Don't cache --askpass or --auth-user-pass username/passwords in virtual memory.

If specified, this directive will cause OpenVPN to immediately forget username/password inputs after they are used. As a result, when OpenVPN needs a username/password, it will prompt for input from stdin, which may be multiple times during the duration of an OpenVPN session.

When using --auth-nocache in combination with a user/password file and --chroot or --daemon, make sure to use an absolute path.

This directive does not affect the --http-proxy username/password. It is always cached.

Change directory to dir prior to reading any files such as configuration files, key files, scripts, etc. dir should be an absolute path, with a leading "/", and without any references to the current directory such as . or ...

This option is useful when you are running OpenVPN in --daemon mode, and you want to consolidate all of your OpenVPN control files in one location.

Chroot to dir after initialization. --chroot essentially redefines dir as being the top level directory tree (/). OpenVPN will therefore be unable to access any files outside this tree. This can be desirable from a security standpoint.

Since the chroot operation is delayed until after initialization, most OpenVPN options that reference files will operate in a pre-chroot context.

In many cases, the dir parameter can point to an empty directory, however complications can result when scripts or restarts are executed after the chroot operation.

Note: The SSL library will probably need /dev/urandom to be available inside the chroot directory dir. This is because SSL libraries occasionally need to collect fresh random. Newer linux kernels and some BSDs implement a getrandom() or getentropy() syscall that removes the need for /dev/urandom to be available.

Load additional config options from file where each line corresponds to one command line option, but with the leading '--' removed.

If --config file is the only option to the openvpn command, the --config can be removed, and the command can be given as openvpn file

Note that configuration files can be nested to a reasonable depth.

Double quotation or single quotation characters ("", '') can be used to enclose single parameters containing whitespace, and "#" or ";" characters in the first column can be used to denote comments.

Note that OpenVPN 2.0 and higher performs backslash-based shell escaping for characters not in single quotations, so the following mappings should be observed:

\\       Maps to a single backslash character (\).
\"       Pass a literal doublequote character ("), don't
         interpret it as enclosing a parameter.
\[SPACE] Pass a literal space or tab character, don't
         interpret it as a parameter delimiter.

For example on Windows, use double backslashes to represent pathnames:

secret "c:\\OpenVPN\\secret.key"

For examples of configuration files, see https://openvpn.net/community-resources/how-to/

Here is an example configuration file:

#
# Sample OpenVPN configuration file for
# using a pre-shared static key.
#
# '#' or ';' may be used to delimit comments.

# Use a dynamic tun device.
dev tun

# Our remote peer
remote mypeer.mydomain

# 10.1.0.1 is our local VPN endpoint
# 10.1.0.2 is our remote VPN endpoint
ifconfig 10.1.0.1 10.1.0.2

# Our pre-shared static key
secret static.key

Become a daemon after all initialization functions are completed. This option will cause all message and error output to be sent to the syslog file (such as /var/log/messages), except for the output of scripts and ifconfig commands, which will go to /dev/null unless otherwise redirected. The syslog redirection occurs immediately at the point that --daemon is parsed on the command line even though the daemonization point occurs later. If one of the --log options is present, it will supersede syslog redirection.

The optional progname parameter will cause OpenVPN to report its program name to the system logger as progname. This can be useful in linking OpenVPN messages in the syslog file with specific tunnels. When unspecified, progname defaults to "openvpn".

When OpenVPN is run with the --daemon option, it will try to delay daemonization until the majority of initialization functions which are capable of generating fatal errors are complete. This means that initialization scripts can test the return status of the openvpn command for a fairly reliable indication of whether the command has correctly initialized and entered the packet forwarding event loop.

In OpenVPN, the vast majority of errors which occur after initialization are non-fatal.

Note: as soon as OpenVPN has daemonized, it can not ask for usernames, passwords, or key pass phrases anymore. This has certain consequences, namely that using a password-protected private key will fail unless the --askpass option is used to tell OpenVPN to ask for the pass phrase (this requirement is new in v2.3.7, and is a consequence of calling daemon() before initializing the crypto layer).

Further, using --daemon together with --auth-user-pass (entered on console) and --auth-nocache will fail as soon as key renegotiation (and reauthentication) occurs.

Don't output a warning message if option inconsistencies are detected between peers. An example of an option inconsistency would be where one peer uses --dev tun while the other peer uses --dev tap.

Use of this option is discouraged, but is provided as a temporary fix in situations where a recent version of OpenVPN must connect to an old version.

Enable OpenSSL hardware-based crypto engine functionality.

If engine-name is specified, use a specific crypto engine. Use the --show-engines standalone option to list the crypto engines which are supported by OpenSSL.

(Experimental) Optimize TUN/TAP/UDP I/O writes by avoiding a call to poll/epoll/select prior to the write operation. The purpose of such a call would normally be to block until the device or socket is ready to accept the write. Such blocking is unnecessary on some platforms which don't support write blocking on UDP sockets or TUN/TAP devices. In such cases, one can optimize the event loop by avoiding the poll/epoll/select call, improving CPU efficiency by 5% to 10%.

This option can only be used on non-Windows systems, when --proto udp is specified, and when --shaper is NOT specified.

Valid syntax:

ignore-unknown-options opt1 opt2 opt3 ... optN

When one of options opt1 ... optN is encountered in the configuration file the configuration file parsing does not fail if this OpenVPN version does not support the option. Multiple --ignore-unknown-option options can be given to support a larger number of options to ignore.

This option should be used with caution, as there are good security reasons for having OpenVPN fail if it detects problems in a config file. Having said that, there are valid reasons for wanting new software features to gracefully degrade when encountered by older software versions.

--ignore-unknown-option is available since OpenVPN 2.3.3.

Save Exported Keying Material [RFC5705] of len bytes (must be between 16 and 4095 bytes) using label in environment (exported_keying_material) for use by plugins in OPENVPN_PLUGIN_TLS_FINAL callback.

Valid syntax:

keying-material-exporter label len

Note that exporter labels have the potential to collide with existing PRF labels. In order to prevent this, labels MUST begin with EXPORTER.

Disable paging by calling the POSIX mlockall function. Requires that OpenVPN be initially run as root (though OpenVPN can subsequently downgrade its UID using the --user option).

Using this option ensures that key material and tunnel data are never written to disk due to virtual memory paging operations which occur under most modern operating systems. It ensures that even if an attacker was able to crack the box running OpenVPN, he would not be able to scan the system swap file to recover previously used ephemeral keys, which are used for a period of time governed by the --reneg options (see below), then are discarded.

The downside of using --mlock is that it will reduce the amount of physical memory available to other applications.

The limit on how much memory can be locked and how that limit is enforced are OS-dependent. On Linux the default limit that an unprivileged process may lock (RLIMIT_MEMLOCK) is low, and if privileges are dropped later, future memory allocations will very likely fail. The limit can be increased using ulimit or systemd directives depending on how OpenVPN is started.

Don't re-read key files across SIGUSR1 or --ping-restart.

This option can be combined with --user nobody to allow restarts triggered by the SIGUSR1 signal. Normally if you drop root privileges in OpenVPN, the daemon cannot be restarted since it will now be unable to re-read protected key files.

This option solves the problem by persisting keys across SIGUSR1 resets, so they don't need to be re-read.

Control whether internally or externally generated SIGUSR1 signals are remapped to SIGHUP (restart without persisting state) or SIGTERM (exit).

signal can be set to SIGHUP or SIGTERM. By default, no remapping occurs.

This directive offers policy-level control over OpenVPN's usage of external programs and scripts. Lower level values are more restrictive, higher values are more permissive. Settings for level:

0

Strictly no calling of external programs.

1

(Default) Only call built-in executables such as ifconfig, ip, route, or netsh.

2

Allow calling of built-in executables and user-defined scripts.

3

Allow passwords to be passed to scripts via environmental variables (potentially unsafe).

OpenVPN releases before v2.3 also supported a method flag which indicated how OpenVPN should call external commands and scripts. This could be either execve or system. As of OpenVPN 2.3, this flag is no longer accepted. In most *nix environments the execve() approach has been used without any issues.

Some directives such as --up allow options to be passed to the external script. In these cases make sure the script name does not contain any spaces or the configuration parser will choke because it can't determine where the script name ends and script options start.

To run scripts in Windows in earlier OpenVPN versions you needed to either add a full path to the script interpreter which can parse the script or use the system flag to run these scripts. As of OpenVPN 2.3 it is now a strict requirement to have full path to the script interpreter when running non-executables files. This is not needed for executable files, such as .exe, .com, .bat or .cmd files. For example, if you have a Visual Basic script, you must use this syntax now:

--up 'C:\\Windows\\System32\\wscript.exe C:\\Program\ Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\my-up-script.vbs'

Please note the single quote marks and the escaping of the backslashes (\) and the space character.

The reason the support for the system flag was removed is due to the security implications with shell expansions when executing scripts via the system() call.

Apply SELinux context after initialization. This essentially provides the ability to restrict OpenVPN's rights to only network I/O operations, thanks to SELinux. This goes further than --user and --chroot in that those two, while being great security features, unfortunately do not protect against privilege escalation by exploitation of a vulnerable system call. You can of course combine all three, but please note that since setcon requires access to /proc you will have to provide it inside the chroot directory (e.g. with mount --bind).

Since the setcon operation is delayed until after initialization, OpenVPN can be restricted to just network-related system calls, whereas by applying the context before startup (such as the OpenVPN one provided in the SELinux Reference Policies) you will have to allow many things required only during initialization.

Like with chroot, complications can result when scripts or restarts are executed after the setcon operation, which is why you should really consider using the --persist-key and --persist-tun options.

Write operational status to file every n seconds.

Valid syntaxes:

status file
status file n

Status can also be written to the syslog by sending a SIGUSR2 signal.

With multi-client capability enabled on a server, the status file includes a list of clients and a routing table. The output format can be controlled by the --status-version option in that case.

For clients or instances running in point-to-point mode, it will contain the traffic statistics.

Set the status file format version number to n.

This only affects the status file on servers with multi-client capability enabled. Valid status version values:

1

Traditional format (default). The client list contains the following fields comma-separated: Common Name, Real Address, Bytes Received, Bytes Sent, Connected Since.

2

A more reliable format for external processing. Compared to version 1, the client list contains some additional fields: Virtual Address, Virtual IPv6 Address, Username, Client ID, Peer ID, Data Channel Cipher. Future versions may extend the number of fields.

3

Identical to 2, but fields are tab-separated.

Do a self-test of OpenVPN's crypto options by encrypting and decrypting test packets using the data channel encryption options specified above. This option does not require a peer to function, and therefore can be specified without --dev or --remote.

The typical usage of --test-crypto would be something like this:

openvpn --test-crypto --secret key

or

openvpn --test-crypto --secret key --verb 9

This option is very useful to test OpenVPN after it has been ported to a new platform, or to isolate problems in the compiler, OpenSSL crypto library, or OpenVPN's crypto code. Since it is a self-test mode, problems with encryption and authentication can be debugged independently of network and tunnel issues.

Specify a directory dir for temporary files. This directory will be used by openvpn processes and script to communicate temporary data with openvpn main process. Note that the directory must be writable by the OpenVPN process after it has dropped it's root privileges.

This directory will be used by in the following cases:

• --client-connect scripts and OPENVPN_PLUGIN_CLIENT_CONNECT plug-in hook to dynamically generate client-specific configuration client_connect_config_file and return success/failure via client_connect_deferred_file when using deferred client connect method
• OPENVPN_PLUGIN_AUTH_USER_PASS_VERIFY plug-in hooks returns success/failure via auth_control_file when using deferred auth method
• OPENVPN_PLUGIN_ENABLE_PF plugin hook to pass filtering rules via pf_file

Enable prediction resistance on mbed TLS's RNG.

Enabling prediction resistance causes the RNG to reseed in each call for random. Reseeding this often can quickly deplete the kernel entropy pool.

If you need this option, please consider running a daemon that adds entropy to the kernel pool.

Change the user ID of the OpenVPN process to user after initialization, dropping privileges in the process. This option is useful to protect the system in the event that some hostile party was able to gain control of an OpenVPN session. Though OpenVPN's security features make this unlikely, it is provided as a second line of defense.

By setting user to nobody or somebody similarly unprivileged, the hostile party would be limited in what damage they could cause. Of course once you take away privileges, you cannot return them to an OpenVPN session. This means, for example, that if you want to reset an OpenVPN daemon with a SIGUSR1 signal (for example in response to a DHCP reset), you should make use of one or more of the --persist options to ensure that OpenVPN doesn't need to execute any privileged operations in order to restart (such as re-reading key files or running ifconfig on the TUN device).

Echo parms to log output.

Designed to be used to send messages to a controlling application which is receiving the OpenVPN log output.

Output logging messages to file, including output to stdout/stderr which is generated by called scripts. If file already exists it will be truncated. This option takes effect immediately when it is parsed in the command line and will supersede syslog output if --daemon or --inetd is also specified. This option is persistent over the entire course of an OpenVPN instantiation and will not be reset by SIGHUP, SIGUSR1, or --ping-restart.

Note that on Windows, when OpenVPN is started as a service, logging occurs by default without the need to specify this option.

Set output verbosity to n (default 1). Each level shows all info from the previous levels. Level 3 is recommended if you want a good summary of what's happening without being swamped by output.

0

No output except fatal errors.

1 to 4

Normal usage range.

5

Outputs R and W characters to the console for each packet read and write, uppercase is used for TCP/UDP packets and lowercase is used for TUN/TAP packets.

6 to 11

Debug info range (see errlevel.h in the source code for additional information on debug levels).

As described in the --compress option, compression is a potentially dangerous option. This option allows controlling the behaviour of OpenVPN when compression is used and allowed.

Valid syntaxes:

allow-compression
allow-compression mode

The mode argument can be one of the following values:

asym (default)

OpenVPN will only decompress downlink packets but not compress uplink packets. This also allows migrating to disable compression when changing both server and client configurations to remove compression at the same time is not a feasible option.

no

OpenVPN will refuse any non-stub compression.

yes

OpenVPN will send and receive compressed packets.

Authenticate data channel packets and (if enabled) tls-auth control channel packets with HMAC using message digest algorithm alg. (The default is SHA1 ). HMAC is a commonly used message authentication algorithm (MAC) that uses a data string, a secure hash algorithm and a key to produce a digital signature.

The OpenVPN data channel protocol uses encrypt-then-mac (i.e. first encrypt a packet then HMAC the resulting ciphertext), which prevents padding oracle attacks.

If an AEAD cipher mode (e.g. GCM) is chosen then the specified --auth algorithm is ignored for the data channel and the authentication method of the AEAD cipher is used instead. Note that alg still specifies the digest used for tls-auth.

In static-key encryption mode, the HMAC key is included in the key file generated by --genkey. In TLS mode, the HMAC key is dynamically generated and shared between peers via the TLS control channel. If OpenVPN receives a packet with a bad HMAC it will drop the packet. HMAC usually adds 16 or 20 bytes per packet. Set alg=none to disable authentication.

For more information on HMAC see http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/users/mihir/papers/hmac.html

This option is deprecated for server-client mode. --data-ciphers or possibly --data-ciphers-fallback` should be used instead.

Encrypt data channel packets with cipher algorithm alg.

The default is BF-CBC, an abbreviation for Blowfish in Cipher Block Chaining mode. When cipher negotiation (NCP) is allowed, OpenVPN 2.4 and newer on both client and server side will automatically upgrade to AES-256-GCM. See --data-ciphers and --ncp-disable for more details on NCP.

Using BF-CBC is no longer recommended, because of its 64-bit block size. This small block size allows attacks based on collisions, as demonstrated by SWEET32. See https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/SWEET32 for details. Due to this, support for BF-CBC, DES, CAST5, IDEA and RC2 ciphers will be removed in OpenVPN 2.6.

To see other ciphers that are available with OpenVPN, use the --show-ciphers option.

Set alg to none to disable encryption.

DEPRECATED Enable a compression algorithm. Compression is generally not recommended. VPN tunnels which use compression are susceptible to the VORALCE attack vector.

The algorithm parameter may be lzo, lz4, lz4-v2, stub, stub-v2 or empty. LZO and LZ4 are different compression algorithms, with LZ4 generally offering the best performance with least CPU usage.

The lz4-v2 and stub-v2 variants implement a better framing that does not add overhead when packets cannot be compressed. All other variants always add one extra framing byte compared to no compression framing.

If the algorithm parameter is stub, stub-v2 or empty, compression will be turned off, but the packet framing for compression will still be enabled, allowing a different setting to be pushed later. Additionally, stub and stub-v2 wil disable announcing lzo and lz4 compression support via IV_ variables to the server.

Note: the stub (or empty) option is NOT compatible with the older option --comp-lzo no.

*Security Considerations*

Compression and encryption is a tricky combination. If an attacker knows or is able to control (parts of) the plain-text of packets that contain secrets, the attacker might be able to extract the secret if compression is enabled. See e.g. the CRIME and BREACH attacks on TLS and VORACLE on VPNs which also leverage to break encryption. If you are not entirely sure that the above does not apply to your traffic, you are advised to not enable compression.

DEPRECATED Enable LZO compression algorithm. Compression is generally not recommended. VPN tunnels which uses compression are suspectible to the VORALCE attack vector.

Use LZO compression -- may add up to 1 byte per packet for incompressible data. mode may be yes, no, or adaptive (default).

In a server mode setup, it is possible to selectively turn compression on or off for individual clients.

First, make sure the client-side config file enables selective compression by having at least one --comp-lzo directive, such as --comp-lzo no. This will turn off compression by default, but allow a future directive push from the server to dynamically change the on/off/adaptive setting.

Next in a --client-config-dir file, specify the compression setting for the client, for example:

comp-lzo yes
push "comp-lzo yes"

The first line sets the comp-lzo setting for the server side of the link, the second sets the client side.

DEPRECATED When used in conjunction with --comp-lzo, this option will disable OpenVPN's adaptive compression algorithm. Normally, adaptive compression is enabled with --comp-lzo.

Adaptive compression tries to optimize the case where you have compression enabled, but you are sending predominantly incompressible (or pre-compressed) packets over the tunnel, such as an FTP or rsync transfer of a large, compressed file. With adaptive compression, OpenVPN will periodically sample the compression process to measure its efficiency. If the data being sent over the tunnel is already compressed, the compression efficiency will be very low, triggering openvpn to disable compression for a period of time until the next re-sample test.

DEPRECATED This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.6.

Size of cipher key in bits (optional). If unspecified, defaults to cipher-specific default. The --show-ciphers option (see below) shows all available OpenSSL ciphers, their default key sizes, and whether the key size can be changed. Use care in changing a cipher's default key size. Many ciphers have not been extensively cryptanalyzed with non-standard key lengths, and a larger key may offer no real guarantee of greater security, or may even reduce security.

Restrict the allowed ciphers to be negotiated to the ciphers in cipher-list. cipher-list is a colon-separated list of ciphers, and defaults to AES-256-GCM:AES-128-GCM.

For servers, the first cipher from cipher-list that is also supported by the client will be pushed to clients that support cipher negotiation.

Cipher negotiation is enabled in client-server mode only. I.e. if --mode is set to 'server' (server-side, implied by setting --server ), or if --pull is specified (client-side, implied by setting --client).

If no common cipher is found during cipher negotiation, the connection is terminated. To support old clients/old servers that do not provide any cipher negotiation support see --data-ciphers-fallback.

Additionally, to allow for more smooth transition, if NCP is enabled, OpenVPN will inherit the cipher of the peer if that cipher is different from the local --cipher setting, but the peer cipher is one of the ciphers specified in --data-ciphers. E.g. a non-NCP client (<=v2.3, or with --ncp-disabled set) connecting to a NCP server (v2.4+) with --cipher BF-CBC and --data-ciphers AES-256-GCM:AES-256-CBC set can either specify --cipher BF-CBC or --cipher AES-256-CBC and both will work.

Note for using NCP with an OpenVPN 2.4 peer: This list must include the AES-256-GCM and AES-128-GCM ciphers.

This list is restricted to be 127 chars long after conversion to OpenVPN ciphers.

This option was called --ncp-ciphers in OpenVPN 2.4 but has been renamed to --data-ciphers in OpenVPN 2.5 to more accurately reflect its meaning.

Configure a cipher that is used to fall back to if we could not determine which cipher the peer is willing to use.

This option should only be needed to connect to peers that are running OpenVPN 2.3 and older version, and have been configured with --enable-small (typically used on routers or other embedded devices).

Enable Static Key encryption mode (non-TLS). Use pre-shared secret file which was generated with --genkey.

Valid syntaxes:

secret file
secret file direction

The optional direction parameter enables the use of 4 distinct keys (HMAC-send, cipher-encrypt, HMAC-receive, cipher-decrypt), so that each data flow direction has a different set of HMAC and cipher keys. This has a number of desirable security properties including eliminating certain kinds of DoS and message replay attacks.

When the direction parameter is omitted, 2 keys are used bidirectionally, one for HMAC and the other for encryption/decryption.

The direction parameter should always be complementary on either side of the connection, i.e. one side should use 0 and the other should use 1, or both sides should omit it altogether.

The direction parameter requires that file contains a 2048 bit key. While pre-1.5 versions of OpenVPN generate 1024 bit key files, any version of OpenVPN which supports the direction parameter, will also support 2048 bit key file generation using the --genkey option.

Static key encryption mode has certain advantages, the primary being ease of configuration.

There are no certificates or certificate authorities or complicated negotiation handshakes and protocols. The only requirement is that you have a pre-existing secure channel with your peer (such as ssh) to initially copy the key. This requirement, along with the fact that your key never changes unless you manually generate a new one, makes it somewhat less secure than TLS mode (see below). If an attacker manages to steal your key, everything that was ever encrypted with it is compromised. Contrast that to the perfect forward secrecy features of TLS mode (using Diffie Hellman key exchange), where even if an attacker was able to steal your private key, he would gain no information to help him decrypt past sessions.

Another advantageous aspect of Static Key encryption mode is that it is a handshake-free protocol without any distinguishing signature or feature (such as a header or protocol handshake sequence) that would mark the ciphertext packets as being generated by OpenVPN. Anyone eavesdropping on the wire would see nothing but random-looking data.

This is not an option to be used directly in any configuration files, but rather push this option from a --client-connect script or a --plugin which hooks into the OPENVPN_PLUGIN_CLIENT_CONNECT or OPENVPN_PLUGIN_CLIENT_CONNECT_V2 calls. This option provides a possibility to replace the clients password with an authentication token during the lifetime of the OpenVPN client.

Whenever the connection is renegotiated and the --auth-user-pass-verify script or --plugin making use of the OPENVPN_PLUGIN_AUTH_USER_PASS_VERIFY hook is triggered, it will pass over this token as the password instead of the password the user provided. The authentication token can only be reset by a full reconnect where the server can push new options to the client. The password the user entered is never preserved once an authentication token has been set. If the OpenVPN server side rejects the authentication token then the client will receive an AUTH_FAILED and disconnect.

The purpose of this is to enable two factor authentication methods, such as HOTP or TOTP, to be used without needing to retrieve a new OTP code each time the connection is renegotiated. Another use case is to cache authentication data on the client without needing to have the users password cached in memory during the life time of the session.

To make use of this feature, the --client-connect script or --plugin needs to put

push "auth-token UNIQUE_TOKEN_VALUE"

into the file/buffer for dynamic configuration data. This will then make the OpenVPN server to push this value to the client, which replaces the local password with the UNIQUE_TOKEN_VALUE.

Newer clients (2.4.7+) will fall back to the original password method after a failed auth. Older clients will keep using the token value and react according to --auth-retry

Authenticate with server using username/password.

Valid syntaxes:

auth-user-pass
auth-user-pass up

If up is present, it must be a file containing username/password on 2 lines. If the password line is missing, OpenVPN will prompt for one.

If up is omitted, username/password will be prompted from the console.

The server configuration must specify an --auth-user-pass-verify script to verify the username/password provided by the client.

Controls how OpenVPN responds to username/password verification errors such as the client-side response to an AUTH_FAILED message from the server or verification failure of the private key password.

Normally used to prevent auth errors from being fatal on the client side, and to permit username/password requeries in case of error.

An AUTH_FAILED message is generated by the server if the client fails --auth-user-pass authentication, or if the server-side --client-connect script returns an error status when the client tries to connect.

type can be one of:

none

Client will exit with a fatal error (this is the default).

nointeract

Client will retry the connection without requerying for an --auth-user-pass username/password. Use this option for unattended clients.

interact

Client will requery for an --auth-user-pass username/password and/or private key password before attempting a reconnection.

Note that while this option cannot be pushed, it can be controlled from the management interface.

A helper directive designed to simplify the configuration of OpenVPN's client mode. This directive is equivalent to:

pull
tls-client

This pushable client option sets up a stateless one-to-one NAT rule on packet addresses (not ports), and is useful in cases where routes or ifconfig settings pushed to the client would create an IP numbering conflict.

Examples:

client-nat snat 192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0
client-nat dnat 10.64.0.0/255.255.0.0

network/netmask (for example 192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0) defines the local view of a resource from the client perspective, while alias/netmask (for example 10.64.0.0/255.255.0.0) defines the remote view from the server perspective.

Use snat (source NAT) for resources owned by the client and dnat (destination NAT) for remote resources.

Set --verb 6 for debugging info showing the transformation of src/dest addresses in packets.

In UDP client mode or point-to-point mode, send server/peer an exit notification if tunnel is restarted or OpenVPN process is exited. In client mode, on exit/restart, this option will tell the server to immediately close its client instance object rather than waiting for a timeout.

The n parameter (default 1 if not present) controls the maximum number of attempts that the client will try to resend the exit notification message.

In UDP server mode, send RESTART control channel command to connected clients. The n parameter (default 1 if not present) controls client behavior. With n = 1 client will attempt to reconnect to the same server, with n = 2 client will advance to the next server.

OpenVPN will not send any exit notifications unless this option is enabled.

Causes OpenVPN to exit after n seconds of inactivity on the TUN/TAP device. The time length of inactivity is measured since the last incoming or outgoing tunnel packet. The default value is 0 seconds, which disables this feature.

Valid syntaxes:

inactive n
inactive n bytes

If the optional bytes parameter is included, exit if less than bytes of combined in/out traffic are produced on the tun/tap device in n seconds.

In any case, OpenVPN's internal ping packets (which are just keepalives) and TLS control packets are not considered "activity", nor are they counted as traffic, as they are used internally by OpenVPN and are not an indication of actual user activity.

This option must be used on a client which is connecting to a multi-client server. It indicates to OpenVPN that it should accept options pushed by the server, provided they are part of the legal set of pushable options (note that the --pull option is implied by --client ).

In particular, --pull allows the server to push routes to the client, so you should not use --pull or --client in situations where you don't trust the server to have control over the client's routing table.

Filter options on the client pushed by the server to the client.

Valid syntaxes:

pull-filter accept text
pull-filter ignore text
pull-filter reject text

Filter options received from the server if the option starts with text. The action flag accept allows the option, ignore removes it and reject flags an error and triggers a SIGUSR1 restart. The filters may be specified multiple times, and each filter is applied in the order it is specified. The filtering of each option stops as soon as a match is found. Unmatched options are accepted by default.

Prefix comparison is used to match text against the received option so that

pull-filter ignore "route"

would remove all pushed options starting with route which would include, for example, route-gateway. Enclose text in quotes to embed spaces.

pull-filter accept "route 192.168.1."
pull-filter ignore "route "

would remove all routes that do not start with 192.168.1.

Note that reject may result in a repeated cycle of failure and reconnect, unless multiple remotes are specified and connection to the next remote succeeds. To silently ignore an option pushed by the server, use ignore.

Remote host name or IP address, port and protocol.

Valid syntaxes:

remote host
remote host port
remote host port proto

The port and proto arguments are optional. The OpenVPN client will try to connect to a server at host:port. The proto argument indicates the protocol to use when connecting with the remote, and may be tcp or udp. To enforce IPv4 or IPv6 connections add a 4 or 6 suffix; like udp4 / udp6 / tcp4 / tcp6.

On the client, multiple --remote options may be specified for redundancy, each referring to a different OpenVPN server, in the order specified by the list of --remote options. Specifying multiple --remote options for this purpose is a special case of the more general connection-profile feature. See the <connection> documentation below.

The client will move on to the next host in the list, in the event of connection failure. Note that at any given time, the OpenVPN client will at most be connected to one server.

Examples:

remote server1.example.net
remote server1.example.net 1194
remote server2.example.net 1194 tcp

Note:

Since UDP is connectionless, connection failure is defined by the --ping and --ping-restart options.

Also, if you use multiple --remote options, AND you are dropping root privileges on the client with --user and/or --group AND the client is running a non-Windows OS, if the client needs to switch to a different server, and that server pushes back different TUN/TAP or route settings, the client may lack the necessary privileges to close and reopen the TUN/TAP interface. This could cause the client to exit with a fatal error.

If --remote is unspecified, OpenVPN will listen for packets from any IP address, but will not act on those packets unless they pass all authentication tests. This requirement for authentication is binding on all potential peers, even those from known and supposedly trusted IP addresses (it is very easy to forge a source IP address on a UDP packet).

When used in TCP mode, --remote will act as a filter, rejecting connections from any host which does not match host.

If host is a DNS name which resolves to multiple IP addresses, OpenVPN will try them in the order that the system getaddrinfo() presents them, so priorization and DNS randomization is done by the system library. Unless an IP version is forced by the protocol specification (4/6 suffix), OpenVPN will try both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, in the order getaddrinfo() returns them.

If hostname resolve fails for --remote, retry resolve for n seconds before failing.

Set n to "infinite" to retry indefinitely.

By default, --resolv-retry infinite is enabled. You can disable by setting n=0.

After initially connecting to a remote peer, disallow any new connections. Using this option means that a remote peer cannot connect, disconnect, and then reconnect.

If the daemon is reset by a signal or --ping-restart, it will allow one new connection.

--single-session can be used with --ping-exit or --inactive to create a single dynamic session that will exit when finished.

Enable static challenge/response protocol

Valid syntax:

static-challenge text echo

The text challenge text is presented to the user which describes what information is requested. The echo flag indicates if the user's input should be echoed on the screen. Valid echo values are 0 or 1.

See management-notes.txt in the OpenVPN distribution for a description of the OpenVPN challenge/response protocol.

Connect to remote host through an HTTP proxy. This requires at least an address server and port argument. If HTTP Proxy-Authenticate is required, a file name to an authfile file containing a username and password on 2 lines can be given, or stdin to prompt from console. Its content can also be specified in the config file with the --http-proxy-user-pass option. (See section on inline files)

The last optional argument is an auth-method which should be one of none, basic, or ntlm.

HTTP Digest authentication is supported as well, but only via the auto or auto-nct flags (below). This must replace the authfile argument.

The auto flag causes OpenVPN to automatically determine the auth-method and query stdin or the management interface for username/password credentials, if required. This flag exists on OpenVPN 2.1 or higher.

The auto-nct flag (no clear-text auth) instructs OpenVPN to automatically determine the authentication method, but to reject weak authentication protocols such as HTTP Basic Authentication.

Examples:

http-proxy proxy.example.net 3128
http-proxy proxy.example.net 3128 authfile.txt
http-proxy proxy.example.net 3128 stdin
http-proxy proxy.example.net 3128 auto basic
http-proxy proxy.example.net 3128 auto-nct ntlm

Set extended HTTP proxy options. Requires an option type as argument and an optional parameter to the type. Repeat to set multiple options.

VERSION version

Set HTTP version number to version (default 1.0).

AGENT user-agent

Set HTTP "User-Agent" string to user-agent.

CUSTOM-HEADER name content

Adds the custom Header with name as name and content as the content of the custom HTTP header.

Examples:

http-proxy-option VERSION 1.1
http-proxy-option AGENT OpenVPN/2.4
http-proxy-option X-Proxy-Flag some-flags

Returns an authentication token to successfully authenticated clients.

Valid syntax:

auth-gen-token [lifetime] [external-auth]

After successful user/password authentication, the OpenVPN server will with this option generate a temporary authentication token and push that to the client. On the following renegotiations, the OpenVPN client will pass this token instead of the users password. On the server side the server will do the token authentication internally and it will NOT do any additional authentications against configured external user/password authentication mechanisms.

The tokens implemented by this mechanism include an initial timestamp and a renew timestamp and are secured by HMAC.

The lifetime argument defines how long the generated token is valid. The lifetime is defined in seconds. If lifetime is not set or it is set to 0, the token will never expire.

The token will expire either after the configured lifetime of the token is reached or after not being renewed for more than 2 * reneg-sec seconds. Clients will be sent renewed tokens on every TLS renogiation to keep the client's token updated. This is done to invalidate a token if a client is disconnected for a sufficently long time, while at the same time permitting much longer token lifetimes for active clients.

This feature is useful for environments which are configured to use One Time Passwords (OTP) as part of the user/password authentications and that authentication mechanism does not implement any auth-token support.

When the external-auth keyword is present the normal authentication method will always be called even if auth-token succeeds. Normally other authentications method are skipped if auth-token verification suceeds or fails.

This option postpones this decision to the external authentication methods and checks the validity of the account and do other checks.

In this mode the environment will have a session_id variable that holds the session id from auth-gen-token. Also an environment variable session_state is present. This variable indicates whether the auth-token has succeeded or not. It can have the following values:

Initial

No token from client.

Authenticated

Token is valid and not expired.

Expired

Token is valid but has expired.

Invalid

Token is invalid (failed HMAC or wrong length)

AuthenticatedEmptyUser / ExpiredEmptyUser

The token is not valid with the username sent from the client but would be valid (or expired) if we assume an empty username was used instead. These two cases are a workaround for behaviour in OpenVPN 3. If this workaround is not needed these two cases should be handled in the same way as Invalid.

Warning: Use this feature only if you want your authentication method called on every verification. Since the external authentication is called it needs to also indicate a success or failure of the authentication. It is strongly recommended to return an authentication failure in the case of the Invalid/Expired auth-token with the external-auth option unless the client could authenticate in another acceptable way (e.g. client certificate), otherwise returning success will lead to authentication bypass (as does returning success on a wrong password from a script).

Specify a directory dir for custom client config files. After a connecting client has been authenticated, OpenVPN will look in this directory for a file having the same name as the client's X509 common name. If a matching file exists, it will be opened and parsed for client-specific configuration options. If no matching file is found, OpenVPN will instead try to open and parse a default file called "DEFAULT", which may be provided but is not required. Note that the configuration files must be readable by the OpenVPN process after it has dropped it's root privileges.

This file can specify a fixed IP address for a given client using --ifconfig-push, as well as fixed subnets owned by the client using --iroute.

One of the useful properties of this option is that it allows client configuration files to be conveniently created, edited, or removed while the server is live, without needing to restart the server.

The following options are legal in a client-specific context: --push, --push-reset, --push-remove, --iroute, --ifconfig-push, --vlan-pvid and --config.

Because the OpenVPN server mode handles multiple clients through a single tun or tap interface, it is effectively a router. The --client-to-client flag tells OpenVPN to internally route client-to-client traffic rather than pushing all client-originating traffic to the TUN/TAP interface.

When this option is used, each client will "see" the other clients which are currently connected. Otherwise, each client will only see the server. Don't use this option if you want to firewall tunnel traffic using custom, per-client rules.

Disable a particular client (based on the common name) from connecting. Don't use this option to disable a client due to key or password compromise. Use a CRL (certificate revocation list) instead (see the --crl-verify option).

This option must be associated with a specific client instance, which means that it must be specified either in a client instance config file using --client-config-dir or dynamically generated using a --client-connect script.

Allow a maximum of n new connections per sec seconds from clients.

Valid syntax:

connect-freq n sec

This is designed to contain DoS attacks which flood the server with connection requests using certificates which will ultimately fail to authenticate.

This is an imperfect solution however, because in a real DoS scenario, legitimate connections might also be refused.

For the best protection against DoS attacks in server mode, use --proto udp and either --tls-auth or --tls-crypt.

Set aside a pool of subnets to be dynamically allocated to connecting clients, similar to a DHCP server.

Valid syntax:

ifconfig-pool start-IP end-IP [netmask]

For tun-style tunnels, each client will be given a /30 subnet (for interoperability with Windows clients). For tap-style tunnels, individual addresses will be allocated, and the optional netmask parameter will also be pushed to clients.

Specify an IPv6 address pool for dynamic assignment to clients.

Valid args:

ifconfig-ipv6-pool ipv6addr/bits

The pool starts at ipv6addr and matches the offset determined from the start of the IPv4 pool. If the host part of the given IPv6 address is 0, the pool starts at ipv6addr +1.

Persist/unpersist ifconfig-pool data to file, at seconds intervals (default 600), as well as on program startup and shutdown.

Valid syntax:

ifconfig-pool-persist file [seconds]

The goal of this option is to provide a long-term association between clients (denoted by their common name) and the virtual IP address assigned to them from the ifconfig-pool. Maintaining a long-term association is good for clients because it allows them to effectively use the --persist-tun option.

file is a comma-delimited ASCII file, formatted as <Common-Name>,<IP-address>.

If seconds = 0, file will be treated as read-only. This is useful if you would like to treat file as a configuration file.

Note that the entries in this file are treated by OpenVPN as suggestions only, based on past associations between a common name and IP address. They do not guarantee that the given common name will always receive the given IP address. If you want guaranteed assignment, use --ifconfig-push

Push virtual IP endpoints for client tunnel, overriding the --ifconfig-pool dynamic allocation.

Valid syntax:

ifconfig-push local remote-netmask [alias]

The parameters local and remote-netmask are set according to the --ifconfig directive which you want to execute on the client machine to configure the remote end of the tunnel. Note that the parameters local and remote-netmask are from the perspective of the client, not the server. They may be DNS names rather than IP addresses, in which case they will be resolved on the server at the time of client connection.

The optional alias parameter may be used in cases where NAT causes the client view of its local endpoint to differ from the server view. In this case local/remote-netmask will refer to the server view while alias/remote-netmask will refer to the client view.

This option must be associated with a specific client instance, which means that it must be specified either in a client instance config file using --client-config-dir or dynamically generated using a --client-connect script.

Remember also to include a --route directive in the main OpenVPN config file which encloses local, so that the kernel will know to route it to the server's TUN/TAP interface.

OpenVPN's internal client IP address selection algorithm works as follows:

1. Use --client-connect script generated file for static IP (first choice).
2. Use --client-config-dir file for static IP (next choice).
3. Use --ifconfig-pool allocation for dynamic IP (last choice).

for --client-config-dir per-client static IPv6 interface configuration, see --client-config-dir and --ifconfig-push for more details.

Valid syntax:

ifconfig-ipv6-push ipv6addr/bits ipv6remote

Valid syntaxes:

inetd
inetd wait
inetd nowait
inetd wait progname

Use this option when OpenVPN is being run from the inetd or xinetd(8) server.

The wait and nowait option must match what is specified in the inetd/xinetd config file. The nowait mode can only be used with --proto tcp-server The default is wait. The nowait mode can be used to instantiate the OpenVPN daemon as a classic TCP server, where client connection requests are serviced on a single port number. For additional information on this kind of configuration, see the OpenVPN FAQ: https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/325-openvpn-as-a--forking-tcp-server-which-can-service-multiple-clients-over-a-single-tcp-port

This option precludes the use of --daemon, --local or --remote. Note that this option causes message and error output to be handled in the same way as the --daemon option. The optional progname parameter is also handled exactly as in --daemon.

Also note that in wait mode, each OpenVPN tunnel requires a separate TCP/UDP port and a separate inetd or xinetd entry. See the OpenVPN 1.x HOWTO for an example on using OpenVPN with xinetd: https://openvpn.net/community-resources/1xhowto/

Configure a multi-homed UDP server. This option needs to be used when a server has more than one IP address (e.g. multiple interfaces, or secondary IP addresses), and is not using --local to force binding to one specific address only. This option will add some extra lookups to the packet path to ensure that the UDP reply packets are always sent from the address that the client is talking to. This is not supported on all platforms, and it adds more processing, so it's not enabled by default.

Notes:

• This option is only relevant for UDP servers.
• If you do an IPv6+IPv4 dual-stack bind on a Linux machine with multiple IPv4 address, connections to IPv4 addresses will not work right on kernels before 3.15, due to missing kernel support for the IPv4-mapped case (some distributions have ported this to earlier kernel versions, though).

Generate an internal route to a specific client. The netmask parameter, if omitted, defaults to 255.255.255.255.

Valid syntax:

iroute network [netmask]

This directive can be used to route a fixed subnet from the server to a particular client, regardless of where the client is connecting from. Remember that you must also add the route to the system routing table as well (such as by using the --route directive). The reason why two routes are needed is that the --route directive routes the packet from the kernel to OpenVPN. Once in OpenVPN, the --iroute directive routes to the specific client.

This option must be specified either in a client instance config file using --client-config-dir or dynamically generated using a --client-connect script.

The --iroute directive also has an important interaction with --push "route ...". --iroute essentially defines a subnet which is owned by a particular client (we will call this client A). If you would like other clients to be able to reach A's subnet, you can use --push "route ..." together with --client-to-client to effect this. In order for all clients to see A's subnet, OpenVPN must push this route to all clients EXCEPT for A, since the subnet is already owned by A. OpenVPN accomplishes this by not not pushing a route to a client if it matches one of the client's iroutes.

for --client-config-dir per-client static IPv6 route configuration, see --iroute for more details how to setup and use this, and how --iroute and --route interact.

Valid syntax:

iroute-ipv6 ipv6addr/bits

Allow a maximum of n internal routes per client (default 256). This is designed to help contain DoS attacks where an authenticated client floods the server with packets appearing to come from many unique MAC addresses, forcing the server to deplete virtual memory as its internal routing table expands. This directive can be used in a --client-config-dir file or auto-generated by a --client-connect script to override the global value for a particular client.

Note that this directive affects OpenVPN's internal routing table, not the kernel routing table.

Clients that connect with options that are incompatible with those of the server will be disconnected.

Options that will be compared for compatibility include dev-type, link-mtu, tun-mtu, proto, ifconfig, comp-lzo, fragment, keydir, cipher, auth, keysize, secret, no-replay, tls-auth, key-method, tls-server and tls-client.

This option requires that --disable-occ NOT be used.

Share OpenVPN TCP with another service

Valid syntax:

port-share host port [dir]

When run in TCP server mode, share the OpenVPN port with another application, such as an HTTPS server. If OpenVPN senses a connection to its port which is using a non-OpenVPN protocol, it will proxy the connection to the server at host:port. Currently only designed to work with HTTP/HTTPS, though it would be theoretically possible to extend to other protocols such as ssh.

dir specifies an optional directory where a temporary file with name N containing content C will be dynamically generated for each proxy connection, where N is the source IP:port of the client connection and C is the source IP:port of the connection to the proxy receiver. This directory can be used as a dictionary by the proxy receiver to determine the origin of the connection. Each generated file will be automatically deleted when the proxied connection is torn down.

Not implemented on Windows.

Push a config file option back to the client for remote execution. Note that option must be enclosed in double quotes (""). The client must specify --pull in its config file. The set of options which can be pushed is limited by both feasibility and security. Some options such as those which would execute scripts are banned, since they would effectively allow a compromised server to execute arbitrary code on the client. Other options such as TLS or MTU parameters cannot be pushed because the client needs to know them before the connection to the server can be initiated.

This is a partial list of options which can currently be pushed: --route, --route-gateway, --route-delay, --redirect-gateway, --ip-win32, --dhcp-option, --inactive, --ping, --ping-exit, --ping-restart, --setenv, --auth-token, --persist-key, --persist-tun, --echo, --comp-lzo, --socket-flags, --sndbuf, --rcvbuf

Push additional information about the client to server. The following data is always pushed to the server:

IV_VER=<version>

The client OpenVPN version

IV_PLAT=[linux|solaris|openbsd|mac|netbsd|freebsd|win]

The client OS platform

IV_LZO_STUB=1

If client was built with LZO stub capability

IV_LZ4=1

If the client supports LZ4 compressions.

IV_PROTO

Details about protocol extensions that the peer supports. The variable is a bitfield and the bits are defined as follows (starting a bit 0 for the first (unused) bit:

• bit 1: The peer supports peer-id floating mechanism
• bit 2: The client expects a push-reply and the server may send this reply without waiting for a push-request first.

IV_NCP=2

Negotiable ciphers, client supports --cipher pushed by the server, a value of 2 or greater indicates client supports AES-GCM-128 and AES-GCM-256.

IV_CIPHERS=<ncp-ciphers>

The client announces the list of supported ciphers configured with the --data-ciphers option to the server.

IV_GUI_VER=<gui_id> <version>

The UI version of a UI if one is running, for example de.blinkt.openvpn 0.5.47 for the Android app.

When --push-peer-info is enabled the additional information consists of the following data:

IV_HWADDR=<mac address>

The MAC address of clients default gateway

IV_SSL=<version string>

The ssl version used by the client, e.g. OpenSSL 1.0.2f 28 Jan 2016.

IV_PLAT_VER=x.y

The version of the operating system, e.g. 6.1 for Windows 7.

UV_<name>=<value>

Client environment variables whose names start with UV_

Selectively remove all --push options matching "opt" from the option list for a client. opt is matched as a substring against the whole option string to-be-pushed to the client, so --push-remove route would remove all --push route ... and --push route-ipv6 ... statements, while --push-remove "route-ipv6 2001:" would only remove IPv6 routes for 2001:... networks.

--push-remove can only be used in a client-specific context, like in a --client-config-dir file, or --client-connect script or plugin -- similar to --push-reset, just more selective.

NOTE: to change an option, --push-remove can be used to first remove the old value, and then add a new --push option with the new value.

NOTE 2: due to implementation details, 'ifconfig' and 'ifconfig-ipv6' can only be removed with an exact match on the option ( push-remove ifconfig), no substring matching and no matching on the IPv4/IPv6 address argument is possible.

Don't inherit the global push list for a specific client instance. Specify this option in a client-specific context such as with a --client-config-dir configuration file. This option will ignore --push options at the global config file level.

NOTE: --push-reset is very thorough: it will remove almost all options from the list of to-be-pushed options. In many cases, some of these options will need to be re-configured afterwards - specifically, --topology subnet and --route-gateway will get lost and this will break client configs in many cases. Thus, for most purposes, --push-remove is better suited to selectively remove push options for individual clients.

A helper directive designed to simplify the configuration of OpenVPN's server mode. This directive will set up an OpenVPN server which will allocate addresses to clients out of the given network/netmask. The server itself will take the .1 address of the given network for use as the server-side endpoint of the local TUN/TAP interface. If the optional nopool flag is given, no dynamic IP address pool will prepared for VPN clients.

Valid syntax:

server network netmask [nopool]

For example, --server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 expands as follows:

mode server
tls-server
push "topology [topology]"

if dev tun AND (topology == net30 OR topology == p2p):
  ifconfig 10.8.0.1 10.8.0.2
  if !nopool:
    ifconfig-pool 10.8.0.4 10.8.0.251
  route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
  if client-to-client:
    push "route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0"
  else if topology == net30:
    push "route 10.8.0.1"

if dev tap OR (dev tun AND topology == subnet):
  ifconfig 10.8.0.1 255.255.255.0
  if !nopool:
    ifconfig-pool 10.8.0.2 10.8.0.253 255.255.255.0
  push "route-gateway 10.8.0.1"
  if route-gateway unset:
    route-gateway 10.8.0.2

Don't use --server if you are ethernet bridging. Use --server-bridge instead.

A helper directive similar to --server which is designed to simplify the configuration of OpenVPN's server mode in ethernet bridging configurations.

Valid syntaxes:

server-bridge gateway netmask pool-start-IP pool-end-IP
server-bridge [nogw]

If --server-bridge is used without any parameters, it will enable a DHCP-proxy mode, where connecting OpenVPN clients will receive an IP address for their TAP adapter from the DHCP server running on the OpenVPN server-side LAN. Note that only clients that support the binding of a DHCP client with the TAP adapter (such as Windows) can support this mode. The optional nogw flag (advanced) indicates that gateway information should not be pushed to the client.

To configure ethernet bridging, you must first use your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet NIC interface. For example, on Linux this is done with the brctl tool, and with Windows XP it is done in the Network Connections Panel by selecting the ethernet and TAP adapters and right-clicking on "Bridge Connections".

Next you you must manually set the IP/netmask on the bridge interface. The gateway and netmask parameters to --server-bridge can be set to either the IP/netmask of the bridge interface, or the IP/netmask of the default gateway/router on the bridged subnet.

Finally, set aside a IP range in the bridged subnet, denoted by pool-start-IP and pool-end-IP, for OpenVPN to allocate to connecting clients.

For example, server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.128 10.8.0.254 expands as follows:

mode server
tls-server

ifconfig-pool 10.8.0.128 10.8.0.254 255.255.255.0
push "route-gateway 10.8.0.4"

In another example, --server-bridge (without parameters) expands as follows:

mode server
tls-server

push "route-gateway dhcp"

Or --server-bridge nogw expands as follows:

mode server
tls-server

Convenience-function to enable a number of IPv6 related options at once, namely --ifconfig-ipv6, --ifconfig-ipv6-pool and --push tun-ipv6.

Valid syntax:

server-ipv6 ipv6addr/bits

Pushing of the --tun-ipv6 directive is done for older clients which require an explicit --tun-ipv6 in their configuration.

Remove routes which haven't had activity for n seconds (i.e. the ageing time). This check is run every t seconds (i.e. check interval).

Valid syntax:

stale-routes-check n [t]

If t is not present it defaults to n.

This option helps to keep the dynamic routing table small. See also --max-routes-per-client

Use the authenticated username as the common-name, rather than the common-name from the client certificate. Requires that some form of --auth-user-pass verification is in effect. As the replacement happens after --auth-user-pass verification, the verification script or plugin will still receive the common-name from the certificate.

The common_name environment variable passed to scripts and plugins invoked after authentication (e.g, client-connect script) and file names parsed in client-config directory will match the username.

Specify whether the client is required to supply a valid certificate.

Possible mode options are:

none

A client certificate is not required. the client needs to authenticate using username/password only. Be aware that using this directive is less secure than requiring certificates from all clients.

If you use this directive, the entire responsibility of authentication will rest on your --auth-user-pass-verify script, so keep in mind that bugs in your script could potentially compromise the security of your VPN.

--verify-client-cert none is functionally equivalent to --client-cert-not-required.

optional

A client may present a certificate but it is not required to do so. When using this directive, you should also use a --auth-user-pass-verify script to ensure that clients are authenticated using a certificate, a username and password, or possibly even both.

Again, the entire responsibility of authentication will rest on your --auth-user-pass-verify script, so keep in mind that bugs in your script could potentially compromise the security of your VPN.

require

This is the default option. A client is required to present a certificate, otherwise VPN access is refused.

If you don't use this directive (or use --verify-client-cert require) but you also specify an --auth-user-pass-verify script, then OpenVPN will perform double authentication. The client certificate verification AND the --auth-user-pass-verify script will need to succeed in order for a client to be authenticated and accepted onto the VPN.

Server-only option. Turns the OpenVPN server instance into a switch that understands VLAN-tagging, based on IEEE 802.1Q.

The server TAP device and each of the connecting clients is seen as a port of the switch. All client ports are in untagged mode and the server TAP device is VLAN-tagged, untagged or accepts both, depending on the --vlan-accept setting.

Ethernet frames with a prepended 802.1Q tag are called "tagged". If the VLAN Identifier (VID) field in such a tag is non-zero, the frame is called "VLAN-tagged". If the VID is zero, but the Priority Control Point (PCP) field is non-zero, the frame is called "prio-tagged". If there is no 802.1Q tag, the frame is "untagged".

Using the --vlan-pvid v option once per client (see --client-config-dir), each port can be associated with a certain VID. Packets can only be forwarded between ports having the same VID. Therefore, clients with differing VIDs are completely separated from one-another, even if --client-to-client is activated.

The packet filtering takes place in the OpenVPN server. Clients should not have any VLAN tagging configuration applied.

The --vlan-tagging option is off by default. While turned off, OpenVPN accepts any Ethernet frame and does not perform any special processing for VLAN-tagged packets.

This option can only be activated in --dev tap mode.

Configure the VLAN tagging policy for the server TAP device.

Valid syntax:

vlan-accept  all|tagged|untagged

The following modes are available:

tagged

Admit only VLAN-tagged frames. Only VLAN-tagged packets are accepted, while untagged or priority-tagged packets are dropped when entering the server TAP device.

untagged

Admit only untagged and prio-tagged frames. VLAN-tagged packets are not accepted, while untagged or priority-tagged packets entering the server TAP device are tagged with the value configured for the global --vlan-pvid setting.

all (default)

Admit all frames. All packets are admitted and then treated like untagged or tagged mode respectively.

Note:

Some vendors refer to switch ports running in tagged mode as "trunk ports" and switch ports running in untagged mode as "access ports".

Packets forwarded from clients to the server are VLAN-tagged with the originating client's PVID, unless the VID matches the global --vlan-pvid, in which case the tag is removed.

If no PVID is configured for a given client (see --vlan-pvid) packets are tagged with 1 by default.

Specifies which VLAN identifier a "port" is associated with. Only valid when --vlan-tagging is speficied.

In the client context, the setting specifies which VLAN ID a client is associated with. In the global context, the VLAN ID of the server TAP device is set. The latter only makes sense for --vlan-accept untagged and --vlan-accept all modes.

Valid values for v go from 1 through to 4094. The global value defaults to 1. If no --vlan-pvid is specified in the client context, the global value is inherited.

In some switch implementations, the PVID is also referred to as "Native VLAN".

(Standalone) Show all TLS ciphers supported by the crypto library. OpenVPN uses TLS to secure the control channel, over which the keys that are used to protect the actual VPN traffic are exchanged. The TLS ciphers will be sorted from highest preference (most secure) to lowest.

Be aware that whether a cipher suite in this list can actually work depends on the specific setup of both peers (e.g. both peers must support the cipher, and an ECDSA cipher suite will not work if you are using an RSA certificate, etc.).

(Standalone) Generate a key to be used of the type keytype. if keyfile is left out or empty the key will be output on stdout. See the following sections for the different keytypes.

Valid syntax:

--genkey keytype keyfile

Valid keytype arguments are:

secret Standard OpenVPN shared secret keys

tls-crypt Alias for secret

tls-auth Alias for secret

auth-token Key used for --auth-gen-token-key

tls-crypt-v2-server TLS Crypt v2 server key

tls-crypt-v2-client TLS Crypt v2 client key

Examples:

$ openvpn --genkey secret shared.key
$ openvpn --genkey tls-crypt shared.key
$ openvpn --genkey tls-auth shared.key
$ openvpn --genkey tls-crypt-v2-server v2crypt-server.key
$ openvpn --tls-crypt-v2 v2crypt-server.key --genkey tls-crypt-v2-client v2crypt-client-1.key

• Generating Shared Secret Keys Generate a shared secret, for use with the --secret, --tls-auth or --tls-crypt options.

  Syntax:

  $ openvpn --genkey secret|tls-crypt|tls-auth keyfile
  

  The key is saved in keyfile. All three variants (--secret, tls-crypt and tls-auth) generate the same type of key. The aliases are added for convenience.

  If using this for --secret, this file must be shared with the peer over a pre-existing secure channel such as scp(1).

• Generating TLS Crypt v2 Server key Generate a --tls-crypt-v2 key to be used by an OpenVPN server. The key is stored in keyfile.

  Syntax:

  --genkey tls-crypt-v2-server keyfile
  

• Generating TLS Crypt v2 Client key Generate a --tls-crypt-v2 key to be used by OpenVPN clients. The key is stored in keyfile.

  Syntax

  --genkey tls-crypt-v2-client keyfile [metadata]
  

  If supplied, include the supplied metadata in the wrapped client key. This metadata must be supplied in base64-encoded form. The metadata must be at most 735 bytes long (980 bytes in base64).

  If no metadata is supplied, OpenVPN will use a 64-bit unix timestamp representing the current time in UTC, encoded in network order, as metadata for the generated key.

  A tls-crypt-v2 client key is wrapped using a server key. To generate a client key, the user must therefore supply the server key using the --tls-crypt-v2 option.

  Servers can use --tls-crypt-v2-verify to specify a metadata verification command.

• Generate Authentication Token key Generate a new secret that can be used with --auth-gen-token-secret

  Syntax:

  --genkey auth-token [keyfile]
  

  Note:

  This file should be kept secret to the server as anyone that has access to this file will be able to generate auth tokens that the OpenVPN server will accept as valid.

Renegotiate data channel key after n bytes sent or received (disabled by default with an exception, see below). OpenVPN allows the lifetime of a key to be expressed as a number of bytes encrypted/decrypted, a number of packets, or a number of seconds. A key renegotiation will be forced if any of these three criteria are met by either peer.

If using ciphers with cipher block sizes less than 128-bits, --reneg-bytes is set to 64MB by default, unless it is explicitly disabled by setting the value to 0, but this is HIGHLY DISCOURAGED as this is designed to add some protection against the SWEET32 attack vector. For more information see the --cipher option.

Renegotiate data channel key after at most max seconds (default 3600) and at least min seconds (default is 90% of max for servers, and equal to max for clients).

reneg-sec max [min]

The effective --reneg-sec value used is per session pseudo-uniform-randomized between min and max.

With the default value of 3600 this results in an effective per session value in the range of 3240..:code:3600 seconds for servers, or just 3600 for clients.

When using dual-factor authentication, note that this default value may cause the end user to be challenged to reauthorize once per hour.

Also, keep in mind that this option can be used on both the client and server, and whichever uses the lower value will be the one to trigger the renegotiation. A common mistake is to set --reneg-sec to a higher value on either the client or server, while the other side of the connection is still using the default value of 3600 seconds, meaning that the renegotiation will still occur once per 3600 seconds. The solution is to increase --reneg-sec on both the client and server, or set it to 0 on one side of the connection (to disable), and to your chosen value on the other side.

Get certificate password from console or file before we daemonize.

Valid syntaxes:

askpass
askpass file

For the extremely security conscious, it is possible to protect your private key with a password. Of course this means that every time the OpenVPN daemon is started you must be there to type the password. The --askpass option allows you to start OpenVPN from the command line. It will query you for a password before it daemonizes. To protect a private key with a password you should omit the -nodes option when you use the openssl command line tool to manage certificates and private keys.

If file is specified, read the password from the first line of file. Keep in mind that storing your password in a file to a certain extent invalidates the extra security provided by using an encrypted key.

Certificate authority (CA) file in .pem format, also referred to as the root certificate. This file can have multiple certificates in .pem format, concatenated together. You can construct your own certificate authority certificate and private key by using a command such as:

openssl req -nodes -new -x509 -keyout ca.key -out ca.crt

Then edit your openssl.cnf file and edit the certificate variable to point to your new root certificate ca.crt.

For testing purposes only, the OpenVPN distribution includes a sample CA certificate (ca.crt). Of course you should never use the test certificates and test keys distributed with OpenVPN in a production environment, since by virtue of the fact that they are distributed with OpenVPN, they are totally insecure.

Directory containing trusted certificates (CAs and CRLs). Not available with mbed TLS.

CAs in the capath directory are expected to be named <hash>.<n>. CRLs are expected to be named <hash>.r<n>. See the -CApath option of openssl verify, and the -hash option of openssl x509, openssl crl and X509_LOOKUP_hash_dir()(3) for more information.

Similar to the --crl-verify option, CRLs are not mandatory - OpenVPN will log the usual warning in the logs if the relevant CRL is missing, but the connection will be allowed.

Local peer's signed certificate in .pem format -- must be signed by a certificate authority whose certificate is in --ca file. Each peer in an OpenVPN link running in TLS mode should have its own certificate and private key file. In addition, each certificate should have been signed by the key of a certificate authority whose public key resides in the --ca certificate authority file. You can easily make your own certificate authority (see above) or pay money to use a commercial service such as thawte.com (in which case you will be helping to finance the world's second space tourist :). To generate a certificate, you can use a command such as:

openssl req -nodes -new -keyout mycert.key -out mycert.csr

If your certificate authority private key lives on another machine, copy the certificate signing request (mycert.csr) to this other machine (this can be done over an insecure channel such as email). Now sign the certificate with a command such as:

openssl ca -out mycert.crt -in mycert.csr

Now copy the certificate (mycert.crt) back to the peer which initially generated the .csr file (this can be over a public medium). Note that the openssl ca command reads the location of the certificate authority key from its configuration file such as /usr/share/ssl/openssl.cnf -- note also that for certificate authority functions, you must set up the files index.txt (may be empty) and serial (initialize to 01).

Check peer certificate against a Certificate Revocation List.

Valid syntax:

crl-verify file/directory flag

Examples:

crl-verify crl-file.pem
crl-verify /etc/openvpn/crls dir

A CRL (certificate revocation list) is used when a particular key is compromised but when the overall PKI is still intact.

Suppose you had a PKI consisting of a CA, root certificate, and a number of client certificates. Suppose a laptop computer containing a client key and certificate was stolen. By adding the stolen certificate to the CRL file, you could reject any connection which attempts to use it, while preserving the overall integrity of the PKI.

The only time when it would be necessary to rebuild the entire PKI from scratch would be if the root certificate key itself was compromised.

The option is not mandatory - if the relevant CRL is missing, OpenVPN will log a warning in the logs - e.g.

VERIFY WARNING: depth=0, unable to get certificate CRL

but the connection will be allowed. If the optional dir flag is specified, enable a different mode where the crl-verify is pointed at a directory containing files named as revoked serial numbers (the files may be empty, the contents are never read). If a client requests a connection, where the client certificate serial number (decimal string) is the name of a file present in the directory, it will be rejected.

Note:

As the crl file (or directory) is read every time a peer connects, if you are dropping root privileges with --user, make sure that this user has sufficient privileges to read the file.

File containing Diffie Hellman parameters in .pem format (required for --tls-server only).

Set file to none to disable Diffie Hellman key exchange (and use ECDH only). Note that this requires peers to be using an SSL library that supports ECDH TLS cipher suites (e.g. OpenSSL 1.0.1+, or mbed TLS 2.0+).

Use openssl dhparam -out dh2048.pem 2048 to generate 2048-bit DH parameters. Diffie Hellman parameters may be considered public.

Specify the curve to use for elliptic curve Diffie Hellman. Available curves can be listed with --show-curves. The specified curve will only be used for ECDH TLS-ciphers.

This option is not supported in mbed TLS builds of OpenVPN.

Specify a file containing one or more PEM certs (concatenated together) that complete the local certificate chain.

This option is useful for "split" CAs, where the CA for server certs is different than the CA for client certs. Putting certs in this file allows them to be used to complete the local certificate chain without trusting them to verify the peer-submitted certificate, as would be the case if the certs were placed in the ca file.

Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit extended key usage.

This is a useful security option for clients, to ensure that the host they connect to is a designated server.

The extended key usage should be encoded in oid notation, or OpenSSL symbolic representation.

Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit key-usage.

If present in the certificate, the keyUsage value is validated by the TLS library during the TLS handshake. Specifying this option without arguments requires this extension to be present (so the TLS library will verify it).

If key-usage is a list of usage bits, the keyUsage field must have at least the same bits set as the bits in one of the values supplied in the key-usage list.

The key-usage values in the list must be encoded in hex, e.g.

remote-cert-ku a0

Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit key usage and extended key usage based on RFC3280 TLS rules.

Valid syntaxes:

remote-cert-tls server
remote-cert-tls client

This is a useful security option for clients, to ensure that the host they connect to is a designated server. Or the other way around; for a server to verify that only hosts with a client certificate can connect.

The --remote-cert-tls client option is equivalent to

remote-cert-ku
remote-cert-eku "TLS Web Client Authentication"

The --remote-cert-tls server option is equivalent to

remote-cert-ku
remote-cert-eku "TLS Web Server Authentication"

This is an important security precaution to protect against a man-in-the-middle attack where an authorized client attempts to connect to another client by impersonating the server. The attack is easily prevented by having clients verify the server certificate using any one of --remote-cert-tls, --verify-x509-name, or --tls-verify.

Add an additional layer of HMAC authentication on top of the TLS control channel to mitigate DoS attacks and attacks on the TLS stack.

Valid syntaxes:

tls-auth file
tls-auth file 0
tls-auth file 1

In a nutshell, --tls-auth enables a kind of "HMAC firewall" on OpenVPN's TCP/UDP port, where TLS control channel packets bearing an incorrect HMAC signature can be dropped immediately without response.

file (required) is a file in OpenVPN static key format which can be generated by --genkey.

Older versions (up to OpenVPN 2.3) supported a freeform passphrase file. This is no longer supported in newer versions (v2.4+).

See the --secret option for more information on the optional direction parameter.

--tls-auth is recommended when you are running OpenVPN in a mode where it is listening for packets from any IP address, such as when --remote is not specified, or --remote is specified with --float.

The rationale for this feature is as follows. TLS requires a multi-packet exchange before it is able to authenticate a peer. During this time before authentication, OpenVPN is allocating resources (memory and CPU) to this potential peer. The potential peer is also exposing many parts of OpenVPN and the OpenSSL library to the packets it is sending. Most successful network attacks today seek to either exploit bugs in programs (such as buffer overflow attacks) or force a program to consume so many resources that it becomes unusable. Of course the first line of defense is always to produce clean, well-audited code. OpenVPN has been written with buffer overflow attack prevention as a top priority. But as history has shown, many of the most widely used network applications have, from time to time, fallen to buffer overflow attacks.

So as a second line of defense, OpenVPN offers this special layer of authentication on top of the TLS control channel so that every packet on the control channel is authenticated by an HMAC signature and a unique ID for replay protection. This signature will also help protect against DoS (Denial of Service) attacks. An important rule of thumb in reducing vulnerability to DoS attacks is to minimize the amount of resources a potential, but as yet unauthenticated, client is able to consume.

--tls-auth does this by signing every TLS control channel packet with an HMAC signature, including packets which are sent before the TLS level has had a chance to authenticate the peer. The result is that packets without the correct signature can be dropped immediately upon reception, before they have a chance to consume additional system resources such as by initiating a TLS handshake. --tls-auth can be strengthened by adding the --replay-persist option which will keep OpenVPN's replay protection state in a file so that it is not lost across restarts.

It should be emphasized that this feature is optional and that the key file used with --tls-auth gives a peer nothing more than the power to initiate a TLS handshake. It is not used to encrypt or authenticate any tunnel data.

Use --tls-crypt instead if you want to use the key file to not only authenticate, but also encrypt the TLS control channel.

A list of allowable groups/curves in order of preference.

Set the allowed elliptic curves/groups for the TLS session. These groups are allowed to be used in signatures and key exchange.

mbedTLS currently allows all known curves per default.

OpenSSL 1.1+ restricts the list per default to

"X25519:secp256r1:X448:secp521r1:secp384r1".

If you use certificates that use non-standard curves, you might need to add them here. If you do not force the ecdh curve by using --ecdh-curve, the groups for ecdh will also be picked from this list.

OpenVPN maps the curve name secp256r1 to prime256v1 to allow specifying the same tls-groups option for mbedTLS and OpenSSL.

Warning: this option not only affects elliptic curve certificates but also the key exchange in TLS 1.3 and using this option improperly will disable TLS 1.3.

Set the allowed cryptographic algorithms for certificates according to profile.

The following profiles are supported:

legacy (default)

SHA1 and newer, RSA 2048-bit+, any elliptic curve.

preferred

SHA2 and newer, RSA 2048-bit+, any elliptic curve.

suiteb

SHA256/SHA384, ECDSA with P-256 or P-384.

This option is only fully supported for mbed TLS builds. OpenSSL builds use the following approximation:

legacy (default)

sets "security level 1"

preferred

sets "security level 2"

suiteb

sets "security level 3" and --tls-cipher "SUITEB128".

OpenVPN will migrate to 'preferred' as default in the future. Please ensure that your keys already comply.

A list l of allowable TLS ciphers delimited by a colon (":").

These setting can be used to ensure that certain cipher suites are used (or not used) for the TLS connection. OpenVPN uses TLS to secure the control channel, over which the keys that are used to protect the actual VPN traffic are exchanged.

The supplied list of ciphers is (after potential OpenSSL/IANA name translation) simply supplied to the crypto library. Please see the OpenSSL and/or mbed TLS documentation for details on the cipher list interpretation.

For OpenSSL, the --tls-cipher is used for TLS 1.2 and below.

Use --show-tls to see a list of TLS ciphers supported by your crypto library.

The default for --tls-cipher is to use mbed TLS's default cipher list when using mbed TLS or DEFAULT:!EXP:!LOW:!MEDIUM:!kDH:!kECDH:!DSS:!PSK:!SRP:!kRSA when using OpenSSL.

The default for --tls-ciphersuites is to use the crypto library's default.

Encrypt and authenticate all control channel packets with the key from keyfile. (See --tls-auth for more background.)

Encrypting (and authenticating) control channel packets:

• provides more privacy by hiding the certificate used for the TLS connection,
• makes it harder to identify OpenVPN traffic as such,
• provides "poor-man's" post-quantum security, against attackers who will never know the pre-shared key (i.e. no forward secrecy).

In contrast to --tls-auth, --tls-crypt does not require the user to set --key-direction.

Security Considerations

All peers use the same --tls-crypt pre-shared group key to authenticate and encrypt control channel messages. To ensure that IV collisions remain unlikely, this key should not be used to encrypt more than 2^48 client-to-server or 2^48 server-to-client control channel messages. A typical initial negotiation is about 10 packets in each direction. Assuming both initial negotiation and renegotiations are at most 2^16 (65536) packets (to be conservative), and (re)negotiations happen each minute for each user (24/7), this limits the tls-crypt key lifetime to 8171 years divided by the number of users. So a setup with 1000 users should rotate the key at least once each eight years. (And a setup with 8000 users each year.)

If IV collisions were to occur, this could result in the security of --tls-crypt degrading to the same security as using --tls-auth. That is, the control channel still benefits from the extra protection against active man-in-the-middle-attacks and DoS attacks, but may no longer offer extra privacy and post-quantum security on top of what TLS itself offers.

For large setups or setups where clients are not trusted, consider using --tls-crypt-v2 instead. That uses per-client unique keys, and thereby improves the bounds to 'rotate a client key at least once per 8000 years'.

Use client-specific tls-crypt keys.

For clients, keyfile is a client-specific tls-crypt key. Such a key can be generated using the --genkey tls-crypt-v2-client option.

For servers, keyfile is used to unwrap client-specific keys supplied by the client during connection setup. This key must be the same as the key used to generate the client-specific key (see --genkey tls-crypt-v2-client).

On servers, this option can be used together with the --tls-auth or --tls-crypt option. In that case, the server will detect whether the client is using client-specific keys, and automatically select the right mode.

Run command cmd to verify the metadata of the client-specific tls-crypt-v2 key of a connecting client. This allows server administrators to reject client connections, before exposing the TLS stack (including the notoriously dangerous X.509 and ASN.1 stacks) to the connecting client.

OpenVPN supplies the following environment variables to the command:

• script_type is set to tls-crypt-v2-verify
• metadata_type is set to 0 if the metadata was user supplied, or 1 if it's a 64-bit unix timestamp representing the key creation time.
• metadata_file contains the filename of a temporary file that contains the client metadata.

The command can reject the connection by exiting with a non-zero exit code.

Sets the minimum TLS version we will accept from the peer (default is "1.0").

Valid syntax:

tls-version-min version ['or-highest']

Examples for version include 1.0, 1.1, or 1.2. If or-highest is specified and version is not recognized, we will only accept the highest TLS version supported by the local SSL implementation.

Specify SHA1 or SHA256 fingerprint for level-1 cert.

Valid syntax:

verify-hash hash [algo]

The level-1 cert is the CA (or intermediate cert) that signs the leaf certificate, and is one removed from the leaf certificate in the direction of the root. When accepting a connection from a peer, the level-1 cert fingerprint must match hash or certificate verification will fail. Hash is specified as XX:XX:... For example:

AD:B0:95:D8:09:C8:36:45:12:A9:89:C8:90:09:CB:13:72:A6:AD:16

The algo flag can be either SHA1 or SHA256. If not provided, it defaults to SHA1.

Accept connections only if a host's X.509 name is equal to name. The remote host must also pass all other tests of verification.

Valid syntax:

verify-x509 name type

Which X.509 name is compared to name depends on the setting of type. type can be subject to match the complete subject DN (default), name to match a subject RDN or name-prefix to match a subject RDN prefix. Which RDN is verified as name depends on the --x509-username-field option. But it defaults to the common name (CN), e.g. a certificate with a subject DN

C=KG, ST=NA, L=Bishkek, CN=Server-1

would be matched by:

verify-x509-name 'C=KG, ST=NA, L=Bishkek, CN=Server-1'
verify-x509-name Server-1 name
verify-x509-name Server- name-prefix

The last example is useful if you want a client to only accept connections to Server-1, Server-2, etc.

--verify-x509-name is a useful replacement for the --tls-verify option to verify the remote host, because --verify-x509-name works in a --chroot environment without any dependencies.

Using a name prefix is a useful alternative to managing a CRL (Certificate Revocation List) on the client, since it allows the client to refuse all certificates except for those associated with designated servers.

NOTE:

Test against a name prefix only when you are using OpenVPN with a custom CA certificate that is under your control. Never use this option with type name-prefix when your client certificates are signed by a third party, such as a commercial web CA.

Field in the X.509 certificate subject to be used as the username (default CN).

Valid syntax:

x509-username-field [ext:]fieldname

Typically, this option is specified with fieldname as either of the following:

x509-username-field emailAddress
x509-username-field ext:subjectAltName

The first example uses the value of the emailAddress attribute in the certificate's Subject field as the username. The second example uses the ext: prefix to signify that the X.509 extension fieldname subjectAltName be searched for an rfc822Name (email) field to be used as the username. In cases where there are multiple email addresses in ext:fieldname, the last occurrence is chosen.

When this option is used, the --verify-x509-name option will match against the chosen fieldname instead of the Common Name.

Only the subjectAltName and issuerAltName X.509 extensions are supported.

Please note: This option has a feature which will convert an all-lowercase fieldname to uppercase characters, e.g., ou -> OU. A mixed-case fieldname or one having the ext: prefix will be left as-is. This automatic upcasing feature is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.

Set if access to certificate object should be performed after login. Every provider has its own setting.

Valid syntaxes:

pkcs11-cert-private 0
pkcs11-cert-private 1

Specify which method to use in order to perform private key operations. A different mode can be specified for each provider. Mode is encoded as hex number, and can be a mask one of the following:

0 (default) Try to determine automatically.

1 Use sign.

2 Use sign recover.

4 Use decrypt.

8 Use unwrap.

Use PKCS#11 protected authentication path, useful for biometric and external keypad devices. Every provider has its own setting.

Valid syntaxes:

pkcs11-protected-authentication 0
pkcs11-protected-authentication 1

Specify an RSA Security Inc. PKCS #11 Cryptographic Token Interface (Cryptoki) providers to load. This option can be used instead of --cert, --key and --pkcs12.

If p11-kit is present on the system, its p11-kit-proxy.so module will be loaded by default if either the --pkcs11-id or --pkcs11-id-management options are specified without --pkcs11-provider being given.

(Standalone) Show PKCS#11 token object list.

Valid syntax:

show-pkcs11 [provider] [cert_private]

Specify cert_private as 1 if certificates are stored as private objects.

If p11-kit is present on the system, the provider argument is optional; if omitted the default p11-kit-proxy.so module will be queried.

--verb option can be used BEFORE this option to produce debugging information.

Bind to local address and port. This is the default unless any of --proto tcp-client , --http-proxy or --socks-proxy are used.

If the optional ipv6only keyword is present OpenVPN will bind only to IPv6 (as opposed to IPv6 and IPv4) when a IPv6 socket is opened.

Allow remote peer to change its IP address and/or port number, such as due to DHCP (this is the default if --remote is not used). --float when specified with --remote allows an OpenVPN session to initially connect to a peer at a known address, however if packets arrive from a new address and pass all authentication tests, the new address will take control of the session. This is useful when you are connecting to a peer which holds a dynamic address such as a dial-in user or DHCP client.

Essentially, --float tells OpenVPN to accept authenticated packets from any address, not only the address which was specified in the --remote option.

Enable internal datagram fragmentation so that no UDP datagrams are sent which are larger than max bytes.

The max parameter is interpreted in the same way as the --link-mtu parameter, i.e. the UDP packet size after encapsulation overhead has been added in, but not including the UDP header itself.

The --fragment option only makes sense when you are using the UDP protocol (--proto udp).

--fragment adds 4 bytes of overhead per datagram.

See the --mssfix option below for an important related option to --fragment.

It should also be noted that this option is not meant to replace UDP fragmentation at the IP stack level. It is only meant as a last resort when path MTU discovery is broken. Using this option is less efficient than fixing path MTU discovery for your IP link and using native IP fragmentation instead.

Having said that, there are circumstances where using OpenVPN's internal fragmentation capability may be your only option, such as tunneling a UDP multicast stream which requires fragmentation.

A helper directive designed to simplify the expression of --ping and --ping-restart.

Valid syntax:

keepalive interval timeout

This option can be used on both client and server side, but it is enough to add this on the server side as it will push appropriate --ping and --ping-restart options to the client. If used on both server and client, the values pushed from server will override the client local values.

The timeout argument will be twice as long on the server side. This ensures that a timeout is detected on client side before the server side drops the connection.

For example, --keepalive 10 60 expands as follows:

if mode server:
    ping 10                    # Argument: interval
    ping-restart 120           # Argument: timeout*2
    push "ping 10"             # Argument: interval
    push "ping-restart 60"     # Argument: timeout
else
    ping 10                    # Argument: interval
    ping-restart 60            # Argument: timeout

Announce to TCP sessions running over the tunnel that they should limit their send packet sizes such that after OpenVPN has encapsulated them, the resulting UDP packet size that OpenVPN sends to its peer will not exceed max bytes. The default value is 1450.

The max parameter is interpreted in the same way as the --link-mtu parameter, i.e. the UDP packet size after encapsulation overhead has been added in, but not including the UDP header itself. Resulting packet would be at most 28 bytes larger for IPv4 and 48 bytes for IPv6 (20/40 bytes for IP header and 8 bytes for UDP header). Default value of 1450 allows IPv4 packets to be transmitted over a link with MTU 1473 or higher without IP level fragmentation.

The --mssfix option only makes sense when you are using the UDP protocol for OpenVPN peer-to-peer communication, i.e. --proto udp.

--mssfix and --fragment can be ideally used together, where --mssfix will try to keep TCP from needing packet fragmentation in the first place, and if big packets come through anyhow (from protocols other than TCP), --fragment will internally fragment them.

Both --fragment and --mssfix are designed to work around cases where Path MTU discovery is broken on the network path between OpenVPN peers.

The usual symptom of such a breakdown is an OpenVPN connection which successfully starts, but then stalls during active usage.

If --fragment and --mssfix are used together, --mssfix will take its default max parameter from the --fragment max option.

Therefore, one could lower the maximum UDP packet size to 1300 (a good first try for solving MTU-related connection problems) with the following options:

--tun-mtu 1500 --fragment 1300 --mssfix

Should we do Path MTU discovery on TCP/UDP channel? Only supported on OSes such as Linux that supports the necessary system call to set.

Valid types:

no Never send DF (Don't Fragment) frames

maybe Use per-route hints

yes Always DF (Don't Fragment)

Ping remote over the TCP/UDP control channel if no packets have been sent for at least n seconds (specify --ping on both peers to cause ping packets to be sent in both directions since OpenVPN ping packets are not echoed like IP ping packets). When used in one of OpenVPN's secure modes (where --secret, --tls-server or --tls-client is specified), the ping packet will be cryptographically secure.

This option has two intended uses:

1. Compatibility with stateful firewalls. The periodic ping will ensure that a stateful firewall rule which allows OpenVPN UDP packets to pass will not time out.
2. To provide a basis for the remote to test the existence of its peer using the --ping-exit option.

Causes OpenVPN to exit after n seconds pass without reception of a ping or other packet from remote. This option can be combined with --inactive, --ping and --ping-exit to create a two-tiered inactivity disconnect.

For example,

openvpn [options...] --inactive 3600 --ping 10 --ping-exit 60

when used on both peers will cause OpenVPN to exit within 60 seconds if its peer disconnects, but will exit after one hour if no actual tunnel data is exchanged.

Similar to --ping-exit, but trigger a SIGUSR1 restart after n seconds pass without reception of a ping or other packet from remote.

This option is useful in cases where the remote peer has a dynamic IP address and a low-TTL DNS name is used to track the IP address using a service such as http://dyndns.org/ + a dynamic DNS client such as ddclient.

If the peer cannot be reached, a restart will be triggered, causing the hostname used with --remote to be re-resolved (if --resolv-retry is also specified).

In server mode, --ping-restart, --inactive or any other type of internally generated signal will always be applied to individual client instance objects, never to whole server itself. Note also in server mode that any internally generated signal which would normally cause a restart, will cause the deletion of the client instance object instead.

In client mode, the --ping-restart parameter is set to 120 seconds by default. This default will hold until the client pulls a replacement value from the server, based on the --keepalive setting in the server configuration. To disable the 120 second default, set --ping-restart 0 on the client.

See the signals section below for more information on SIGUSR1.

Note that the behavior of SIGUSR1 can be modified by the --persist-tun, --persist-key, --persist-local-ip and --persist-remote-ip options.

Also note that --ping-exit and --ping-restart are mutually exclusive and cannot be used together.

Use protocol p for communicating with remote host. p can be udp, tcp-client, or tcp-server.

The default protocol is udp when --proto is not specified.

For UDP operation, --proto udp should be specified on both peers.

For TCP operation, one peer must use --proto tcp-server and the other must use --proto tcp-client. A peer started with tcp-server will wait indefinitely for an incoming connection. A peer started with tcp-client will attempt to connect, and if that fails, will sleep for 5 seconds (adjustable via the --connect-retry option) and try again infinite or up to N retries (adjustable via the --connect-retry-max option). Both TCP client and server will simulate a SIGUSR1 restart signal if either side resets the connection.

OpenVPN is designed to operate optimally over UDP, but TCP capability is provided for situations where UDP cannot be used. In comparison with UDP, TCP will usually be somewhat less efficient and less robust when used over unreliable or congested networks.

This article outlines some of problems with tunneling IP over TCP: http://sites.inka.de/sites/bigred/devel/tcp-tcp.html

There are certain cases, however, where using TCP may be advantageous from a security and robustness perspective, such as tunneling non-IP or application-level UDP protocols, or tunneling protocols which don't possess a built-in reliability layer.

Modify the replay protection sliding-window size and time window.

Valid syntax:

replay-window n [t]

Use a replay protection sliding-window of size n and a time window of t seconds.

By default n is 64 (the IPSec default) and t is 15 seconds.

This option is only relevant in UDP mode, i.e. when either --proto udp is specified, or no --proto option is specified.

When OpenVPN tunnels IP packets over UDP, there is the possibility that packets might be dropped or delivered out of order. Because OpenVPN, like IPSec, is emulating the physical network layer, it will accept an out-of-order packet sequence, and will deliver such packets in the same order they were received to the TCP/IP protocol stack, provided they satisfy several constraints.

1. The packet cannot be a replay (unless --no-replay is specified, which disables replay protection altogether).
2. If a packet arrives out of order, it will only be accepted if the difference between its sequence number and the highest sequence number received so far is less than n.
3. If a packet arrives out of order, it will only be accepted if it arrives no later than t seconds after any packet containing a higher sequence number.

If you are using a network link with a large pipeline (meaning that the product of bandwidth and latency is high), you may want to use a larger value for n. Satellite links in particular often require this.

If you run OpenVPN at --verb 4, you will see the message "Replay-window backtrack occurred [x]" every time the maximum sequence number backtrack seen thus far increases. This can be used to calibrate n.

There is some controversy on the appropriate method of handling packet reordering at the security layer.

Namely, to what extent should the security layer protect the encapsulated protocol from attacks which masquerade as the kinds of normal packet loss and reordering that occur over IP networks?

The IPSec and OpenVPN approach is to allow packet reordering within a certain fixed sequence number window.

OpenVPN adds to the IPSec model by limiting the window size in time as well as sequence space.

OpenVPN also adds TCP transport as an option (not offered by IPSec) in which case OpenVPN can adopt a very strict attitude towards message deletion and reordering: Don't allow it. Since TCP guarantees reliability, any packet loss or reordering event can be assumed to be an attack.

In this sense, it could be argued that TCP tunnel transport is preferred when tunneling non-IP or UDP application protocols which might be vulnerable to a message deletion or reordering attack which falls within the normal operational parameters of IP networks.

So I would make the statement that one should never tunnel a non-IP protocol or UDP application protocol over UDP, if the protocol might be vulnerable to a message deletion or reordering attack that falls within the normal operating parameters of what is to be expected from the physical IP layer. The problem is easily fixed by simply using TCP as the VPN transport layer.

Persist replay-protection state across sessions using file to save and reload the state.

This option will strengthen protection against replay attacks, especially when you are using OpenVPN in a dynamic context (such as with --inetd) when OpenVPN sessions are frequently started and stopped.

This option will keep a disk copy of the current replay protection state (i.e. the most recent packet timestamp and sequence number received from the remote peer), so that if an OpenVPN session is stopped and restarted, it will reject any replays of packets which were already received by the prior session.

This option only makes sense when replay protection is enabled (the default) and you are using either --secret (shared-secret key mode) or TLS mode with --tls-auth.

Apply the given flags to the OpenVPN transport socket. Currently, only TCP_NODELAY is supported.

The TCP_NODELAY socket flag is useful in TCP mode, and causes the kernel to send tunnel packets immediately over the TCP connection without trying to group several smaller packets into a larger packet. This can result in a considerably improvement in latency.

This option is pushable from server to client, and should be used on both client and server for maximum effect.

This macro sets the TCP_NODELAY socket flag on the server as well as pushes it to connecting clients. The TCP_NODELAY flag disables the Nagle algorithm on TCP sockets causing packets to be transmitted immediately with low latency, rather than waiting a short period of time in order to aggregate several packets into a larger containing packet. In VPN applications over TCP, TCP_NODELAY is generally a good latency optimization.

The macro expands as follows:

if mode server:
    socket-flags TCP_NODELAY
    push "socket-flags TCP_NODELAY"

On the client, instead of sending IPv6 packets over the VPN tunnel, all IPv6 packets are answered with an ICMPv6 no route host message. On the server, all IPv6 packets from clients are answered with an ICMPv6 no route to host message. This options is intended for cases when IPv6 should be blocked and other options are not available. --block-ipv6 will use the remote IPv6 as source address of the ICMPv6 packets if set, otherwise will use fe80::7 as source address.

For this option to make sense you actually have to route traffic to the tun interface. The following example config block would send all IPv6 traffic to OpenVPN and answer all requests with no route to host, effectively blocking IPv6.

Client config

--ifconfig-ipv6 fd15:53b6:dead::2/64 fd15:53b6:dead::1
--redirect-gateway ipv6
--block-ipv6

Server config

Push a "valid" ipv6 config to the client and block on the server

--push "ifconfig-ipv6 fd15:53b6:dead::2/64 fd15:53b6:dead::1"
--push "redirect-gateway ipv6"
--block-ipv6

TUN/TAP virtual network device which can be tunX, tapX, null or an arbitrary name string (X can be omitted for a dynamic device.)

See examples section below for an example on setting up a TUN device.

You must use either tun devices on both ends of the connection or tap devices on both ends. You cannot mix them, as they represent different underlying network layers:

tun

devices encapsulate IPv4 or IPv6 (OSI Layer 3)

tap

devices encapsulate Ethernet 802.3 (OSI Layer 2).

Valid syntaxes:

dev tun2
dev tap4
dev ovpn

When the device name starts with tun or tap, the device type is extracted automatically. Otherwise the --dev-type option needs to be added as well.

Explicitly set the device node rather than using /dev/net/tun, /dev/tun, /dev/tap, etc. If OpenVPN cannot figure out whether node is a TUN or TAP device based on the name, you should also specify --dev-type tun or --dev-type tap.

Under Mac OS X this option can be used to specify the default tun implementation. Using --dev-node utun forces usage of the native Darwin tun kernel support. Use --dev-node utunN to select a specific utun instance. To force using the tun.kext (/dev/tunX) use --dev-node tun. When not specifying a --dev-node option openvpn will first try to open utun, and fall back to tun.kext.

On Windows systems, select the TAP-Win32 adapter which is named node in the Network Connections Control Panel or the raw GUID of the adapter enclosed by braces. The --show-adapters option under Windows can also be used to enumerate all available TAP-Win32 adapters and will show both the network connections control panel name and the GUID for each TAP-Win32 adapter.

Set additional network parameters on supported platforms. May be specified on the client or pushed from the server. On Windows these options are handled by the tap-windows6 driver by default or directly by OpenVPN if dhcp is disabled or the wintun driver is in use. The OpenVPN for Android client also handles them internally.

On all other platforms these options are only saved in the client's environment under the name foreign_options_{n} before the --up script is called. A plugin or an --up script must be used to pick up and interpret these as required. Many Linux distributions include such scripts and some third-party user interfaces such as tunnelblick also come with scripts that process these options.

Valid syntax:

dhcp-options type [parm]

DOMAIN name

Set Connection-specific DNS Suffix to name.

ADAPTER_DOMAIN_SUFFIX name

Alias to DOMAIN. This is a compatibility option, it should not be used in new deployments.

DOMAIN-SEARCH name

Add name to the domain search list. Repeat this option to add more entries. Up to 10 domains are supported.

DNS address

Set primary domain name server IPv4 or IPv6 address. Repeat this option to set secondary DNS server addresses.

Note: DNS IPv6 servers are currently set using netsh (the existing DHCP code can only do IPv4 DHCP, and that protocol only permits IPv4 addresses anywhere). The option will be put into the environment, so an --up script could act upon it if needed.

WINS address

Set primary WINS server address (NetBIOS over TCP/IP Name Server). Repeat this option to set secondary WINS server addresses.

NBDD address

Set primary NBDD server address (NetBIOS over TCP/IP Datagram Distribution Server). Repeat this option to set secondary NBDD server addresses.

NTP address

Set primary NTP server address (Network Time Protocol). Repeat this option to set secondary NTP server addresses.

NBT type

Set NetBIOS over TCP/IP Node type. Possible options:

1

b-node (broadcasts)

2

p-node (point-to-point name queries to a WINS server)

4

m-node (broadcast then query name server)

8

h-node (query name server, then broadcast).

NBS scope-id

Set NetBIOS over TCP/IP Scope. A NetBIOS Scope ID provides an extended naming service for the NetBIOS over TCP/IP (Known as NBT) module. The primary purpose of a NetBIOS scope ID is to isolate NetBIOS traffic on a single network to only those nodes with the same NetBIOS scope ID. The NetBIOS scope ID is a character string that is appended to the NetBIOS name. The NetBIOS scope ID on two hosts must match, or the two hosts will not be able to communicate. The NetBIOS Scope ID also allows computers to use the same computer name, as they have different scope IDs. The Scope ID becomes a part of the NetBIOS name, making the name unique. (This description of NetBIOS scopes courtesy of NeonSurge@abyss.com)

DISABLE-NBT

Disable Netbios-over-TCP/IP.

Set TUN/TAP adapter parameters. It requires the IP address of the local VPN endpoint. For TUN devices in point-to-point mode, the next argument must be the VPN IP address of the remote VPN endpoint. For TAP devices, or TUN devices used with --topology subnet, the second argument is the subnet mask of the virtual network segment which is being created or connected to.

For TUN devices, which facilitate virtual point-to-point IP connections (when used in --topology net30 or p2p mode), the proper usage of --ifconfig is to use two private IP addresses which are not a member of any existing subnet which is in use. The IP addresses may be consecutive and should have their order reversed on the remote peer. After the VPN is established, by pinging rn, you will be pinging across the VPN.

For TAP devices, which provide the ability to create virtual ethernet segments, or TUN devices in --topology subnet mode (which create virtual "multipoint networks"), --ifconfig is used to set an IP address and subnet mask just as a physical ethernet adapter would be similarly configured. If you are attempting to connect to a remote ethernet bridge, the IP address and subnet should be set to values which would be valid on the the bridged ethernet segment (note also that DHCP can be used for the same purpose).

This option, while primarily a proxy for the ifconfig(8) command, is designed to simplify TUN/TAP tunnel configuration by providing a standard interface to the different ifconfig implementations on different platforms.

--ifconfig parameters which are IP addresses can also be specified as a DNS or /etc/hosts file resolvable name.

For TAP devices, --ifconfig should not be used if the TAP interface will be getting an IP address lease from a DHCP server.

Examples:

# tun device in net30/p2p mode
ifconfig 10.8.0.2 10.8.0.1

# tun/tap device in subnet mode
ifconfig 10.8.0.2 255.255.255.0

Configure an IPv6 address on the tun device.

Valid syntax:

ifconfig-ipv6 ipv6addr/bits [ipv6remote]

The ipv6addr/bits argument is the IPv6 address to use. The second parameter is used as route target for --route-ipv6 if no gateway is specified.

The --topology option has no influence with --ifconfig-ipv6

Don't output an options consistency check warning if the --ifconfig option on this side of the connection doesn't match the remote side. This is useful when you want to retain the overall benefits of the options consistency check (also see --disable-occ option) while only disabling the ifconfig component of the check.

For example, if you have a configuration where the local host uses --ifconfig but the remote host does not, use --ifconfig-nowarn on the local host.

This option will also silence warnings about potential address conflicts which occasionally annoy more experienced users by triggering "false positive" warnings.

Don't close and reopen TUN/TAP device or run up/down scripts across SIGUSR1 or --ping-restart restarts.

SIGUSR1 is a restart signal similar to SIGHUP, but which offers finer-grained control over reset options.

Automatically execute routing commands to cause all outgoing IP traffic to be redirected over the VPN. This is a client-side option.

This option performs three steps:

1. Create a static route for the --remote address which forwards to the pre-existing default gateway. This is done so that (3) will not create a routing loop.
2. Delete the default gateway route.
3. Set the new default gateway to be the VPN endpoint address (derived either from --route-gateway or the second parameter to --ifconfig when --dev tun is specified).

When the tunnel is torn down, all of the above steps are reversed so that the original default route is restored.

Option flags:

local

Add the local flag if both OpenVPN peers are directly connected via a common subnet, such as with wireless. The local flag will cause step (1) above to be omitted.

autolocal

Try to automatically determine whether to enable local flag above.

def1

Use this flag to override the default gateway by using 0.0.0.0/1 and 128.0.0.0/1 rather than 0.0.0.0/0. This has the benefit of overriding but not wiping out the original default gateway.

bypass-dhcp

Add a direct route to the DHCP server (if it is non-local) which bypasses the tunnel (Available on Windows clients, may not be available on non-Windows clients).

bypass-dns

Add a direct route to the DNS server(s) (if they are non-local) which bypasses the tunnel (Available on Windows clients, may not be available on non-Windows clients).

block-local

Block access to local LAN when the tunnel is active, except for the LAN gateway itself. This is accomplished by routing the local LAN (except for the LAN gateway address) into the tunnel.

ipv6

Redirect IPv6 routing into the tunnel. This works similar to the def1 flag, that is, more specific IPv6 routes are added (2000::/4, 3000::/4), covering the whole IPv6 unicast space.

!ipv4

Do not redirect IPv4 traffic - typically used in the flag pair ipv6 !ipv4 to redirect IPv6-only.

Add route to routing table after connection is established. Multiple routes can be specified. Routes will be automatically torn down in reverse order prior to TUN/TAP device close.

Valid syntaxes:

route network/IP
route network/IP netmask
route network/IP netmask gateway
route network/IP netmask gateway metric

This option is intended as a convenience proxy for the route(8) shell command, while at the same time providing portable semantics across OpenVPN's platform space.

netmask

defaults to 255.255.255.255 when not given

gateway

default taken from --route-gateway or the second parameter to --ifconfig when --dev tun is specified.

metric

default taken from --route-metric if set, otherwise 0.

The default can be specified by leaving an option blank or setting it to default.

The network and gateway parameters can also be specified as a DNS or /etc/hosts file resolvable name, or as one of three special keywords:

vpn_gateway

The remote VPN endpoint address (derived either from --route-gateway or the second parameter to --ifconfig when --dev tun is specified).

net_gateway

The pre-existing IP default gateway, read from the routing table (not supported on all OSes).

remote_host

The --remote address if OpenVPN is being run in client mode, and is undefined in server mode.

Valid syntaxes:

route-delay
route-delay n
route-delay n m

Delay n seconds (default 0) after connection establishment, before adding routes. If n is 0, routes will be added immediately upon connection establishment. If --route-delay is omitted, routes will be added immediately after TUN/TAP device open and --up script execution, before any --user or --group privilege downgrade (or --chroot execution.)

This option is designed to be useful in scenarios where DHCP is used to set tap adapter addresses. The delay will give the DHCP handshake time to complete before routes are added.

On Windows, --route-delay tries to be more intelligent by waiting w seconds (default 30 by default) for the TAP-Win32 adapter to come up before adding routes.

Setup IPv6 routing in the system to send the specified IPv6 network into OpenVPN's tun.

Valid syntax:

route-ipv6 ipv6addr/bits [gateway] [metric]

The gateway parameter is only used for IPv6 routes across tap devices, and if missing, the ipv6remote field from --ifconfig-ipv6 or --route-ipv6-gateway is used.

Specify a default gateway for use with --route.

If dhcp is specified as the parameter, the gateway address will be extracted from a DHCP negotiation with the OpenVPN server-side LAN.

Valid syntaxes:

route-gateway gateway
route-gateway dhcp

When used with --client or --pull, accept options pushed by server EXCEPT for routes, block-outside-dns and dhcp options like DNS servers.

When used on the client, this option effectively bars the server from adding routes to the client's routing table, however note that this option still allows the server to set the TCP/IP properties of the client's TUN/TAP interface.

Configure virtual addressing topology when running in --dev tun mode. This directive has no meaning in --dev tap mode, which always uses a subnet topology.

If you set this directive on the server, the --server and --server-bridge directives will automatically push your chosen topology setting to clients as well. This directive can also be manually pushed to clients. Like the --dev directive, this directive must always be compatible between client and server.

mode can be one of:

net30

Use a point-to-point topology, by allocating one /30 subnet per client. This is designed to allow point-to-point semantics when some or all of the connecting clients might be Windows systems. This is the default on OpenVPN 2.0.

p2p

Use a point-to-point topology where the remote endpoint of the client's tun interface always points to the local endpoint of the server's tun interface. This mode allocates a single IP address per connecting client. Only use when none of the connecting clients are Windows systems.

subnet

Use a subnet rather than a point-to-point topology by configuring the tun interface with a local IP address and subnet mask, similar to the topology used in --dev tap and ethernet bridging mode. This mode allocates a single IP address per connecting client and works on Windows as well. Only available when server and clients are OpenVPN 2.1 or higher, or OpenVPN 2.0.x which has been manually patched with the --topology directive code. When used on Windows, requires version 8.2 or higher of the TAP-Win32 driver. When used on *nix, requires that the tun driver supports an ifconfig(8) command which sets a subnet instead of a remote endpoint IP address.

Note: Using --topology subnet changes the interpretation of the arguments of --ifconfig to mean "address netmask", no longer "local remote".

Take the TUN device MTU to be n and derive the link MTU from it (default 1500). In most cases, you will probably want to leave this parameter set to its default value.

The MTU (Maximum Transmission Units) is the maximum datagram size in bytes that can be sent unfragmented over a particular network path. OpenVPN requires that packets on the control and data channels be sent unfragmented.

MTU problems often manifest themselves as connections which hang during periods of active usage.

It's best to use the --fragment and/or --mssfix options to deal with MTU sizing issues.

(Standalone) Create a persistent tunnel on platforms which support them such as Linux. Normally TUN/TAP tunnels exist only for the period of time that an application has them open. This option takes advantage of the TUN/TAP driver's ability to build persistent tunnels that live through multiple instantiations of OpenVPN and die only when they are deleted or the machine is rebooted.

One of the advantages of persistent tunnels is that they eliminate the need for separate --up and --down scripts to run the appropriate ifconfig(8) and route(8) commands. These commands can be placed in the the same shell script which starts or terminates an OpenVPN session.

Another advantage is that open connections through the TUN/TAP-based tunnel will not be reset if the OpenVPN peer restarts. This can be useful to provide uninterrupted connectivity through the tunnel in the event of a DHCP reset of the peer's public IP address (see the --ipchange option above).

One disadvantage of persistent tunnels is that it is harder to automatically configure their MTU value (see --link-mtu and --tun-mtu above).

On some platforms such as Windows, TAP-Win32 tunnels are persistent by default.

Require the client to provide a username/password (possibly in addition to a client certificate) for authentication.

Valid syntax:

auth-user-pass-verify cmd method

OpenVPN will run command cmd to validate the username/password provided by the client.

cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single- or double-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.

If method is set to via-env, OpenVPN will call script with the environmental variables username and password set to the username/password strings provided by the client. Beware that this method is insecure on some platforms which make the environment of a process publicly visible to other unprivileged processes.

If method is set to via-file, OpenVPN will write the username and password to the first two lines of a temporary file. The filename will be passed as an argument to script, and the file will be automatically deleted by OpenVPN after the script returns. The location of the temporary file is controlled by the --tmp-dir option, and will default to the current directory if unspecified. For security, consider setting --tmp-dir to a volatile storage medium such as /dev/shm (if available) to prevent the username/password file from touching the hard drive.

The script should examine the username and password, returning a success exit code (0) if the client's authentication request is to be accepted, or a failure code (1) to reject the client.

This directive is designed to enable a plugin-style interface for extending OpenVPN's authentication capabilities.

To protect against a client passing a maliciously formed username or password string, the username string must consist only of these characters: alphanumeric, underbar ('_'), dash ('-'), dot ('.'), or at ('@'). The password string can consist of any printable characters except for CR or LF. Any illegal characters in either the username or password string will be converted to underbar ('_').

Care must be taken by any user-defined scripts to avoid creating a security vulnerability in the way that these strings are handled. Never use these strings in such a way that they might be escaped or evaluated by a shell interpreter.

For a sample script that performs PAM authentication, see sample-scripts/auth-pam.pl in the OpenVPN source distribution.

Run command cmd on client connection.

cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single- or double-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.

The command is passed the common name and IP address of the just-authenticated client as environmental variables (see environmental variable section below). The command is also passed the pathname of a freshly created temporary file as the last argument (after any arguments specified in cmd ), to be used by the command to pass dynamically generated config file directives back to OpenVPN.

If the script wants to generate a dynamic config file to be applied on the server when the client connects, it should write it to the file named by the last argument.

See the --client-config-dir option below for options which can be legally used in a dynamically generated config file.

Note that the return value of script is significant. If script returns a non-zero error status, it will cause the client to be disconnected.

If a --client-connect wants to defer the generating of the configuration then the script needs to use the client_connect_deferred_file and client_connect_config_file environment variables, and write status accordingly into these files. See the Environmental Variables section for more details.

Like --client-connect but called on client instance shutdown. Will not be called unless the --client-connect script and plugins (if defined) were previously called on this instance with successful (0) status returns.

The exception to this rule is if the --client-disconnect command or plugins are cascaded, and at least one client-connect function succeeded, then ALL of the client-disconnect functions for scripts and plugins will be called on client instance object deletion, even in cases where some of the related client-connect functions returned an error status.

The --client-disconnect command is not passed any extra arguments (only those arguments specified in cmd, if any).

Run command cmd after TUN/TAP device close (post --user UID change and/or --chroot ). cmd consists of a path to script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single- or double-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.

Called with the same parameters and environmental variables as the --up option above.

Note that if you reduce privileges by using --user and/or --group, your --down script will also run at reduced privilege.

Run command cmd when our remote ip-address is initially authenticated or changes.

cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single- or double-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.

When cmd is executed two arguments are appended after any arguments specified in cmd , as follows:

cmd ip address port number

Don't use --ipchange in --mode server mode. Use a --client-connect script instead.

See the Environmental Variables section below for additional parameters passed as environmental variables.

If you are running in a dynamic IP address environment where the IP addresses of either peer could change without notice, you can use this script, for example, to edit the /etc/hosts file with the current address of the peer. The script will be run every time the remote peer changes its IP address.

Similarly if our IP address changes due to DHCP, we should configure our IP address change script (see man page for dhcpcd(8)) to deliver a SIGHUP or SIGUSR1 signal to OpenVPN. OpenVPN will then re-establish a connection with its most recently authenticated peer on its new IP address.

Run command cmd to validate client virtual addresses or routes.

cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single- or double-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.

Three arguments will be appended to any arguments in cmd as follows:

$1 - [operation]

"add", "update", or "delete" based on whether or not the address is being added to, modified, or deleted from OpenVPN's internal routing table.

$2 - [address]

The address being learned or unlearned. This can be an IPv4 address such as "198.162.10.14", an IPv4 subnet such as "198.162.10.0/24", or an ethernet MAC address (when --dev tap is being used) such as "00:FF:01:02:03:04".

$3 - [common name]

The common name on the certificate associated with the client linked to this address. Only present for "add" or "update" operations, not "delete".

On "add" or "update" methods, if the script returns a failure code (non-zero), OpenVPN will reject the address and will not modify its internal routing table.

Normally, the cmd script will use the information provided above to set appropriate firewall entries on the VPN TUN/TAP interface. Since OpenVPN provides the association between virtual IP or MAC address and the client's authenticated common name, it allows a user-defined script to configure firewall access policies with regard to the client's high-level common name, rather than the low level client virtual addresses.

Run command cmd after routes are added, subject to --route-delay.

cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single- or double-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.

See the Environmental Variables section below for additional parameters passed as environmental variables.

Run command cmd before routes are removed upon disconnection.

cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single- or double-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.

See the Environmental Variables section below for additional parameters passed as environmental variables.

Set a custom environmental variable name=value to pass to script.

Valid syntaxes:

setenv name value
setenv FORWARD_COMPATIBLE 1
setenv opt config_option

By setting FORWARD_COMPATIBLE to 1, the config file syntax checking is relaxed so that unknown directives will trigger a warning but not a fatal error, on the assumption that a given unknown directive might be valid in future OpenVPN versions.

This option should be used with caution, as there are good security reasons for having OpenVPN fail if it detects problems in a config file. Having said that, there are valid reasons for wanting new software features to gracefully degrade when encountered by older software versions.

It is also possible to tag a single directive so as not to trigger a fatal error if the directive isn't recognized. To do this, prepend the following before the directive: setenv opt

Versions prior to OpenVPN 2.3.3 will always ignore options set with the setenv opt directive.

See also --ignore-unknown-option

Set a custom environmental variable OPENVPN_name to value to pass to scripts.

Valid syntaxes:

setenv-safe name value

This directive is designed to be pushed by the server to clients, and the prepending of OPENVPN_ to the environmental variable is a safety precaution to prevent a LD_PRELOAD style attack from a malicious or compromised server.

Run command cmd to verify the X509 name of a pending TLS connection that has otherwise passed all other tests of certification (except for revocation via --crl-verify directive; the revocation test occurs after the --tls-verify test).

cmd should return 0 to allow the TLS handshake to proceed, or 1 to fail.

cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single- or double-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.

When cmd is executed two arguments are appended after any arguments specified in cmd, as follows:

cmd certificate_depth subject

These arguments are, respectively, the current certificate depth and the X509 subject distinguished name (dn) of the peer.

This feature is useful if the peer you want to trust has a certificate which was signed by a certificate authority who also signed many other certificates, where you don't necessarily want to trust all of them, but rather be selective about which peer certificate you will accept. This feature allows you to write a script which will test the X509 name on a certificate and decide whether or not it should be accepted. For a simple perl script which will test the common name field on the certificate, see the file verify-cn in the OpenVPN distribution.

See the Environmental Variables section below for additional parameters passed as environmental variables.

Run command cmd after successful TUN/TAP device open (pre --user UID change).

cmd consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single- or double-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.

The up command is useful for specifying route commands which route IP traffic destined for private subnets which exist at the other end of the VPN connection into the tunnel.

For --dev tun execute as:

cmd tun_dev tun_mtu link_mtu ifconfig_local_ip ifconfig_remote_ip [init | restart]

For --dev tap execute as:

cmd tap_dev tap_mtu link_mtu ifconfig_local_ip ifconfig_netmask [init | restart]

See the Environmental Variables section below for additional parameters passed as environmental variables.

Note that if cmd includes arguments, all OpenVPN-generated arguments will be appended to them to build an argument list with which the executable will be called.

Typically, cmd will run a script to add routes to the tunnel.

Normally the up script is called after the TUN/TAP device is opened. In this context, the last command line parameter passed to the script will be init. If the --up-restart option is also used, the up script will be called for restarts as well. A restart is considered to be a partial reinitialization of OpenVPN where the TUN/TAP instance is preserved (the --persist-tun option will enable such preservation). A restart can be generated by a SIGUSR1 signal, a --ping-restart timeout, or a connection reset when the TCP protocol is enabled with the --proto option. If a restart occurs, and --up-restart has been specified, the up script will be called with restart as the last parameter.

NOTE:

On restart, OpenVPN will not pass the full set of environment variables to the script. Namely, everything related to routing and gateways will not be passed, as nothing needs to be done anyway - all the routing setup is already in place. Additionally, the up-restart script will run with the downgraded UID/GID settings (if configured).

The following standalone example shows how the --up script can be called in both an initialization and restart context. (NOTE: for security reasons, don't run the following example unless UDP port 9999 is blocked by your firewall. Also, the example will run indefinitely, so you should abort with control-c).

openvpn --dev tun --port 9999 --verb 4 --ping-restart 10 \
        --up 'echo up' --down 'echo down' --persist-tun  \
        --up-restart

Note that OpenVPN also provides the --ifconfig option to automatically ifconfig the TUN device, eliminating the need to define an --up script, unless you also want to configure routes in the --up script.

If --ifconfig is also specified, OpenVPN will pass the ifconfig local and remote endpoints on the command line to the --up script so that they can be used to configure routes such as:

route add -net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw $5

Delay TUN/TAP open and possible --up script execution until after TCP/UDP connection establishment with peer.

In --proto udp mode, this option normally requires the use of --ping to allow connection initiation to be sensed in the absence of tunnel data, since UDP is a "connectionless" protocol.

On Windows, this option will delay the TAP-Win32 media state transitioning to "connected" until connection establishment, i.e. the receipt of the first authenticated packet from the peer.

Enable a management server on a socket-name Unix socket on those platforms supporting it, or on a designated TCP port.

Valid syntaxes:

management socket-name unix          #
management socket-name unix pw-file  # (recommended)
management IP port                   # (INSECURE)
management IP port pw-file           #

pw-file, if specified, is a password file where the password must be on first line. Instead of a filename it can use the keyword stdin which will prompt the user for a password to use when OpenVPN is starting.

For unix sockets, the default behaviour is to create a unix domain socket that may be connected to by any process. Use the --management-client-user and --management-client-group directives to restrict access.

The management interface provides a special mode where the TCP management link can operate over the tunnel itself. To enable this mode, set IP to tunnel. Tunnel mode will cause the management interface to listen for a TCP connection on the local VPN address of the TUN/TAP interface.

*BEWARE* of enabling the management interface over TCP. In these cases you should ALWAYS make use of pw-file to password protect the management interface. Any user who can connect to this TCP IP:port will be able to manage and control (and interfere with) the OpenVPN process. It is also strongly recommended to set IP to 127.0.0.1 (localhost) to restrict accessibility of the management server to local clients.

While the management port is designed for programmatic control of OpenVPN by other applications, it is possible to telnet to the port, using a telnet client in "raw" mode. Once connected, type help for a list of commands.

For detailed documentation on the management interface, see the management-notes.txt file in the management folder of the OpenVPN source distribution.

Management interface will connect as a TCP/unix domain client to IP:port specified by --management rather than listen as a TCP server or on a unix domain socket.

If the client connection fails to connect or is disconnected, a SIGTERM signal will be generated causing OpenVPN to quit.

Allows usage for external private key file instead of --key option (client-only).

Valid syntaxes:

management-external-key
management-external-key nopadding
management-external-key pkcs1
management-external-key nopadding pkcs1

The optional parameters nopadding and pkcs1 signal support for different padding algorithms. See doc/mangement-notes.txt for a complete description of this feature.

Make OpenVPN forget passwords when management session disconnects.

This directive does not affect the --http-proxy username/password. It is always cached.

Loads an OpenVPN plug-in module.

Valid syntax:

plugin module-name
plugin module-name "arguments"

The module-name needs to be the first argument, indicating the plug-in to load. The second argument is an optional init string which will be passed directly to the plug-in. If the init consists of multiple arguments it must be enclosed in double-quotes ("). Multiple plugin modules may be loaded into one OpenVPN process.

The module-name argument can be just a filename or a filename with a relative or absolute path. The format of the filename and path defines if the plug-in will be loaded from a default plug-in directory or outside this directory.

--plugin path         Effective directory used
===================== =============================
 myplug.so            DEFAULT_DIR/myplug.so
 subdir/myplug.so     DEFAULT_DIR/subdir/myplug.so
 ./subdir/myplug.so   CWD/subdir/myplug.so
 /usr/lib/my/plug.so  /usr/lib/my/plug.so

DEFAULT_DIR is replaced by the default plug-in directory, which is configured at the build time of OpenVPN. CWD is the current directory where OpenVPN was started or the directory OpenVPN have switched into via the --cd option before the --plugin option.

For more information and examples on how to build OpenVPN plug-in modules, see the README file in the plugin folder of the OpenVPN source distribution.

If you are using an RPM install of OpenVPN, see /usr/share/openvpn/plugin. The documentation is in doc and the actual plugin modules are in lib.

Multiple plugin modules can be cascaded, and modules can be used in tandem with scripts. The modules will be called by OpenVPN in the order that they are declared in the config file. If both a plugin and script are configured for the same callback, the script will be called last. If the return code of the module/script controls an authentication function (such as tls-verify, auth-user-pass-verify, or client-connect), then every module and script must return success (0) in order for the connection to be authenticated.

Block DNS servers on other network adapters to prevent DNS leaks. This option prevents any application from accessing TCP or UDP port 53 except one inside the tunnel. It uses Windows Filtering Platform (WFP) and works on Windows Vista or later.

This option is considered unknown on non-Windows platforms and unsupported on Windows XP, resulting in fatal error. You may want to use --setenv opt or --ignore-unknown-option (not suitable for Windows XP) to ignore said error. Note that pushing unknown options from server does not trigger fatal errors.

(Windows/OpenSSL Only) Load the certificate and private key from the Windows Certificate System Store.

Use this option instead of --cert and --key.

This makes it possible to use any smart card, supported by Windows, but also any kind of certificate, residing in the Cert Store, where you have access to the private key. This option has been tested with a couple of different smart cards (GemSAFE, Cryptoflex, and Swedish Post Office eID) on the client side, and also an imported PKCS12 software certificate on the server side.

To select a certificate, based on a substring search in the certificate's subject:

cryptoapicert "SUBJ:Peter Runestig"

To select a certificate, based on certificate's thumbprint:

cryptoapicert "THUMB:f6 49 24 41 01 b4 ..."

The thumbprint hex string can easily be copy-and-pasted from the Windows Certificate Store GUI.

When using --ifconfig on Windows, set the TAP-Win32 adapter IP address and netmask using method. Don't use this option unless you are also using --ifconfig.

manual

Don't set the IP address or netmask automatically. Instead output a message to the console telling the user to configure the adapter manually and indicating the IP/netmask which OpenVPN expects the adapter to be set to.

dynamic [offset] [lease-time]

Automatically set the IP address and netmask by replying to DHCP query messages generated by the kernel. This mode is probably the "cleanest" solution for setting the TCP/IP properties since it uses the well-known DHCP protocol. There are, however, two prerequisites for using this mode:

1. The TCP/IP properties for the TAP-Win32 adapter must be set to "Obtain an IP address automatically", and
2. OpenVPN needs to claim an IP address in the subnet for use as the virtual DHCP server address.

By default in --dev tap mode, OpenVPN will take the normally unused first address in the subnet. For example, if your subnet is 192.168.4.0 netmask 255.255.255.0, then OpenVPN will take the IP address 192.168.4.0 to use as the virtual DHCP server address. In --dev tun mode, OpenVPN will cause the DHCP server to masquerade as if it were coming from the remote endpoint.

The optional offset parameter is an integer which is > -256 and < 256 and which defaults to -1. If offset is positive, the DHCP server will masquerade as the IP address at network address + offset. If offset is negative, the DHCP server will masquerade as the IP address at broadcast address + offset.

The Windows ipconfig /all command can be used to show what Windows thinks the DHCP server address is. OpenVPN will "claim" this address, so make sure to use a free address. Having said that, different OpenVPN instantiations, including different ends of the same connection, can share the same virtual DHCP server address.

The lease-time parameter controls the lease time of the DHCP assignment given to the TAP-Win32 adapter, and is denoted in seconds. Normally a very long lease time is preferred because it prevents routes involving the TAP-Win32 adapter from being lost when the system goes to sleep. The default lease time is one year.

netsh

Automatically set the IP address and netmask using the Windows command-line "netsh" command. This method appears to work correctly on Windows XP but not Windows 2000.

ipapi

Automatically set the IP address and netmask using the Windows IP Helper API. This approach does not have ideal semantics, though testing has indicated that it works okay in practice. If you use this option, it is best to leave the TCP/IP properties for the TAP-Win32 adapter in their default state, i.e. "Obtain an IP address automatically."

adaptive (Default)

Try dynamic method initially and fail over to netsh if the DHCP negotiation with the TAP-Win32 adapter does not succeed in 20 seconds. Such failures have been known to occur when certain third-party firewall packages installed on the client machine block the DHCP negotiation used by the TAP-Win32 adapter. Note that if the netsh failover occurs, the TAP-Win32 adapter TCP/IP properties will be reset from DHCP to static, and this will cause future OpenVPN startups using the adaptive mode to use netsh immediately, rather than trying dynamic first.

To "unstick" the adaptive mode from using netsh, run OpenVPN at least once using the dynamic mode to restore the TAP-Win32 adapter TCP/IP properties to a DHCP configuration.

Which method m to use for adding routes on Windows?

adaptive (default)

Try IP helper API first. If that fails, fall back to the route.exe shell command.

ipapi

Use IP helper API.

exe

Call the route.exe shell command.

Should be used when OpenVPN is being automatically executed by another program in such a context that no interaction with the user via display or keyboard is possible.

Valid syntax:

service exit-event [0|1]

In general, end-users should never need to explicitly use this option, as it is automatically added by the OpenVPN service wrapper when a given OpenVPN configuration is being run as a service.

exit-event is the name of a Windows global event object, and OpenVPN will continuously monitor the state of this event object and exit when it becomes signaled.

The second parameter indicates the initial state of exit-event and normally defaults to 0.

Multiple OpenVPN processes can be simultaneously executed with the same exit-event parameter. In any case, the controlling process can signal exit-event, causing all such OpenVPN processes to exit.

When executing an OpenVPN process using the --service directive, OpenVPN will probably not have a console window to output status/error messages, therefore it is useful to use --log or --log-append to write these messages to a file.

(Standalone) Show valid subnets for --dev tun emulation. Since the TAP-Win32 driver exports an ethernet interface to Windows, and since TUN devices are point-to-point in nature, it is necessary for the TAP-Win32 driver to impose certain constraints on TUN endpoint address selection.

Namely, the point-to-point endpoints used in TUN device emulation must be the middle two addresses of a /30 subnet (netmask 255.255.255.252).

Cause OpenVPN to sleep for n seconds immediately after the TAP-Win32 adapter state is set to "connected".

This option is intended to be used to troubleshoot problems with the --ifconfig and --ip-win32 options, and is used to give the TAP-Win32 adapter time to come up before Windows IP Helper API operations are applied to it.

Set the Windows system directory pathname to use when looking for system executables such as route.exe and netsh.exe. By default, if this directive is not specified, OpenVPN will use the SystemRoot environment variable.

This option has changed behaviour since OpenVPN 2.3. Earlier you had to define --win-sys env to use the SystemRoot environment variable, otherwise it defaulted to C:\\WINDOWS. It is not needed to use the env keyword any more, and it will just be ignored. A warning is logged when this is found in the configuration file.

(Standalone) Show current IPv4 and IPv6 default gateway and interface towards the gateway (if the protocol in question is enabled).

Valid syntax:

--show-gateway
--show-gateway IPv6-target

For IPv6 this queries the route towards ::/128, or the specified IPv6 target address if passed as argument. For IPv4 on Linux, Windows, MacOS and BSD it looks for a 0.0.0.0/0 route. If there are more specific routes, the result will not always be matching the route of the IPv4 packets to the VPN gateway.

Set the size of the real address hash table to r and the virtual address table to v.

Valid syntax:

hash-size r v

By default, both tables are sized at 256 buckets.

(Advanced) Change the PRNG (Pseudo-random number generator) parameters

Valid syntaxes:

prng alg
prng alg nsl

Changes the PRNG to use digest algorithm alg (default sha1), and set nsl (default 16) to the size in bytes of the nonce secret length (between 16 and 64).

Set alg to none to disable the PRNG and use the OpenSSL RAND_bytes function instead for all of OpenVPN's pseudo-random number needs.

Limit bandwidth of outgoing tunnel data to n bytes per second on the TCP/UDP port. Note that this will only work if mode is set to p2p. If you want to limit the bandwidth in both directions, use this option on both peers.

OpenVPN uses the following algorithm to implement traffic shaping: Given a shaper rate of n bytes per second, after a datagram write of b bytes is queued on the TCP/UDP port, wait a minimum of (b / n) seconds before queuing the next write.

It should be noted that OpenVPN supports multiple tunnels between the same two peers, allowing you to construct full-speed and reduced bandwidth tunnels at the same time, routing low-priority data such as off-site backups over the reduced bandwidth tunnel, and other data over the full-speed tunnel.

Also note that for low bandwidth tunnels (under 1000 bytes per second), you should probably use lower MTU values as well (see above), otherwise the packet latency will grow so large as to trigger timeouts in the TLS layer and TCP connections running over the tunnel.

OpenVPN allows n to be between 100 bytes/sec and 100 Mbytes/sec.

Maximum number of output packets queued before TCP (default 64).

When OpenVPN is tunneling data from a TUN/TAP device to a remote client over a TCP connection, it is possible that the TUN/TAP device might produce data at a faster rate than the TCP connection can support. When the number of output packets queued before sending to the TCP socket reaches this limit for a given client connection, OpenVPN will start to drop outgoing packets directed at this client.