    gc_free(&gc);
 }
 
 int
@@ -3323,6 +3245,7 @@ open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tun
         env_set_add( es, "ODMDIR=/etc/objrepos" );
         openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, S_FATAL, "AIX 'create tun interface' failed");
         env_set_destroy(es);
+        argv_free(&argv);
     }
     else
     {
@@ -3346,17 +3269,13 @@ open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tun
 /* tap devices need to be manually destroyed on AIX
  */
 void
-close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
+close_tun(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
-    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+    ASSERT(tt);
+
     struct argv argv = argv_new();
     struct env_set *es = env_set_create(NULL);
 
-    if (!tt)
-    {
-        return;
-    }
-
     /* persistent devices need IP address unconfig, others need destroyal
      */
     if (tt->persistent_if)
@@ -3377,6 +3296,7 @@ close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
 
     free(tt);
     env_set_destroy(es);
+    argv_free(&argv);
 }
 
 int
@@ -3393,6 +3313,22 @@ read_tun(struct tuntap *tt, uint8_t *buf, int len)
 
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
 
+static const char *
+print_windows_driver(enum windows_driver_type windows_driver)
+{
+    switch (windows_driver)
+    {
+        case WINDOWS_DRIVER_TAP_WINDOWS6:
+            return "tap-windows6";
+
+        case WINDOWS_DRIVER_WINTUN:
+            return "wintun";
+
+        default:
+            return "unspecified";
+    }
+}
+
 int
 tun_read_queue(struct tuntap *tt, int maxsize)
 {
@@ -3604,7 +3540,123 @@ tun_finalize(
     return ret;
 }
 
-const struct tap_reg *
+static const struct device_instance_id_interface *
+get_device_instance_id_interface(struct gc_arena *gc)
+{
+    HDEVINFO dev_info_set;
+    DWORD err;
+    struct device_instance_id_interface *first = NULL;
+    struct device_instance_id_interface *last = NULL;
+
+    dev_info_set = SetupDiGetClassDevsEx(&GUID_DEVCLASS_NET, NULL, NULL, DIGCF_PRESENT, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+    if (dev_info_set == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+    {
+        err = GetLastError();
+        msg(M_FATAL, "Error [%u] opening device information set key: %s", (unsigned int)err, strerror_win32(err, gc));
+    }
+
+    for (DWORD i = 0;; ++i)
+    {
+        SP_DEVINFO_DATA device_info_data;
+        BOOL res;
+        HKEY dev_key;
+        char net_cfg_instance_id_string[] = "NetCfgInstanceId";
+        char net_cfg_instance_id[256];
+        char device_instance_id[256];
+        DWORD len;
+        DWORD data_type;
+        LONG status;
+        ULONG dev_interface_list_size;
+        CONFIGRET cr;
+        struct buffer dev_interface_list;
+
+        ZeroMemory(&device_info_data, sizeof(SP_DEVINFO_DATA));
+        device_info_data.cbSize = sizeof(SP_DEVINFO_DATA);
+        res = SetupDiEnumDeviceInfo(dev_info_set, i, &device_info_data);
+        if (!res)
+        {
+            if (GetLastError() == ERROR_NO_MORE_ITEMS)
+            {
+                break;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        dev_key = SetupDiOpenDevRegKey(dev_info_set, &device_info_data, DICS_FLAG_GLOBAL, 0, DIREG_DRV, KEY_QUERY_VALUE);
+        if (dev_key == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+        {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        len = sizeof(net_cfg_instance_id);
+        data_type = REG_SZ;
+        status = RegQueryValueEx(dev_key,
+                                 net_cfg_instance_id_string,
+                                 NULL,
+                                 &data_type,
+                                 net_cfg_instance_id,
+                                 &len);
+        if (status != ERROR_SUCCESS)
+        {
+            goto next;
+        }
+
+        len = sizeof(device_instance_id);
+        res = SetupDiGetDeviceInstanceId(dev_info_set, &device_info_data, device_instance_id, len, &len);
+        if (!res)
+        {
+            goto next;
+        }
+
+        cr = CM_Get_Device_Interface_List_Size(&dev_interface_list_size,
+                                               (LPGUID)&GUID_DEVINTERFACE_NET,
+                                               device_instance_id,
+                                               CM_GET_DEVICE_INTERFACE_LIST_PRESENT);
+
+        if (cr != CR_SUCCESS)
+        {
+            goto next;
+        }
+
+        dev_interface_list = alloc_buf_gc(dev_interface_list_size, gc);
+        cr = CM_Get_Device_Interface_List((LPGUID)&GUID_DEVINTERFACE_NET, device_instance_id,
+                                          BPTR(&dev_interface_list),
+                                          dev_interface_list_size,
+                                          CM_GET_DEVICE_INTERFACE_LIST_PRESENT);
+        if (cr != CR_SUCCESS)
+        {
+            goto next;
+        }
+
+        struct device_instance_id_interface *dev_if;
+        ALLOC_OBJ_CLEAR_GC(dev_if, struct device_instance_id_interface, gc);
+        dev_if->net_cfg_instance_id = string_alloc(net_cfg_instance_id, gc);
+        dev_if->device_interface_list = string_alloc(BSTR(&dev_interface_list), gc);
+
+        /* link into return list */
+        if (!first)
+        {
+            first = dev_if;
+        }
+        if (last)
+        {
+            last->next = dev_if;
+        }
+        last = dev_if;
+
+next:
+        RegCloseKey(dev_key);
+    }
+
+    SetupDiDestroyDeviceInfoList(dev_info_set);
+
+    return first;
+}
+
+static const struct tap_reg *
 get_tap_reg(struct gc_arena *gc)
 {
     HKEY adapter_key;
@@ -3700,12 +3752,24 @@ get_tap_reg(struct gc_arena *gc)
 
                 if (status == ERROR_SUCCESS && data_type == REG_SZ)
                 {
-                    if (!strcmp(component_id, TAP_WIN_COMPONENT_ID) ||
-                        !strcmp(component_id, "root\\" TAP_WIN_COMPONENT_ID))
+                    /* Is this adapter supported? */
+                    enum windows_driver_type windows_driver = WINDOWS_DRIVER_UNSPECIFIED;
+                    if (strcasecmp(component_id, TAP_WIN_COMPONENT_ID) == 0
+                        || strcasecmp(component_id, "root\\" TAP_WIN_COMPONENT_ID) == 0)
+                    {
+                        windows_driver = WINDOWS_DRIVER_TAP_WINDOWS6;
+                    }
+                    else if (strcasecmp(component_id, WINTUN_COMPONENT_ID) == 0)
+                    {
+                        windows_driver = WINDOWS_DRIVER_WINTUN;
+                    }
+
+                    if (windows_driver != WINDOWS_DRIVER_UNSPECIFIED)
                     {
                         struct tap_reg *reg;
                         ALLOC_OBJ_CLEAR_GC(reg, struct tap_reg, gc);
                         reg->guid = string_alloc(net_cfg_instance_id, gc);
+                        reg->windows_driver = windows_driver;
 
                         /* link into return list */
                         if (!first)
@@ -3729,7 +3793,7 @@ get_tap_reg(struct gc_arena *gc)
     return first;
 }
 
-const struct panel_reg *
+static const struct panel_reg *
 get_panel_reg(struct gc_arena *gc)
 {
     LONG status;
@@ -3936,7 +4000,7 @@ show_tap_win_adapters(int msglev, int warnlev)
     const struct tap_reg *tap_reg = get_tap_reg(&gc);
     const struct panel_reg *panel_reg = get_panel_reg(&gc);
 
-    msg(msglev, "Available TAP-WIN32 adapters [name, GUID]:");
+    msg(msglev, "Available TAP-WIN32 / Wintun adapters [name, GUID, driver]:");
 
     /* loop through each TAP-Windows adapter registry entry */
     for (tr = tap_reg; tr != NULL; tr = tr->next)
@@ -3948,7 +4012,7 @@ show_tap_win_adapters(int msglev, int warnlev)
         {
             if (!strcmp(tr->guid, pr->guid))
             {
-                msg(msglev, "'%s' %s", pr->name, tr->guid);
+                msg(msglev, "'%s' %s %s", pr->name, tr->guid, print_windows_driver(tr->windows_driver));
                 ++links;
             }
         }
@@ -3998,10 +4062,10 @@ show_tap_win_adapters(int msglev, int warnlev)
 }
 
 /*
- * Confirm that GUID is a TAP-Windows adapter.
+ * Lookup a TAP-Windows or Wintun adapter by GUID.
  */
-static bool
-is_tap_win(const char *guid, const struct tap_reg *tap_reg)
+static const struct tap_reg *
+get_adapter_by_guid(const char *guid, const struct tap_reg *tap_reg)
 {
     const struct tap_reg *tr;
 
@@ -4009,11 +4073,11 @@ is_tap_win(const char *guid, const struct tap_reg *tap_reg)
     {
         if (guid && !strcmp(tr->guid, guid))
         {
-            return true;
+            return tr;
         }
     }
 
-    return false;
+    return NULL;
 }
 
 static const char *
@@ -4032,16 +4096,16 @@ guid_to_name(const char *guid, const struct panel_reg *panel_reg)
     return NULL;
 }
 
-static const char *
-name_to_guid(const char *name, const struct tap_reg *tap_reg, const struct panel_reg *panel_reg)
+static const struct tap_reg *
+get_adapter_by_name(const char *name, const struct tap_reg *tap_reg, const struct panel_reg *panel_reg)
 {
     const struct panel_reg *pr;
 
     for (pr = panel_reg; pr != NULL; pr = pr->next)
     {
-        if (name && !strcmp(pr->name, name) && is_tap_win(pr->guid, tap_reg))
+        if (name && !strcmp(pr->name, name))
         {
-            return pr->guid;
+            return get_adapter_by_guid(pr->guid, tap_reg);
         }
     }
 
@@ -4053,7 +4117,7 @@ at_least_one_tap_win(const struct tap_reg *tap_reg)
 {
     if (!tap_reg)
     {
-        msg(M_FATAL, "There are no TAP-Windows adapters on this system.  You should be able to create a TAP-Windows adapter by going to Start -> All Programs -> TAP-Windows -> Utilities -> Add a new TAP-Windows virtual ethernet adapter.");
+        msg(M_FATAL, "There are no TAP-Windows nor Wintun adapters on this system.  You should be able to create an adapter by using tapctl.exe utility.");
     }
 }
 
@@ -4067,6 +4131,7 @@ get_unspecified_device_guid(const int device_number,
                             int actual_name_size,
                             const struct tap_reg *tap_reg_src,
                             const struct panel_reg *panel_reg_src,
+                            enum windows_driver_type *windows_driver,
                             struct gc_arena *gc)
 {
     const struct tap_reg *tap_reg = tap_reg_src;
@@ -4116,23 +4181,29 @@ get_unspecified_device_guid(const int device_number,
     /* Save GUID for return value */
     ret = alloc_buf_gc(256, gc);
     buf_printf(&ret, "%s", tap_reg->guid);
+    if (windows_driver != NULL)
+    {
+        *windows_driver = tap_reg->windows_driver;
+    }
     return BSTR(&ret);
 }
 
 /*
  * Lookup a --dev-node adapter name in the registry
- * returning the GUID and optional actual_name.
+ * returning the GUID and optional actual_name and device type
  */
 static const char *
 get_device_guid(const char *name,
                 char *actual_name,
                 int actual_name_size,
+                enum windows_driver_type *windows_driver,
                 const struct tap_reg *tap_reg,
                 const struct panel_reg *panel_reg,
                 struct gc_arena *gc)
 {
     struct buffer ret = alloc_buf_gc(256, gc);
     struct buffer actual = clear_buf();
+    const struct tap_reg *tr;
 
     /* Make sure we have at least one TAP adapter */
     if (!tap_reg)
@@ -4148,7 +4219,8 @@ get_device_guid(const char *name,
     }
 
     /* Check if GUID was explicitly specified as --dev-node parameter */
-    if (is_tap_win(name, tap_reg))
+    tr = get_adapter_by_guid(name, tap_reg);
+    if (tr)
     {
         const char *act = guid_to_name(name, panel_reg);
         buf_printf(&ret, "%s", name);
@@ -4160,16 +4232,24 @@ get_device_guid(const char *name,
         {
             buf_printf(&actual, "%s", name);
         }
+        if (windows_driver)
+        {
+            *windows_driver = tr->windows_driver;
+        }
         return BSTR(&ret);
     }
 
     /* Lookup TAP adapter in network connections list */
     {
-        const char *guid = name_to_guid(name, tap_reg, panel_reg);
-        if (guid)
+        tr = get_adapter_by_name(name, tap_reg, panel_reg);
+        if (tr)
         {
             buf_printf(&actual, "%s", name);
-            buf_printf(&ret, "%s", guid);
+            if (windows_driver)
+            {
+                *windows_driver = tr->windows_driver;
+            }
+            buf_printf(&ret, "%s", tr->guid);
             return BSTR(&ret);
         }
     }
@@ -4649,8 +4729,7 @@ get_adapter_index_method_1(const char *guid)
     DWORD index;
     ULONG aindex;
     wchar_t wbuf[256];
-    swprintf(wbuf, SIZE(wbuf), L"\\DEVICE\\TCPIP_%S", guid);
-    wbuf [SIZE(wbuf) - 1] = 0;
+    openvpn_swprintf(wbuf, SIZE(wbuf), L"\\DEVICE\\TCPIP_%S", guid);
     if (GetAdapterIndex(wbuf, &aindex) != NO_ERROR)
     {
         index = TUN_ADAPTER_INDEX_INVALID;
@@ -4714,11 +4793,14 @@ get_adapter_index_flexible(const char *name)  /* actual name or GUID */
     {
         const struct tap_reg *tap_reg = get_tap_reg(&gc);
         const struct panel_reg *panel_reg = get_panel_reg(&gc);
-        const char *guid = name_to_guid(name, tap_reg, panel_reg);
-        index = get_adapter_index_method_1(guid);
-        if (index == TUN_ADAPTER_INDEX_INVALID)
+        const struct tap_reg *tr = get_adapter_by_name(name, tap_reg, panel_reg);
+        if (tr)
         {
-            index = get_adapter_index_method_2(guid);
+            index = get_adapter_index_method_1(tr->guid);
+            if (index == TUN_ADAPTER_INDEX_INVALID)
+            {
+                index = get_adapter_index_method_2(tr->guid);
+            }
         }
     }
     if (index == TUN_ADAPTER_INDEX_INVALID)
@@ -4851,7 +4933,7 @@ tap_allow_nonadmin_access(const char *dev_node)
     if (dev_node)
     {
         /* Get the device GUID for the device specified with --dev-node. */
-        device_guid = get_device_guid(dev_node, actual_buffer, sizeof(actual_buffer), tap_reg, panel_reg, &gc);
+        device_guid = get_device_guid(dev_node, actual_buffer, sizeof(actual_buffer), NULL, tap_reg, panel_reg, &gc);
 
         if (!device_guid)
         {
@@ -4894,6 +4976,7 @@ tap_allow_nonadmin_access(const char *dev_node)
                                                       sizeof(actual_buffer),
                                                       tap_reg,
                                                       panel_reg,
+                                                      NULL,
                                                       &gc);
 
             if (!device_guid)
@@ -5049,19 +5132,19 @@ ipconfig_register_dns(const struct env_set *es)
     msg(D_TUNTAP_INFO, "Start ipconfig commands for register-dns...");
     netcmd_semaphore_lock();
 
-    argv_printf(&argv, "%s%sc /flushdns",
+    argv_printf(&argv, "%s%s /flushdns",
                 get_win_sys_path(),
                 WIN_IPCONFIG_PATH_SUFFIX);
     argv_msg(D_TUNTAP_INFO, &argv);
     openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, err);
-    argv_reset(&argv);
+    argv_free(&argv);
 
-    argv_printf(&argv, "%s%sc /registerdns",
+    argv_printf(&argv, "%s%s /registerdns",
                 get_win_sys_path(),
                 WIN_IPCONFIG_PATH_SUFFIX);
     argv_msg(D_TUNTAP_INFO, &argv);
     openvpn_execve_check(&argv, es, 0, err);
-    argv_reset(&argv);
+    argv_free(&argv);
 
     netcmd_semaphore_release();
     msg(D_TUNTAP_INFO, "End ipconfig commands for register-dns...");
@@ -5170,8 +5253,8 @@ netsh_set_dns6_servers(const struct in6_addr *addr_list,
     for (int i = 0; i < addr_len; ++i)
     {
         const char *fmt = (i == 0) ?
-                          "%s%sc interface ipv6 set dns %s static %s"
-                          : "%s%sc interface ipv6 add dns %s %s";
+                          "%s%s interface ipv6 set dns %s static %s"
+                          : "%s%s interface ipv6 add dns %s %s";
         argv_printf(&argv, fmt, get_win_sys_path(),
                     NETSH_PATH_SUFFIX, flex_name,
                     print_in6_addr(addr_list[i], 0, &gc));
@@ -5186,7 +5269,7 @@ netsh_set_dns6_servers(const struct in6_addr *addr_list,
         netsh_command(&argv, 1, (i==0) ? M_FATAL : M_NONFATAL);
     }
 
-    argv_reset(&argv);
+    argv_free(&argv);
     gc_free(&gc);
 }
 
@@ -5201,6 +5284,7 @@ netsh_ifconfig_options(const char *type,
     struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
     struct argv argv = argv_new();
     bool delete_first = false;
+    bool is_dns = !strcmp(type, "dns");
 
     /* first check if we should delete existing DNS/WINS settings from TAP interface */
     if (test_first)
@@ -5218,7 +5302,7 @@ netsh_ifconfig_options(const char *type,
     /* delete existing DNS/WINS settings from TAP interface */
     if (delete_first)
     {
-        argv_printf(&argv, "%s%sc interface ip delete %s %s all",
+        argv_printf(&argv, "%s%s interface ip delete %s %s all",
                     get_win_sys_path(),
                     NETSH_PATH_SUFFIX,
                     type,
@@ -5235,8 +5319,8 @@ netsh_ifconfig_options(const char *type,
             if (delete_first || !test_first || !ip_addr_member_of(addr_list[i], current))
             {
                 const char *fmt = count ?
-                                  "%s%sc interface ip add %s %s %s"
-                                  : "%s%sc interface ip set %s %s static %s";
+                                  "%s%s interface ip add %s %s %s"
+                                  : "%s%s interface ip set %s %s static %s";
 
                 argv_printf(&argv, fmt,
                             get_win_sys_path(),
@@ -5244,6 +5328,14 @@ netsh_ifconfig_options(const char *type,
                             type,
                             flex_name,
                             print_in_addr_t(addr_list[i], 0, &gc));
+
+                /* disable slow address validation on Windows 7 and higher */
+                /* only for DNS */
+                if (is_dns && win32_version_info() >= WIN_7)
+                {
+                    argv_printf_cat(&argv, "%s", "validate=no");
+                }
+
                 netsh_command(&argv, 2, M_FATAL);
 
                 ++count;
@@ -5258,7 +5350,7 @@ netsh_ifconfig_options(const char *type,
         }
     }
 
-    argv_reset(&argv);
+    argv_free(&argv);
     gc_free(&gc);
 }
 
@@ -5312,7 +5404,7 @@ netsh_ifconfig(const struct tuntap_options *to,
         else
         {
             /* example: netsh interface ip set address my-tap static 10.3.0.1 255.255.255.0 */
-            argv_printf(&argv, "%s%sc interface ip set address %s static %s %s",
+            argv_printf(&argv, "%s%s interface ip set address %s static %s %s",
                         get_win_sys_path(),
                         NETSH_PATH_SUFFIX,
                         flex_name,
@@ -5349,7 +5441,7 @@ netsh_ifconfig(const struct tuntap_options *to,
                                BOOL_CAST(flags & NI_TEST_FIRST));
     }
 
-    argv_reset(&argv);
+    argv_free(&argv);
     gc_free(&gc);
 }
 
@@ -5360,21 +5452,20 @@ netsh_enable_dhcp(const char *actual_name)
 
     /* example: netsh interface ip set address my-tap dhcp */
     argv_printf(&argv,
-                "%s%sc interface ip set address %s dhcp",
+                "%s%s interface ip set address %s dhcp",
                 get_win_sys_path(),
                 NETSH_PATH_SUFFIX,
                 actual_name);
 
     netsh_command(&argv, 4, M_FATAL);
 
-    argv_reset(&argv);
+    argv_free(&argv);
 }
 
 /* Enable dhcp on tap adapter using iservice */
 static bool
 service_enable_dhcp(const struct tuntap *tt)
 {
-    DWORD len;
     bool ret = false;
     ack_message_t ack;
     struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
@@ -5389,11 +5480,8 @@ service_enable_dhcp(const struct tuntap *tt)
         .iface = { .index = tt->adapter_index, .name = "" }
     };
 
-    if (!WriteFile(pipe, &dhcp, sizeof(dhcp), &len, NULL)
-        || !ReadFile(pipe, &ack, sizeof(ack), &len, NULL))
+    if (!send_msg_iservice(pipe, &dhcp, sizeof(dhcp), &ack, "Enable_dhcp"))
     {
-        msg(M_WARN, "Enable_dhcp: could not talk to service: %s [%lu]",
-            strerror_win32(GetLastError(), &gc), GetLastError());
         goto out;
     }
 
@@ -5413,6 +5501,45 @@ out:
     return ret;
 }
 
+static void
+windows_set_mtu(const int iface_index, const short family,
+                const int mtu)
+{
+    DWORD err = 0;
+    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+    MIB_IPINTERFACE_ROW ipiface;
+    InitializeIpInterfaceEntry(&ipiface);
+    const char *family_name = (family == AF_INET6) ? "IPv6" : "IPv4";
+    ipiface.Family = family;
+    ipiface.InterfaceIndex = iface_index;
+    if (family == AF_INET6 && mtu < 1280)
+    {
+        msg(M_INFO, "NOTE: IPv6 interface MTU < 1280 conflicts with IETF standards and might not work");
+    }
+
+    err = GetIpInterfaceEntry(&ipiface);
+    if (err == NO_ERROR)
+    {
+        if (family == AF_INET)
+        {
+            ipiface.SitePrefixLength = 0;
+        }
+        ipiface.NlMtu = mtu;
+        err = SetIpInterfaceEntry(&ipiface);
+    }
+
+    if (err != NO_ERROR)
+    {
+        msg(M_WARN, "TUN: Setting %s mtu failed: %s [status=%u if_index=%d]",
+            family_name, strerror_win32(err, &gc), err, iface_index);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        msg(M_INFO, "%s MTU set to %d on interface %d using SetIpInterfaceEntry()", family_name, mtu, iface_index);
+    }
+}
+
+
 /*
  * Return a TAP name for netsh commands.
  */
@@ -5428,13 +5555,13 @@ netsh_get_id(const char *dev_node, struct gc_arena *gc)
 
     if (dev_node)
     {
-        guid = get_device_guid(dev_node, BPTR(&actual), BCAP(&actual), tap_reg, panel_reg, gc);
+        guid = get_device_guid(dev_node, BPTR(&actual), BCAP(&actual), NULL, tap_reg, panel_reg, gc);
     }
     else
     {
-        guid = get_unspecified_device_guid(0, BPTR(&actual), BCAP(&actual), tap_reg, panel_reg, gc);
+        guid = get_unspecified_device_guid(0, BPTR(&actual), BCAP(&actual), tap_reg, panel_reg, NULL, gc);
 
-        if (get_unspecified_device_guid(1, NULL, 0, tap_reg, panel_reg, gc)) /* ambiguous if more than one TAP-Windows adapter */
+        if (get_unspecified_device_guid(1, NULL, 0, tap_reg, panel_reg, NULL, gc)) /* ambiguous if more than one TAP-Windows adapter */
         {
             guid = NULL;
         }
@@ -5556,6 +5683,75 @@ write_dhcp_str(struct buffer *buf, const int type, const char *str, bool *error)
     buf_write(buf, str, len);
 }
 
+/*
+ * RFC3397 states that multiple searchdomains are encoded as follows:
+ *  - at start the length of the entire option is given
+ *  - each subdomain is preceded by its length
+ *  - each searchdomain is separated by a NUL character
+ * e.g. if you want "openvpn.net" and "duckduckgo.com" then you end up with
+ *  0x1D  0x7 openvpn 0x3 net 0x00 0x0A duckduckgo 0x3 com 0x00
+ */
+static void
+write_dhcp_search_str(struct buffer *buf, const int type, const char * const *str_array,
+                      int array_len, bool *error)
+{
+    char         tmp_buf[256];
+    int          i;
+    int          len = 0;
+    int          label_length_pos;
+
+    for (i=0; i < array_len; i++)
+    {
+        const char  *ptr = str_array[i];
+
+        if (strlen(ptr) + len + 1 > sizeof(tmp_buf))
+        {
+            *error = true;
+            msg(M_WARN, "write_dhcp_search_str: temp buffer overflow building DHCP options");
+            return;
+        }
+        /* Loop over all subdomains separated by a dot and replace the dot
+           with the length of the subdomain */
+
+        /* label_length_pos points to the byte to be replaced by the length
+         * of the following domain label */
+        label_length_pos = len++;
+
+        while (true)
+        {
+            if (*ptr == '.' || *ptr == '\0' )
+            {
+                tmp_buf[label_length_pos] = (len-label_length_pos)-1;
+                label_length_pos = len;
+                if (*ptr == '\0')
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            tmp_buf[len++] = *ptr++;
+        }
+        /* And close off with an extra NUL char */
+        tmp_buf[len++] = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (!buf_safe(buf, 2 + len))
+    {
+        *error = true;
+        msg(M_WARN, "write_search_dhcp_str: buffer overflow building DHCP options");
+        return;
+    }
+    if (len > 255)
+    {
+        *error = true;
+        msg(M_WARN, "write_dhcp_search_str: search domain string must be <= 255 bytes");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    buf_write_u8(buf, type);
+    buf_write_u8(buf, len);
+    buf_write(buf, tmp_buf, len);
+}
+
 static bool
 build_dhcp_options_string(struct buffer *buf, const struct tuntap_options *o)
 {
@@ -5580,6 +5776,13 @@ build_dhcp_options_string(struct buffer *buf, const struct tuntap_options *o)
     write_dhcp_u32_array(buf, 42, (uint32_t *)o->ntp, o->ntp_len, &error);
     write_dhcp_u32_array(buf, 45, (uint32_t *)o->nbdd, o->nbdd_len, &error);
 
+    if (o->domain_search_list_len > 0)
+    {
+        write_dhcp_search_str(buf, 119, o->domain_search_list,
+                                        o->domain_search_list_len,
+                                       &error);
+    }
+
     /* the MS DHCP server option 'Disable Netbios-over-TCP/IP
      * is implemented as vendor option 001, value 002.
      * A value of 001 means 'leave NBT alone' which is the default */
@@ -5618,7 +5821,7 @@ fork_dhcp_action(struct tuntap *tt)
         {
             buf_printf(&cmd, " --dhcp-renew");
         }
-        buf_printf(&cmd, " --dhcp-internal %u", (unsigned int)tt->adapter_index);
+        buf_printf(&cmd, " --dhcp-internal %lu", tt->adapter_index);
 
         fork_to_self(BSTR(&cmd));
         gc_free(&gc);
@@ -5628,18 +5831,16 @@ fork_dhcp_action(struct tuntap *tt)
 static void
 register_dns_service(const struct tuntap *tt)
 {
-    DWORD len;
     HANDLE msg_channel = tt->options.msg_channel;
     ack_message_t ack;
     struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
 
     message_header_t rdns = { msg_register_dns, sizeof(message_header_t), 0 };
 
-    if (!WriteFile(msg_channel, &rdns, sizeof(rdns), &len, NULL)
-        || !ReadFile(msg_channel, &ack, sizeof(ack), &len, NULL))
+    if (!send_msg_iservice(msg_channel, &rdns, sizeof(rdns), &ack, "Register_dns"))
     {
-        msg(M_WARN, "Register_dns: could not talk to service: %s [status=0x%lx]",
-            strerror_win32(GetLastError(), &gc), GetLastError());
+        gc_free(&gc);
+        return;
     }
 
     else if (ack.error_number != NO_ERROR)
@@ -5656,6 +5857,46 @@ register_dns_service(const struct tuntap *tt)
     gc_free(&gc);
 }
 
+static bool
+service_register_ring_buffers(const struct tuntap *tt)
+{
+    HANDLE msg_channel = tt->options.msg_channel;
+    ack_message_t ack;
+    bool ret = true;
+    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+
+    register_ring_buffers_message_t msg = {
+        .header = {
+            msg_register_ring_buffers,
+            sizeof(register_ring_buffers_message_t),
+            0
+        },
+        .device = tt->hand,
+        .send_ring_handle = tt->wintun_send_ring_handle,
+        .receive_ring_handle = tt->wintun_receive_ring_handle,
+        .send_tail_moved = tt->rw_handle.read,
+        .receive_tail_moved = tt->rw_handle.write
+    };
+
+    if (!send_msg_iservice(msg_channel, &msg, sizeof(msg), &ack, "Register ring buffers"))
+    {
+        ret = false;
+    }
+    else if (ack.error_number != NO_ERROR)
+    {
+        msg(M_NONFATAL, "Register ring buffers failed using service: %s [status=0x%x]",
+            strerror_win32(ack.error_number, &gc), ack.error_number);
+        ret = false;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        msg(M_INFO, "Ring buffers registered via service");
+    }
+
+    gc_free(&gc);
+    return ret;
+}
+
 void
 fork_register_dns_action(struct tuntap *tt)
 {
@@ -5704,511 +5945,650 @@ dhcp_masq_addr(const in_addr_t local, const in_addr_t netmask, const int offset)
     return htonl(dsa);
 }
 
-void
-open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tuntap *tt)
+static void
+tuntap_get_version_info(const struct tuntap *tt)
 {
-    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
-    char device_path[256];
-    const char *device_guid = NULL;
+    ULONG info[3];
     DWORD len;
-    bool dhcp_masq = false;
-    bool dhcp_masq_post = false;
-
-    /*netcmd_semaphore_lock ();*/
-
-    msg( M_INFO, "open_tun");
-
-    if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_NULL)
+    CLEAR(info);
+    if (DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_GET_VERSION,
+                        &info, sizeof(info),
+                        &info, sizeof(info), &len, NULL))
     {
-        open_null(tt);
-        gc_free(&gc);
-        return;
+        msg(D_TUNTAP_INFO, "TAP-Windows Driver Version %d.%d %s",
+            (int)info[0],
+            (int)info[1],
+            (info[2] ? "(DEBUG)" : ""));
+
     }
-    else if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TAP || tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN)
+    if (!(info[0] == TAP_WIN_MIN_MAJOR && info[1] >= TAP_WIN_MIN_MINOR))
     {
+        msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR:  This version of " PACKAGE_NAME " requires a TAP-Windows driver that is at least version %d.%d -- If you recently upgraded your " PACKAGE_NAME " distribution, a reboot is probably required at this point to get Windows to see the new driver.",
+            TAP_WIN_MIN_MAJOR,
+            TAP_WIN_MIN_MINOR);
     }
-    else
+
+    /* usage of numeric constants is ugly, but this is really tied to
+     * *this* version of the driver
+     */
+    if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN
+        && info[0] == 9 && info[1] < 8)
     {
-        msg(M_FATAL|M_NOPREFIX, "Unknown virtual device type: '%s'", dev);
+        msg(M_INFO, "WARNING:  Tap-Win32 driver version %d.%d does not support IPv6 in TUN mode. IPv6 will not work. Upgrade your Tap-Win32 driver.", (int)info[0], (int)info[1]);
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Lookup the device name in the registry, using the --dev-node high level name.
+    /* tap driver 9.8 (2.2.0 and 2.2.1 release) is buggy
      */
+    if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN
+        && info[0] == 9 && info[1] == 8)
     {
-        const struct tap_reg *tap_reg = get_tap_reg(&gc);
-        const struct panel_reg *panel_reg = get_panel_reg(&gc);
-        char actual_buffer[256];
-
-        at_least_one_tap_win(tap_reg);
+        msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR:  Tap-Win32 driver version %d.%d is buggy regarding small IPv4 packets in TUN mode. Upgrade your Tap-Win32 driver.", (int)info[0], (int)info[1]);
+    }
+}
 
-        if (dev_node)
-        {
-            /* Get the device GUID for the device specified with --dev-node. */
-            device_guid = get_device_guid(dev_node, actual_buffer, sizeof(actual_buffer), tap_reg, panel_reg, &gc);
+static void
+tuntap_get_mtu(struct tuntap *tt)
+{
+    ULONG mtu = 0;
+    DWORD len;
+    if (DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_GET_MTU,
+                        &mtu, sizeof(mtu),
+                        &mtu, sizeof(mtu), &len, NULL))
+    {
+        tt->post_open_mtu = (int)mtu;
+        msg(D_MTU_INFO, "TAP-Windows MTU=%d", (int)mtu);
+    }
+}
 
-            if (!device_guid)
-            {
-                msg(M_FATAL, "TAP-Windows adapter '%s' not found", dev_node);
-            }
+static void
+tuntap_set_ip_addr(struct tuntap *tt,
+                   const char *device_guid,
+                   bool dhcp_masq_post)
+{
+    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+    const DWORD index = tt->adapter_index;
 
-            /* Open Windows TAP-Windows adapter */
-            openvpn_snprintf(device_path, sizeof(device_path), "%s%s%s",
-                             USERMODEDEVICEDIR,
-                             device_guid,
-                             TAP_WIN_SUFFIX);
+    /* flush arp cache */
+    if (tt->windows_driver == WINDOWS_DRIVER_TAP_WINDOWS6
+        && index != TUN_ADAPTER_INDEX_INVALID)
+    {
+        DWORD status = -1;
 
-            tt->hand = CreateFile(
-                device_path,
-                GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
-                0,                /* was: FILE_SHARE_READ */
-                0,
-                OPEN_EXISTING,
-                FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED,
-                0
-                );
+        if (tt->options.msg_channel)
+        {
+            ack_message_t ack;
+            flush_neighbors_message_t msg = {
+                .header = {
+                    msg_flush_neighbors,
+                    sizeof(flush_neighbors_message_t),
+                    0
+                },
+                .family = AF_INET,
+                .iface = {.index = index, .name = "" }
+            };
 
-            if (tt->hand == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+            if (send_msg_iservice(tt->options.msg_channel, &msg, sizeof(msg),
+                                  &ack, "TUN"))
             {
-                msg(M_ERR, "CreateFile failed on TAP device: %s", device_path);
+                status = ack.error_number;
             }
         }
         else
         {
-            int device_number = 0;
-
-            /* Try opening all TAP devices until we find one available */
-            while (true)
-            {
-                device_guid = get_unspecified_device_guid(device_number,
-                                                          actual_buffer,
-                                                          sizeof(actual_buffer),
-                                                          tap_reg,
-                                                          panel_reg,
-                                                          &gc);
-
-                if (!device_guid)
-                {
-                    msg(M_FATAL, "All TAP-Windows adapters on this system are currently in use.");
-                }
-
-                /* Open Windows TAP-Windows adapter */
-                openvpn_snprintf(device_path, sizeof(device_path), "%s%s%s",
-                                 USERMODEDEVICEDIR,
-                                 device_guid,
-                                 TAP_WIN_SUFFIX);
-
-                tt->hand = CreateFile(
-                    device_path,
-                    GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
-                    0,                /* was: FILE_SHARE_READ */
-                    0,
-                    OPEN_EXISTING,
-                    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED,
-                    0
-                    );
-
-                if (tt->hand == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
-                {
-                    msg(D_TUNTAP_INFO, "CreateFile failed on TAP device: %s", device_path);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    break;
-                }
-
-                device_number++;
-            }
+            status = FlushIpNetTable(index);
         }
 
-        /* translate high-level device name into a device instance
-         * GUID using the registry */
-        tt->actual_name = string_alloc(actual_buffer, NULL);
-    }
-
-    msg(M_INFO, "TAP-WIN32 device [%s] opened: %s", tt->actual_name, device_path);
-    tt->adapter_index = get_adapter_index(device_guid);
-
-    /* get driver version info */
-    {
-        ULONG info[3];
-        CLEAR(info);
-        if (DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_GET_VERSION,
-                            &info, sizeof(info),
-                            &info, sizeof(info), &len, NULL))
+        if (status == NO_ERROR)
         {
-            msg(D_TUNTAP_INFO, "TAP-Windows Driver Version %d.%d %s",
-                (int) info[0],
-                (int) info[1],
-                (info[2] ? "(DEBUG)" : ""));
-
+            msg(M_INFO, "Successful ARP Flush on interface [%lu] %s",
+                index,
+                device_guid);
         }
-        if (!(info[0] == TAP_WIN_MIN_MAJOR && info[1] >= TAP_WIN_MIN_MINOR))
+        else if (status != -1)
         {
-            msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR:  This version of " PACKAGE_NAME " requires a TAP-Windows driver that is at least version %d.%d -- If you recently upgraded your " PACKAGE_NAME " distribution, a reboot is probably required at this point to get Windows to see the new driver.",
-                TAP_WIN_MIN_MAJOR,
-                TAP_WIN_MIN_MINOR);
+            msg(D_TUNTAP_INFO, "NOTE: FlushIpNetTable failed on interface [%lu] %s (status=%lu) : %s",
+                index,
+                device_guid,
+                status,
+                strerror_win32(status, &gc));
         }
+    }
 
-        /* usage of numeric constants is ugly, but this is really tied to
-         * *this* version of the driver
-         */
-        if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN
-            && info[0] == 9 && info[1] < 8)
+    /*
+     * If the TAP-Windows driver is masquerading as a DHCP server
+     * make sure the TCP/IP properties for the adapter are
+     * set correctly.
+     */
+    if (dhcp_masq_post)
+    {
+        /* check dhcp enable status */
+        if (dhcp_status(index) == DHCP_STATUS_DISABLED)
         {
-            msg( M_INFO, "WARNING:  Tap-Win32 driver version %d.%d does not support IPv6 in TUN mode. IPv6 will not work. Upgrade your Tap-Win32 driver.", (int) info[0], (int) info[1] );
+            msg(M_WARN, "WARNING: You have selected '--ip-win32 dynamic', which will not work unless the TAP-Windows TCP/IP properties are set to 'Obtain an IP address automatically'");
         }
 
-        /* tap driver 9.8 (2.2.0 and 2.2.1 release) is buggy
-         */
-        if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN
-            && info[0] == 9 && info[1] == 8)
+        /* force an explicit DHCP lease renewal on TAP adapter? */
+        if (tt->options.dhcp_pre_release)
         {
-            msg( M_FATAL, "ERROR:  Tap-Win32 driver version %d.%d is buggy regarding small IPv4 packets in TUN mode. Upgrade your Tap-Win32 driver.", (int) info[0], (int) info[1] );
+            dhcp_release(tt);
         }
+        if (tt->options.dhcp_renew)
+        {
+            dhcp_renew(tt);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        fork_dhcp_action(tt);
     }
 
-    /* get driver MTU */
+    if (tt->did_ifconfig_setup && tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_IPAPI)
     {
-        ULONG mtu;
-        if (DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_GET_MTU,
-                            &mtu, sizeof(mtu),
-                            &mtu, sizeof(mtu), &len, NULL))
+        DWORD status;
+        const char *error_suffix = "I am having trouble using the Windows 'IP helper API' to automatically set the IP address -- consider using other --ip-win32 methods (not 'ipapi')";
+
+        /* couldn't get adapter index */
+        if (index == TUN_ADAPTER_INDEX_INVALID)
         {
-            tt->post_open_mtu = (int) mtu;
-            msg(D_MTU_INFO, "TAP-Windows MTU=%d", (int) mtu);
+            msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR: unable to get adapter index for interface %s -- %s",
+                device_guid,
+                error_suffix);
         }
-    }
 
-    /*
-     * Preliminaries for setting TAP-Windows adapter TCP/IP
-     * properties via --ip-win32 dynamic or --ip-win32 adaptive.
-     */
-    if (tt->did_ifconfig_setup)
-    {
-        if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_DHCP_MASQ)
+        /* check dhcp enable status */
+        if (dhcp_status(index) == DHCP_STATUS_DISABLED)
         {
-            /*
-             * If adapter is set to non-DHCP, set to DHCP mode.
-             */
-            if (dhcp_status(tt->adapter_index) == DHCP_STATUS_DISABLED)
-            {
-                /* try using the service if available, else directly execute netsh */
-                if (tt->options.msg_channel)
-                {
-                    service_enable_dhcp(tt);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    netsh_enable_dhcp(tt->actual_name);
-                }
-            }
-            dhcp_masq = true;
-            dhcp_masq_post = true;
+            msg(M_WARN, "NOTE: You have selected (explicitly or by default) '--ip-win32 ipapi', which has a better chance of working correctly if the TAP-Windows TCP/IP properties are set to 'Obtain an IP address automatically'");
         }
-        else if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_ADAPTIVE)
+
+        /* delete previously added IP addresses which were not
+         * correctly deleted */
+        delete_temp_addresses(index);
+
+        /* add a new IP address */
+        if ((status = AddIPAddress(htonl(tt->local),
+                                   htonl(tt->adapter_netmask),
+                                   index,
+                                   &tt->ipapi_context,
+                                   &tt->ipapi_instance)) == NO_ERROR)
         {
-            /*
-             * If adapter is set to non-DHCP, use netsh right away.
-             */
-            if (dhcp_status(tt->adapter_index) != DHCP_STATUS_ENABLED)
-            {
-                netsh_ifconfig(&tt->options,
-                               tt->actual_name,
-                               tt->local,
-                               tt->adapter_netmask,
-                               NI_TEST_FIRST|NI_IP_NETMASK|NI_OPTIONS);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                dhcp_masq = true;
-            }
+            msg(M_INFO, "Succeeded in adding a temporary IP/netmask of %s/%s to interface %s using the Win32 IP Helper API",
+                print_in_addr_t(tt->local, 0, &gc),
+                print_in_addr_t(tt->adapter_netmask, 0, &gc),
+                device_guid
+                );
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR: AddIPAddress %s/%s failed on interface %s, index=%lu, status=%lu (windows error: '%s') -- %s",
+                print_in_addr_t(tt->local, 0, &gc),
+                print_in_addr_t(tt->adapter_netmask, 0, &gc),
+                device_guid,
+                index,
+                status,
+                strerror_win32(status, &gc),
+                error_suffix);
         }
+        tt->ipapi_context_defined = true;
     }
 
-    /* set point-to-point mode if TUN device */
+    gc_free(&gc);
+}
 
-    if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN)
+static bool
+wintun_register_ring_buffer(struct tuntap *tt, const char *device_guid)
+{
+    bool ret = true;
+
+    tt->wintun_send_ring = (struct tun_ring *)MapViewOfFile(tt->wintun_send_ring_handle,
+                                                            FILE_MAP_ALL_ACCESS,
+                                                            0,
+                                                            0,
+                                                            sizeof(struct tun_ring));
+
+    tt->wintun_receive_ring = (struct tun_ring *)MapViewOfFile(tt->wintun_receive_ring_handle,
+                                                               FILE_MAP_ALL_ACCESS,
+                                                               0,
+                                                               0,
+                                                               sizeof(struct tun_ring));
+
+    if (tt->options.msg_channel)
     {
-        if (!tt->did_ifconfig_setup)
-        {
-            msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR: --dev tun also requires --ifconfig");
-        }
+        ret = service_register_ring_buffers(tt);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR:  Wintun requires SYSTEM privileges and therefore "
+                     "should be used with interactive service. If you want to "
+                     "use openvpn from command line, you need to do SYSTEM "
+                     "elevation yourself (for example with psexec).");
+    }
 
-        if (tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
-        {
-            in_addr_t ep[3];
-            BOOL status;
+    return ret;
+}
 
-            ep[0] = htonl(tt->local);
-            ep[1] = htonl(tt->local & tt->remote_netmask);
-            ep[2] = htonl(tt->remote_netmask);
+static void
+tuntap_set_connected(const struct tuntap *tt)
+{
+    ULONG status = TRUE;
+    DWORD len;
+    if (!DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_SET_MEDIA_STATUS,
+                         &status, sizeof(status),
+                         &status, sizeof(status), &len, NULL))
+    {
+        msg(M_WARN, "WARNING: The TAP-Windows driver rejected a TAP_WIN_IOCTL_SET_MEDIA_STATUS DeviceIoControl call.");
+    }
 
-            status = DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_CONFIG_TUN,
-                                     ep, sizeof(ep),
-                                     ep, sizeof(ep), &len, NULL);
+    int s = tt->options.tap_sleep;
+    if (s > 0)
+    {
+        msg(M_INFO, "Sleeping for %d seconds...", s);
+        management_sleep(s);
+    }
+}
 
+static void
+tuntap_set_ptp(const struct tuntap *tt)
+{
+    DWORD len;
+    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+
+    if (!tt->did_ifconfig_setup && !tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup)
+    {
+        msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR: --dev tun also requires --ifconfig");
+    }
+
+    /* send 0/0/0 to the TAP driver even if we have no IPv4 configured to
+     * ensure it is somehow initialized.
+     */
+    if (!tt->did_ifconfig_setup || tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+    {
+        in_addr_t ep[3];
+        BOOL status;
+
+        ep[0] = htonl(tt->local);
+        ep[1] = htonl(tt->local & tt->remote_netmask);
+        ep[2] = htonl(tt->remote_netmask);
+
+        status = DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_CONFIG_TUN,
+                                 ep, sizeof(ep),
+                                 ep, sizeof(ep), &len, NULL);
+
+        if (tt->did_ifconfig_setup)
+        {
             msg(status ? M_INFO : M_FATAL, "Set TAP-Windows TUN subnet mode network/local/netmask = %s/%s/%s [%s]",
                 print_in_addr_t(ep[1], IA_NET_ORDER, &gc),
                 print_in_addr_t(ep[0], IA_NET_ORDER, &gc),
                 print_in_addr_t(ep[2], IA_NET_ORDER, &gc),
                 status ? "SUCCEEDED" : "FAILED");
-
         }
         else
         {
+            msg(status ? M_INFO : M_FATAL, "Set TAP-Windows TUN with fake IPv4 [%s]",
+                status ? "SUCCEEDED" : "FAILED");
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        in_addr_t ep[2];
+        ep[0] = htonl(tt->local);
+        ep[1] = htonl(tt->remote_netmask);
 
-            in_addr_t ep[2];
-            ep[0] = htonl(tt->local);
-            ep[1] = htonl(tt->remote_netmask);
-
-            if (!DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_CONFIG_POINT_TO_POINT,
-                                 ep, sizeof(ep),
-                                 ep, sizeof(ep), &len, NULL))
-            {
-                msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR: The TAP-Windows driver rejected a DeviceIoControl call to set Point-to-Point mode, which is required for --dev tun");
-            }
+        if (!DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_CONFIG_POINT_TO_POINT,
+                             ep, sizeof(ep),
+                             ep, sizeof(ep), &len, NULL))
+        {
+            msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR: The TAP-Windows driver rejected a DeviceIoControl call to set Point-to-Point mode, which is required for --dev tun");
         }
     }
 
-    /* should we tell the TAP-Windows driver to masquerade as a DHCP server as a means
-     * of setting the adapter address? */
-    if (dhcp_masq)
-    {
-        uint32_t ep[4];
+    gc_free(&gc);
+}
 
-        /* We will answer DHCP requests with a reply to set IP/subnet to these values */
-        ep[0] = htonl(tt->local);
-        ep[1] = htonl(tt->adapter_netmask);
+static void
+tuntap_dhcp_mask(const struct tuntap *tt, const char *device_guid)
+{
+    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+    DWORD len;
+    uint32_t ep[4];
 
-        /* At what IP address should the DHCP server masquerade at? */
-        if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN)
+    /* We will answer DHCP requests with a reply to set IP/subnet to these values */
+    ep[0] = htonl(tt->local);
+    ep[1] = htonl(tt->adapter_netmask);
+
+    /* At what IP address should the DHCP server masquerade at? */
+    if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN)
+    {
+        if (tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
         {
-            if (tt->topology == TOP_SUBNET)
+            if (tt->options.dhcp_masq_custom_offset)
             {
-                if (tt->options.dhcp_masq_custom_offset)
-                {
-                    ep[2] = dhcp_masq_addr(tt->local, tt->remote_netmask, tt->options.dhcp_masq_offset);
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    ep[2] = dhcp_masq_addr(tt->local, tt->remote_netmask, -1);
-                }
+                ep[2] = dhcp_masq_addr(tt->local, tt->remote_netmask, tt->options.dhcp_masq_offset);
             }
             else
             {
-                ep[2] = htonl(tt->remote_netmask);
+                ep[2] = dhcp_masq_addr(tt->local, tt->remote_netmask, -1);
             }
         }
         else
         {
-            ASSERT(tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TAP);
-            ep[2] = dhcp_masq_addr(tt->local, tt->adapter_netmask, tt->options.dhcp_masq_custom_offset ? tt->options.dhcp_masq_offset : 0);
+            ep[2] = htonl(tt->remote_netmask);
         }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ASSERT(tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TAP);
+        ep[2] = dhcp_masq_addr(tt->local, tt->adapter_netmask, tt->options.dhcp_masq_custom_offset ? tt->options.dhcp_masq_offset : 0);
+    }
 
-        /* lease time in seconds */
-        ep[3] = (uint32_t) tt->options.dhcp_lease_time;
+    /* lease time in seconds */
+    ep[3] = (uint32_t)tt->options.dhcp_lease_time;
 
-        ASSERT(ep[3] > 0);
+    ASSERT(ep[3] > 0);
 
 #ifndef SIMULATE_DHCP_FAILED /* this code is disabled to simulate bad DHCP negotiation */
-        if (!DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_CONFIG_DHCP_MASQ,
-                             ep, sizeof(ep),
-                             ep, sizeof(ep), &len, NULL))
-        {
-            msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR: The TAP-Windows driver rejected a DeviceIoControl call to set TAP_WIN_IOCTL_CONFIG_DHCP_MASQ mode");
-        }
+    if (!DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_CONFIG_DHCP_MASQ,
+                         ep, sizeof(ep),
+                         ep, sizeof(ep), &len, NULL))
+    {
+        msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR: The TAP-Windows driver rejected a DeviceIoControl call to set TAP_WIN_IOCTL_CONFIG_DHCP_MASQ mode");
+    }
 
-        msg(M_INFO, "Notified TAP-Windows driver to set a DHCP IP/netmask of %s/%s on interface %s [DHCP-serv: %s, lease-time: %d]",
-            print_in_addr_t(tt->local, 0, &gc),
-            print_in_addr_t(tt->adapter_netmask, 0, &gc),
-            device_guid,
-            print_in_addr_t(ep[2], IA_NET_ORDER, &gc),
-            ep[3]
-            );
+    msg(M_INFO, "Notified TAP-Windows driver to set a DHCP IP/netmask of %s/%s on interface %s [DHCP-serv: %s, lease-time: %d]",
+        print_in_addr_t(tt->local, 0, &gc),
+        print_in_addr_t(tt->adapter_netmask, 0, &gc),
+        device_guid,
+        print_in_addr_t(ep[2], IA_NET_ORDER, &gc),
+        ep[3]
+        );
 
-        /* user-supplied DHCP options capability */
-        if (tt->options.dhcp_options)
+    /* user-supplied DHCP options capability */
+    if (tt->options.dhcp_options)
+    {
+        struct buffer buf = alloc_buf(256);
+        if (build_dhcp_options_string(&buf, &tt->options))
         {
-            struct buffer buf = alloc_buf(256);
-            if (build_dhcp_options_string(&buf, &tt->options))
+            msg(D_DHCP_OPT, "DHCP option string: %s", format_hex(BPTR(&buf), BLEN(&buf), 0, &gc));
+            if (!DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_CONFIG_DHCP_SET_OPT,
+                                 BPTR(&buf), BLEN(&buf),
+                                 BPTR(&buf), BLEN(&buf), &len, NULL))
             {
-                msg(D_DHCP_OPT, "DHCP option string: %s", format_hex(BPTR(&buf), BLEN(&buf), 0, &gc));
-                if (!DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_CONFIG_DHCP_SET_OPT,
-                                     BPTR(&buf), BLEN(&buf),
-                                     BPTR(&buf), BLEN(&buf), &len, NULL))
-                {
-                    msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR: The TAP-Windows driver rejected a TAP_WIN_IOCTL_CONFIG_DHCP_SET_OPT DeviceIoControl call");
-                }
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                msg(M_WARN, "DHCP option string not set due to error");
+                msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR: The TAP-Windows driver rejected a TAP_WIN_IOCTL_CONFIG_DHCP_SET_OPT DeviceIoControl call");
             }
-            free_buf(&buf);
         }
-#endif /* ifndef SIMULATE_DHCP_FAILED */
+        else
+        {
+            msg(M_WARN, "DHCP option string not set due to error");
+        }
+        free_buf(&buf);
     }
+#endif /* ifndef SIMULATE_DHCP_FAILED */
 
-    /* set driver media status to 'connected' */
+    gc_free(&gc);
+}
+
+static bool
+tun_try_open_device(struct tuntap *tt, const char *device_guid, const struct device_instance_id_interface *device_instance_id_interface)
+{
+    const char *path = NULL;
+    char tuntap_device_path[256];
+
+    if (tt->windows_driver == WINDOWS_DRIVER_WINTUN)
     {
-        ULONG status = TRUE;
-        if (!DeviceIoControl(tt->hand, TAP_WIN_IOCTL_SET_MEDIA_STATUS,
-                             &status, sizeof(status),
-                             &status, sizeof(status), &len, NULL))
+        const struct device_instance_id_interface *dev_if;
+
+        /* Open Wintun adapter */
+        for (dev_if = device_instance_id_interface; dev_if != NULL; dev_if = dev_if->next)
         {
-            msg(M_WARN, "WARNING: The TAP-Windows driver rejected a TAP_WIN_IOCTL_SET_MEDIA_STATUS DeviceIoControl call.");
+            if (strcmp(dev_if->net_cfg_instance_id, device_guid) == 0)
+            {
+                path = dev_if->device_interface_list;
+                break;
+            }
         }
+        if (path == NULL)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        /* Open TAP-Windows adapter */
+        openvpn_snprintf(tuntap_device_path, sizeof(tuntap_device_path), "%s%s%s",
+                         USERMODEDEVICEDIR,
+                         device_guid,
+                         TAP_WIN_SUFFIX);
+        path = tuntap_device_path;
     }
 
-    /* possible wait for adapter to come up */
+    tt->hand = CreateFile(path,
+                          GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
+                          0,         /* was: FILE_SHARE_READ */
+                          0,
+                          OPEN_EXISTING,
+                          FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED,
+                          0);
+    if (tt->hand == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
     {
-        int s = tt->options.tap_sleep;
-        if (s > 0)
+        msg(D_TUNTAP_INFO, "CreateFile failed on %s device: %s", print_windows_driver(tt->windows_driver), path);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (tt->windows_driver == WINDOWS_DRIVER_WINTUN)
+    {
+        /* Wintun adapter may be considered "open" after ring buffers are successfuly registered. */
+        if (!wintun_register_ring_buffer(tt, device_guid))
         {
-            msg(M_INFO, "Sleeping for %d seconds...", s);
-            management_sleep(s);
+            msg(D_TUNTAP_INFO, "Failed to register %s adapter ring buffers", device_guid);
+            CloseHandle(tt->hand);
+            tt->hand = NULL;
+            return false;
         }
     }
 
-    /* possibly use IP Helper API to set IP address on adapter */
+    return true;
+}
+
+static void
+tun_open_device(struct tuntap *tt, const char *dev_node, const char **device_guid, struct gc_arena *gc)
+{
+    const struct tap_reg *tap_reg = get_tap_reg(gc);
+    const struct panel_reg *panel_reg = get_panel_reg(gc);
+    const struct device_instance_id_interface *device_instance_id_interface = get_device_instance_id_interface(gc);
+    char actual_buffer[256];
+
+    at_least_one_tap_win(tap_reg);
+
+    /*
+     * Lookup the device name in the registry, using the --dev-node high level name.
+     */
+    if (dev_node)
     {
-        const DWORD index = tt->adapter_index;
+        enum windows_driver_type windows_driver = WINDOWS_DRIVER_UNSPECIFIED;
+
+        /* Get the device GUID for the device specified with --dev-node. */
+        *device_guid = get_device_guid(dev_node, actual_buffer, sizeof(actual_buffer), &windows_driver, tap_reg, panel_reg, gc);
 
-        /* flush arp cache */
-        if (index != TUN_ADAPTER_INDEX_INVALID)
+        if (!*device_guid)
         {
-            DWORD status = -1;
+            msg(M_FATAL, "Adapter '%s' not found", dev_node);
+        }
 
-            if (tt->options.msg_channel)
-            {
-                ack_message_t ack;
-                flush_neighbors_message_t msg = {
-                    .header = {
-                        msg_flush_neighbors,
-                        sizeof(flush_neighbors_message_t),
-                        0
-                    },
-                    .family = AF_INET,
-                    .iface = { .index = index, .name = "" }
-                };
-
-                if (!WriteFile(tt->options.msg_channel, &msg, sizeof(msg), &len, NULL)
-                    || !ReadFile(tt->options.msg_channel, &ack, sizeof(ack), &len, NULL))
-                {
-                    msg(M_WARN, "TUN: could not talk to service: %s [%lu]",
-                        strerror_win32(GetLastError(), &gc), GetLastError());
-                }
+        if (tt->windows_driver != windows_driver)
+        {
+            msg(M_FATAL, "Adapter '%s' is using %s driver, %s expected. If you want to use this device, adjust --windows-driver.",
+                dev_node, print_windows_driver(windows_driver), print_windows_driver(tt->windows_driver));
+        }
 
-                status = ack.error_number;
-            }
-            else
+        if (!tun_try_open_device(tt, *device_guid, device_instance_id_interface))
+        {
+            msg(M_FATAL, "Failed to open %s adapter: %s", print_windows_driver(tt->windows_driver), dev_node);
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        int device_number = 0;
+
+        /* Try opening all TAP devices until we find one available */
+        while (true)
+        {
+            enum windows_driver_type windows_driver = WINDOWS_DRIVER_UNSPECIFIED;
+            *device_guid = get_unspecified_device_guid(device_number,
+                                                       actual_buffer,
+                                                       sizeof(actual_buffer),
+                                                       tap_reg,
+                                                       panel_reg,
+                                                       &windows_driver,
+                                                       gc);
+
+            if (!*device_guid)
             {
-                status = FlushIpNetTable(index);
+                msg(M_FATAL, "All %s adapters on this system are currently in use.", print_windows_driver(tt->windows_driver));
             }
 
-            if (status == NO_ERROR)
+            if (tt->windows_driver != windows_driver)
             {
-                msg(M_INFO, "Successful ARP Flush on interface [%u] %s",
-                    (unsigned int)index,
-                    device_guid);
+                goto next;
             }
-            else if (status != -1)
+
+            if (tun_try_open_device(tt, *device_guid, device_instance_id_interface))
             {
-                msg(D_TUNTAP_INFO, "NOTE: FlushIpNetTable failed on interface [%u] %s (status=%u) : %s",
-                    (unsigned int)index,
-                    device_guid,
-                    (unsigned int)status,
-                    strerror_win32(status, &gc));
+                break;
             }
+
+next:
+            device_number++;
         }
+    }
+
+    /* translate high-level device name into a device instance
+     * GUID using the registry */
+    tt->actual_name = string_alloc(actual_buffer, NULL);
 
+    msg(M_INFO, "%s device [%s] opened", print_windows_driver(tt->windows_driver), tt->actual_name);
+    tt->adapter_index = get_adapter_index(*device_guid);
+}
+
+static void
+tuntap_set_ip_props(const struct tuntap *tt, bool *dhcp_masq, bool *dhcp_masq_post)
+{
+    if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_DHCP_MASQ)
+    {
         /*
-         * If the TAP-Windows driver is masquerading as a DHCP server
-         * make sure the TCP/IP properties for the adapter are
-         * set correctly.
+         * If adapter is set to non-DHCP, set to DHCP mode.
          */
-        if (dhcp_masq_post)
+        if (dhcp_status(tt->adapter_index) == DHCP_STATUS_DISABLED)
         {
-            /* check dhcp enable status */
-            if (dhcp_status(index) == DHCP_STATUS_DISABLED)
-            {
-                msg(M_WARN, "WARNING: You have selected '--ip-win32 dynamic', which will not work unless the TAP-Windows TCP/IP properties are set to 'Obtain an IP address automatically'");
-            }
-
-            /* force an explicit DHCP lease renewal on TAP adapter? */
-            if (tt->options.dhcp_pre_release)
+            /* try using the service if available, else directly execute netsh */
+            if (tt->options.msg_channel)
             {
-                dhcp_release(tt);
+                service_enable_dhcp(tt);
             }
-            if (tt->options.dhcp_renew)
+            else
             {
-                dhcp_renew(tt);
+                netsh_enable_dhcp(tt->actual_name);
             }
         }
+        *dhcp_masq = true;
+        *dhcp_masq_post = true;
+    }
+    else if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_ADAPTIVE)
+    {
+        /*
+         * If adapter is set to non-DHCP, use netsh right away.
+         */
+        if (dhcp_status(tt->adapter_index) != DHCP_STATUS_ENABLED)
+        {
+            netsh_ifconfig(&tt->options,
+                           tt->actual_name,
+                           tt->local,
+                           tt->adapter_netmask,
+                           NI_TEST_FIRST | NI_IP_NETMASK | NI_OPTIONS);
+        }
         else
         {
-            fork_dhcp_action(tt);
+            *dhcp_masq = true;
         }
+    }
+}
 
-        if (tt->did_ifconfig_setup && tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_IPAPI)
-        {
-            DWORD status;
-            const char *error_suffix = "I am having trouble using the Windows 'IP helper API' to automatically set the IP address -- consider using other --ip-win32 methods (not 'ipapi')";
+static void
+tuntap_post_open(struct tuntap *tt, const char *device_guid)
+{
+    bool dhcp_masq = false;
+    bool dhcp_masq_post = false;
 
-            /* couldn't get adapter index */
-            if (index == TUN_ADAPTER_INDEX_INVALID)
-            {
-                msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR: unable to get adapter index for interface %s -- %s",
-                    device_guid,
-                    error_suffix);
-            }
+    if (tt->windows_driver == WINDOWS_DRIVER_TAP_WINDOWS6)
+    {
+        /* get driver version info */
+        tuntap_get_version_info(tt);
 
-            /* check dhcp enable status */
-            if (dhcp_status(index) == DHCP_STATUS_DISABLED)
-            {
-                msg(M_WARN, "NOTE: You have selected (explicitly or by default) '--ip-win32 ipapi', which has a better chance of working correctly if the TAP-Windows TCP/IP properties are set to 'Obtain an IP address automatically'");
-            }
+        /* get driver MTU */
+        tuntap_get_mtu(tt);
 
-            /* delete previously added IP addresses which were not
-             * correctly deleted */
-            delete_temp_addresses(index);
+        /*
+         * Preliminaries for setting TAP-Windows adapter TCP/IP
+         * properties via --ip-win32 dynamic or --ip-win32 adaptive.
+         */
+        if (tt->did_ifconfig_setup)
+        {
+            tuntap_set_ip_props(tt, &dhcp_masq, &dhcp_masq_post);
+        }
 
-            /* add a new IP address */
-            if ((status = AddIPAddress(htonl(tt->local),
-                                       htonl(tt->adapter_netmask),
-                                       index,
-                                       &tt->ipapi_context,
-                                       &tt->ipapi_instance)) == NO_ERROR)
-            {
-                msg(M_INFO, "Succeeded in adding a temporary IP/netmask of %s/%s to interface %s using the Win32 IP Helper API",
-                    print_in_addr_t(tt->local, 0, &gc),
-                    print_in_addr_t(tt->adapter_netmask, 0, &gc),
-                    device_guid
-                    );
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                msg(M_FATAL, "ERROR: AddIPAddress %s/%s failed on interface %s, index=%d, status=%u (windows error: '%s') -- %s",
-                    print_in_addr_t(tt->local, 0, &gc),
-                    print_in_addr_t(tt->adapter_netmask, 0, &gc),
-                    device_guid,
-                    (int)index,
-                    (unsigned int)status,
-                    strerror_win32(status, &gc),
-                    error_suffix);
-            }
-            tt->ipapi_context_defined = true;
+        /* set point-to-point mode if TUN device */
+        if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_TUN)
+        {
+            tuntap_set_ptp(tt);
         }
+
+        /* should we tell the TAP-Windows driver to masquerade as a DHCP server as a means
+         * of setting the adapter address? */
+        if (dhcp_masq)
+        {
+            tuntap_dhcp_mask(tt, device_guid);
+        }
+
+        /* set driver media status to 'connected' */
+        tuntap_set_connected(tt);
     }
-    /*netcmd_semaphore_release ();*/
+
+    /* possibly use IP Helper API to set IP address on adapter */
+    tuntap_set_ip_addr(tt, device_guid, dhcp_masq_post);
+}
+
+void
+open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tuntap *tt)
+{
+    const char *device_guid = NULL;
+
+    /*netcmd_semaphore_lock ();*/
+
+    msg( M_INFO, "open_tun");
+
+    if (tt->type == DEV_TYPE_NULL)
+    {
+        open_null(tt);
+        return;
+    }
+    else if (tt->type != DEV_TYPE_TAP && tt->type != DEV_TYPE_TUN)
+    {
+        msg(M_FATAL|M_NOPREFIX, "Unknown virtual device type: '%s'", dev);
+    }
+
+    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new(); /* used also for device_guid allocation */
+    tun_open_device(tt, dev_node, &device_guid, &gc);
+
+    tuntap_post_open(tt, device_guid);
+
     gc_free(&gc);
+
+    /*netcmd_semaphore_release ();*/
 }
 
 const char *
 tap_win_getinfo(const struct tuntap *tt, struct gc_arena *gc)
 {
-    if (tt && tt->hand != NULL)
+    if (tt->windows_driver == WINDOWS_DRIVER_TAP_WINDOWS6)
     {
         struct buffer out = alloc_buf_gc(256, gc);
         DWORD len;
@@ -6226,7 +6606,7 @@ tap_win_getinfo(const struct tuntap *tt, struct gc_arena *gc)
 void
 tun_show_debug(struct tuntap *tt)
 {
-    if (tt && tt->hand != NULL)
+    if (tt->windows_driver == WINDOWS_DRIVER_TAP_WINDOWS6)
     {
         struct buffer out = alloc_buf(1024);
         DWORD len;
@@ -6241,107 +6621,160 @@ tun_show_debug(struct tuntap *tt)
     }
 }
 
-void
-close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
+static void
+netsh_delete_address_dns(const struct tuntap *tt, bool ipv6, struct gc_arena *gc)
 {
-    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+    const char *ifconfig_ip_local;
+    struct argv argv = argv_new();
 
-    if (tt)
+    /* delete ipvX dns servers if any were set */
+    int len = ipv6 ? tt->options.dns6_len : tt->options.dns_len;
+    if (len > 0)
     {
-        if (tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup)
-        {
-            /* remove route pointing to interface */
-            delete_route_connected_v6_net(tt, NULL);
+        argv_printf(&argv,
+                    "%s%s interface %s delete dns %s all",
+                    get_win_sys_path(),
+                    NETSH_PATH_SUFFIX,
+                    ipv6 ? "ipv6" : "ipv4",
+                    tt->actual_name);
+        netsh_command(&argv, 1, M_WARN);
+    }
 
-            if (tt->options.msg_channel)
-            {
-                do_address_service(false, AF_INET6, tt);
-                if (tt->options.dns6_len > 0)
-                {
-                    do_dns6_service(false, tt);
-                }
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                const char *ifconfig_ipv6_local;
-                struct argv argv = argv_new();
+    if (ipv6)
+    {
+        delete_route_connected_v6_net(tt);
+    }
 
-                /* "store=active" is needed in Windows 8(.1) to delete the
-                 * address we added (pointed out by Cedric Tabary).
-                 */
+    /* "store=active" is needed in Windows 8(.1) to delete the
+     * address we added (pointed out by Cedric Tabary).
+     */
 
-                /* netsh interface ipv6 delete address \"%s\" %s */
-                ifconfig_ipv6_local = print_in6_addr(tt->local_ipv6, 0,  &gc);
-                argv_printf(&argv,
-                            "%s%sc interface ipv6 delete address %s %s store=active",
-                            get_win_sys_path(),
-                            NETSH_PATH_SUFFIX,
-                            tt->actual_name,
-                            ifconfig_ipv6_local);
+    /* netsh interface ipvX delete address \"%s\" %s */
+    if (ipv6)
+    {
+        ifconfig_ip_local = print_in6_addr(tt->local_ipv6, 0, gc);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        ifconfig_ip_local = print_in_addr_t(tt->local, 0, gc);
+    }
+    argv_printf(&argv,
+                "%s%s interface %s delete address %s %s store=active",
+                get_win_sys_path(),
+                NETSH_PATH_SUFFIX,
+                ipv6 ? "ipv6" : "ipv4",
+                tt->actual_name,
+                ifconfig_ip_local);
+    netsh_command(&argv, 1, M_WARN);
 
-                netsh_command(&argv, 1, M_WARN);
+    argv_free(&argv);
+}
 
-                /* delete ipv6 dns servers if any were set */
-                if (tt->options.dns6_len > 0)
-                {
-                    argv_printf(&argv,
-                                "%s%sc interface ipv6 delete dns %s all",
-                                get_win_sys_path(),
-                                NETSH_PATH_SUFFIX,
-                                tt->actual_name);
-                    netsh_command(&argv, 1, M_WARN);
-                }
-                argv_reset(&argv);
-            }
+void
+close_tun(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
+{
+    ASSERT(tt);
+
+    struct gc_arena gc = gc_new();
+
+    if (tt->did_ifconfig_ipv6_setup)
+    {
+        if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_MANUAL)
+        {
+            /* We didn't do ifconfig. */
         }
-#if 1
-        if (tt->ipapi_context_defined)
+        else if (tt->options.msg_channel)
         {
-            DWORD status;
-            if ((status = DeleteIPAddress(tt->ipapi_context)) != NO_ERROR)
+            if (tt->options.dns6_len > 0)
             {
-                msg(M_WARN, "Warning: DeleteIPAddress[%u] failed on TAP-Windows adapter, status=%u : %s",
-                    (unsigned int)tt->ipapi_context,
-                    (unsigned int)status,
-                    strerror_win32(status, &gc));
+                do_dns_service(false, AF_INET6, tt);
             }
+            delete_route_connected_v6_net(tt);
+            do_address_service(false, AF_INET6, tt);
         }
-#endif
-
-        dhcp_release(tt);
+        else
+        {
+            netsh_delete_address_dns(tt, true, &gc);
+        }
+    }
 
-        if (tt->hand != NULL)
+    if (tt->did_ifconfig_setup)
+    {
+        if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_MANUAL)
         {
-            dmsg(D_WIN32_IO_LOW, "Attempting CancelIO on TAP-Windows adapter");
-            if (!CancelIo(tt->hand))
-            {
-                msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Warning: CancelIO failed on TAP-Windows adapter");
-            }
+            /* We didn't do ifconfig. */
         }
+        else if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_DHCP_MASQ || tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_ADAPTIVE)
+        {
+            /* We don't have to clean the configuration with DHCP. */
+        }
+        else if (tt->options.msg_channel)
+        {
+            do_dns_service(false, AF_INET, tt);
+            do_address_service(false, AF_INET, tt);
+        }
+        else if (tt->options.ip_win32_type == IPW32_SET_NETSH)
+        {
+            netsh_delete_address_dns(tt, false, &gc);
+        }
+    }
 
-        dmsg(D_WIN32_IO_LOW, "Attempting close of overlapped read event on TAP-Windows adapter");
-        overlapped_io_close(&tt->reads);
+    if (tt->ipapi_context_defined)
+    {
+        DWORD status;
+        if ((status = DeleteIPAddress(tt->ipapi_context)) != NO_ERROR)
+        {
+            msg(M_WARN, "Warning: DeleteIPAddress[%u] failed on TAP-Windows adapter, status=%u : %s",
+                (unsigned int)tt->ipapi_context,
+                (unsigned int)status,
+                strerror_win32(status, &gc));
+        }
+    }
 
-        dmsg(D_WIN32_IO_LOW, "Attempting close of overlapped write event on TAP-Windows adapter");
-        overlapped_io_close(&tt->writes);
+    dhcp_release(tt);
 
-        if (tt->hand != NULL)
+    if (tt->hand != NULL)
+    {
+        dmsg(D_WIN32_IO_LOW, "Attempting CancelIO on TAP-Windows adapter");
+        if (!CancelIo(tt->hand))
         {
-            dmsg(D_WIN32_IO_LOW, "Attempting CloseHandle on TAP-Windows adapter");
-            if (!CloseHandle(tt->hand))
-            {
-                msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Warning: CloseHandle failed on TAP-Windows adapter");
-            }
+            msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Warning: CancelIO failed on TAP-Windows adapter");
         }
+    }
 
-        if (tt->actual_name)
+    dmsg(D_WIN32_IO_LOW, "Attempting close of overlapped read event on TAP-Windows adapter");
+    overlapped_io_close(&tt->reads);
+
+    dmsg(D_WIN32_IO_LOW, "Attempting close of overlapped write event on TAP-Windows adapter");
+    overlapped_io_close(&tt->writes);
+
+    if (tt->hand != NULL)
+    {
+        dmsg(D_WIN32_IO_LOW, "Attempting CloseHandle on TAP-Windows adapter");
+        if (!CloseHandle(tt->hand))
         {
-            free(tt->actual_name);
+            msg(M_WARN | M_ERRNO, "Warning: CloseHandle failed on TAP-Windows adapter");
         }
+    }
 
-        clear_tuntap(tt);
-        free(tt);
+    if (tt->actual_name)
+    {
+        free(tt->actual_name);
+    }
+
+    if (tt->windows_driver == WINDOWS_DRIVER_WINTUN)
+    {
+        CloseHandle(tt->rw_handle.read);
+        CloseHandle(tt->rw_handle.write);
+        UnmapViewOfFile(tt->wintun_send_ring);
+        UnmapViewOfFile(tt->wintun_receive_ring);
+        CloseHandle(tt->wintun_send_ring_handle);
+        CloseHandle(tt->wintun_receive_ring_handle);
     }
+
+
+    clear_tuntap(tt);
+    free(tt);
     gc_free(&gc);
 }
 
@@ -6418,13 +6851,12 @@ open_tun(const char *dev, const char *dev_type, const char *dev_node, struct tun
 }
 
 void
-close_tun(struct tuntap *tt)
+close_tun(struct tuntap *tt, openvpn_net_ctx_t *ctx)
 {
-    if (tt)
-    {
-        close_tun_generic(tt);
-        free(tt);
-    }
+    ASSERT(tt);
+
+    close_tun_generic(tt);
+    free(tt);
 }
 
 int