path: root/doc/openvpn.8

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.TH OPENVPN 8 "" "" "System Manager's Manual"
.SH NAME
openvpn \- Secure IP tunnel daemon
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.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
\fBopenvpn\fP [ options ... ]
\fBopenvpn\fP  \fB\-\-help\fP
.fi
.sp
.SH INTRODUCTION
.sp
OpenVPN is an open source VPN daemon by James Yonan. Because OpenVPN
tries to be a universal VPN tool offering a great deal of flexibility,
there are a lot of options on this manual page. If you\(aqre new to
OpenVPN, you might want to skip ahead to the examples section where you
will see how to construct simple VPNs on the command line without even
needing a configuration file.
.sp
Also note that there\(aqs more documentation and examples on the OpenVPN
web site: \fI\%https://openvpn.net/\fP
.sp
And if you would like to see a shorter version of this manual, see the
openvpn usage message which can be obtained by running \fBopenvpn\fP
without any parameters.
.SH DESCRIPTION
.sp
OpenVPN is a robust and highly flexible VPN daemon. OpenVPN supports
SSL/TLS security, ethernet bridging, TCP or UDP tunnel transport through
proxies or NAT, support for dynamic IP addresses and DHCP, scalability
to hundreds or thousands of users, and portability to most major OS
platforms.
.sp
OpenVPN is tightly bound to the OpenSSL library, and derives much of its
crypto capabilities from it.
.sp
OpenVPN supports conventional encryption using a pre\-shared secret key
\fB(Static Key mode)\fP or public key security \fB(SSL/TLS mode)\fP using
client & server certificates. OpenVPN also supports non\-encrypted
TCP/UDP tunnels.
.sp
OpenVPN is designed to work with the \fBTUN/TAP\fP virtual networking
interface that exists on most platforms.
.sp
Overall, OpenVPN aims to offer many of the key features of IPSec but
with a relatively lightweight footprint.
.SH OPTIONS
.sp
OpenVPN allows any option to be placed either on the command line or in
a configuration file. Though all command line options are preceded by a
double\-leading\-dash ("\-\-"), this prefix can be removed when an option is
placed in a configuration file.
.SS Generic Options
.sp
This section covers generic options which are accessible regardless of
which mode OpenVPN is configured as.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-help
Show options.
.TP
.B \-\-auth\-nocache
Don\(aqt cache \fB\-\-askpass\fP or \fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\fP username/passwords in
virtual memory.
.sp
If specified, this directive will cause OpenVPN to immediately forget
username/password inputs after they are used. As a result, when OpenVPN
needs a username/password, it will prompt for input from stdin, which
may be multiple times during the duration of an OpenVPN session.
.sp
When using \fB\-\-auth\-nocache\fP in combination with a user/password file
and \fB\-\-chroot\fP or \fB\-\-daemon\fP, make sure to use an absolute path.
.sp
This directive does not affect the \fB\-\-http\-proxy\fP username/password.
It is always cached.
.TP
.BI \-\-cd \ dir
Change directory to \fBdir\fP prior to reading any files such as
configuration files, key files, scripts, etc. \fBdir\fP should be an
absolute path, with a leading "/", and without any references to the
current directory such as \fB\&.\fP or \fB\&..\fP\&.
.sp
This option is useful when you are running OpenVPN in \fB\-\-daemon\fP mode,
and you want to consolidate all of your OpenVPN control files in one
location.
.TP
.BI \-\-chroot \ dir
Chroot to \fBdir\fP after initialization. \fB\-\-chroot\fP essentially
redefines \fBdir\fP as being the top level directory tree (/). OpenVPN
will therefore be unable to access any files outside this tree. This can
be desirable from a security standpoint.
.sp
Since the chroot operation is delayed until after initialization, most
OpenVPN options that reference files will operate in a pre\-chroot
context.
.sp
In many cases, the \fBdir\fP parameter can point to an empty directory,
however complications can result when scripts or restarts are executed
after the chroot operation.
.sp
Note: The SSL library will probably need /dev/urandom to be available
inside the chroot directory \fBdir\fP\&. This is because SSL libraries
occasionally need to collect fresh random. Newer linux kernels and some
BSDs implement a getrandom() or getentropy() syscall that removes the
need for /dev/urandom to be available.
.TP
.BI \-\-config \ file
Load additional config options from \fBfile\fP where each line corresponds
to one command line option, but with the leading \(aq\-\-\(aq removed.
.sp
If \fB\-\-config file\fP is the only option to the openvpn command, the
\fB\-\-config\fP can be removed, and the command can be given as \fBopenvpn
file\fP
.sp
Note that configuration files can be nested to a reasonable depth.
.sp
Double quotation or single quotation characters ("", \(aq\(aq) can be used to
enclose single parameters containing whitespace, and "#" or ";"
characters in the first column can be used to denote comments.
.sp
Note that OpenVPN 2.0 and higher performs backslash\-based shell escaping
for characters not in single quotations, so the following mappings
should be observed:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
\e\e       Maps to a single backslash character (\e).
\e"       Pass a literal doublequote character ("), don\(aqt
         interpret it as enclosing a parameter.
\e[SPACE] Pass a literal space or tab character, don\(aqt
         interpret it as a parameter delimiter.
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
For example on Windows, use double backslashes to represent pathnames:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
secret "c:\e\eOpenVPN\e\esecret.key"
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
For examples of configuration files, see
\fI\%https://openvpn.net/community\-resources/how\-to/\fP
.sp
Here is an example configuration file:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
#
# Sample OpenVPN configuration file for
# using a pre\-shared static key.
#
# \(aq#\(aq or \(aq;\(aq may be used to delimit comments.

# Use a dynamic tun device.
dev tun

# Our remote peer
remote mypeer.mydomain

# 10.1.0.1 is our local VPN endpoint
# 10.1.0.2 is our remote VPN endpoint
ifconfig 10.1.0.1 10.1.0.2

# Our pre\-shared static key
secret static.key
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-daemon \ progname
Become a daemon after all initialization functions are completed. This
option will cause all message and error output to be sent to the syslog
file (such as \fB/var/log/messages\fP), except for the output of
scripts and ifconfig commands, which will go to \fB/dev/null\fP unless
otherwise redirected. The syslog redirection occurs immediately at the
point that \fB\-\-daemon\fP is parsed on the command line even though the
daemonization point occurs later. If one of the \fB\-\-log\fP options is
present, it will supersede syslog redirection.
.sp
The optional \fBprogname\fP parameter will cause OpenVPN to report its
program name to the system logger as \fBprogname\fP\&. This can be useful in
linking OpenVPN messages in the syslog file with specific tunnels. When
unspecified, \fBprogname\fP defaults to "openvpn".
.sp
When OpenVPN is run with the \fB\-\-daemon\fP option, it will try to delay
daemonization until the majority of initialization functions which are
capable of generating fatal errors are complete. This means that
initialization scripts can test the return status of the openvpn command
for a fairly reliable indication of whether the command has correctly
initialized and entered the packet forwarding event loop.
.sp
In OpenVPN, the vast majority of errors which occur after initialization
are non\-fatal.
.sp
Note: as soon as OpenVPN has daemonized, it can not ask for usernames,
passwords, or key pass phrases anymore. This has certain consequences,
namely that using a password\-protected private key will fail unless the
\fB\-\-askpass\fP option is used to tell OpenVPN to ask for the pass phrase
(this requirement is new in v2.3.7, and is a consequence of calling
daemon() before initializing the crypto layer).
.sp
Further, using \fB\-\-daemon\fP together with \fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\fP (entered
on console) and \fB\-\-auth\-nocache\fP will fail as soon as key
renegotiation (and reauthentication) occurs.
.TP
.B \-\-disable\-occ
Don\(aqt output a warning message if option inconsistencies are detected
between peers. An example of an option inconsistency would be where one
peer uses \fB\-\-dev tun\fP while the other peer uses \fB\-\-dev tap\fP\&.
.sp
Use of this option is discouraged, but is provided as a temporary fix in
situations where a recent version of OpenVPN must connect to an old
version.
.TP
.BI \-\-engine \ engine\-name
Enable OpenSSL hardware\-based crypto engine functionality.
.sp
If \fBengine\-name\fP is specified, use a specific crypto engine. Use the
\fB\-\-show\-engines\fP standalone option to list the crypto engines which
are supported by OpenSSL.
.TP
.B \-\-fast\-io
(Experimental) Optimize TUN/TAP/UDP I/O writes by avoiding a call to
poll/epoll/select prior to the write operation. The purpose of such a
call would normally be to block until the device or socket is ready to
accept the write. Such blocking is unnecessary on some platforms which
don\(aqt support write blocking on UDP sockets or TUN/TAP devices. In such
cases, one can optimize the event loop by avoiding the poll/epoll/select
call, improving CPU efficiency by 5% to 10%.
.sp
This option can only be used on non\-Windows systems, when \fB\-\-proto
udp\fP is specified, and when \fB\-\-shaper\fP is NOT specified.
.TP
.BI \-\-group \ group
Similar to the \fB\-\-user\fP option, this option changes the group ID of
the OpenVPN process to \fBgroup\fP after initialization.
.TP
.BI \-\-ignore\-unknown\-option \ args
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
ignore\-unknown\-options opt1 opt2 opt3 ... optN
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
When one of options \fBopt1 ... optN\fP is encountered in the configuration
file the configuration file parsing does not fail if this OpenVPN version
does not support the option. Multiple \fB\-\-ignore\-unknown\-option\fP options
can be given to support a larger number of options to ignore.
.sp
This option should be used with caution, as there are good security
reasons for having OpenVPN fail if it detects problems in a config file.
Having said that, there are valid reasons for wanting new software
features to gracefully degrade when encountered by older software
versions.
.sp
\fB\-\-ignore\-unknown\-option\fP is available since OpenVPN 2.3.3.
.TP
.BI \-\-iproute \ cmd
Set alternate command to execute instead of default \fBiproute2\fP command.
May be used in order to execute OpenVPN in unprivileged environment.
.TP
.BI \-\-keying\-material\-exporter \ args
Save Exported Keying Material [RFC5705] of len bytes (must be between 16
and 4095 bytes) using \fBlabel\fP in environment
(\fBexported_keying_material\fP) for use by plugins in
\fBOPENVPN_PLUGIN_TLS_FINAL\fP callback.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
keying\-material\-exporter label len
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Note that exporter \fBlabels\fP have the potential to collide with existing
PRF labels. In order to prevent this, labels \fIMUST\fP begin with
\fBEXPORTER\fP\&.
.TP
.B \-\-mlock
Disable paging by calling the POSIX mlockall function. Requires that
OpenVPN be initially run as root (though OpenVPN can subsequently
downgrade its UID using the \fB\-\-user\fP option).
.sp
Using this option ensures that key material and tunnel data are never
written to disk due to virtual memory paging operations which occur
under most modern operating systems. It ensures that even if an attacker
was able to crack the box running OpenVPN, he would not be able to scan
the system swap file to recover previously used ephemeral keys, which
are used for a period of time governed by the \fB\-\-reneg\fP options (see
below), then are discarded.
.sp
The downside of using \fB\-\-mlock\fP is that it will reduce the amount of
physical memory available to other applications.
.sp
The limit on how much memory can be locked and how that limit
is enforced are OS\-dependent. On Linux the default limit that an
unprivileged process may lock (RLIMIT_MEMLOCK) is low, and if
privileges are dropped later, future memory allocations will very
likely fail. The limit can be increased using ulimit or systemd
directives depending on how OpenVPN is started.
.TP
.BI \-\-nice \ n
Change process priority after initialization (\fBn\fP greater than 0 is
lower priority, \fBn\fP less than zero is higher priority).
.TP
.B \-\-persist\-key
Don\(aqt re\-read key files across \fBSIGUSR1\fP or \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP\&.
.sp
This option can be combined with \fB\-\-user nobody\fP to allow restarts
triggered by the \fBSIGUSR1\fP signal. Normally if you drop root
privileges in OpenVPN, the daemon cannot be restarted since it will now
be unable to re\-read protected key files.
.sp
This option solves the problem by persisting keys across \fBSIGUSR1\fP
resets, so they don\(aqt need to be re\-read.
.TP
.BI \-\-remap\-usr1 \ signal
Control whether internally or externally generated \fBSIGUSR1\fP signals
are remapped to \fBSIGHUP\fP (restart without persisting state) or
SIGTERM (exit).
.sp
\fBsignal\fP can be set to \fBSIGHUP\fP or \fBSIGTERM\fP\&. By default,
no remapping occurs.
.TP
.BI \-\-script\-security \ level
This directive offers policy\-level control over OpenVPN\(aqs usage of
external programs and scripts. Lower \fBlevel\fP values are more
restrictive, higher values are more permissive. Settings for \fBlevel\fP:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fB0\fP
Strictly no calling of external programs.
.TP
.B \fB1\fP
(Default) Only call built\-in executables such as ifconfig,
ip, route, or netsh.
.TP
.B \fB2\fP
Allow calling of built\-in executables and user\-defined
scripts.
.TP
.B \fB3\fP
Allow passwords to be passed to scripts via environmental
variables (potentially unsafe).
.UNINDENT
.sp
OpenVPN releases before v2.3 also supported a \fBmethod\fP flag which
indicated how OpenVPN should call external commands and scripts. This
could be either \fBexecve\fP or \fBsystem\fP\&. As of OpenVPN 2.3, this
flag is no longer accepted. In most *nix environments the execve()
approach has been used without any issues.
.sp
Some directives such as \fB\-\-up\fP allow options to be passed to the
external script. In these cases make sure the script name does not
contain any spaces or the configuration parser will choke because it
can\(aqt determine where the script name ends and script options start.
.sp
To run scripts in Windows in earlier OpenVPN versions you needed to
either add a full path to the script interpreter which can parse the
script or use the \fBsystem\fP flag to run these scripts. As of OpenVPN
2.3 it is now a strict requirement to have full path to the script
interpreter when running non\-executables files. This is not needed for
executable files, such as .exe, .com, .bat or .cmd files. For example,
if you have a Visual Basic script, you must use this syntax now:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
\-\-up \(aqC:\e\eWindows\e\eSystem32\e\ewscript.exe C:\e\eProgram\e Files\e\eOpenVPN\e\econfig\e\emy\-up\-script.vbs\(aq
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Please note the single quote marks and the escaping of the backslashes
(\e) and the space character.
.sp
The reason the support for the \fBsystem\fP flag was removed is due to
the security implications with shell expansions when executing scripts
via the \fBsystem()\fP call.
.TP
.BI \-\-setcon \ context
Apply SELinux \fBcontext\fP after initialization. This essentially
provides the ability to restrict OpenVPN\(aqs rights to only network I/O
operations, thanks to SELinux. This goes further than \fB\-\-user\fP and
\fB\-\-chroot\fP in that those two, while being great security features,
unfortunately do not protect against privilege escalation by
exploitation of a vulnerable system call. You can of course combine all
three, but please note that since setcon requires access to /proc you
will have to provide it inside the chroot directory (e.g. with mount
\-\-bind).
.sp
Since the setcon operation is delayed until after initialization,
OpenVPN can be restricted to just network\-related system calls, whereas
by applying the context before startup (such as the OpenVPN one provided
in the SELinux Reference Policies) you will have to allow many things
required only during initialization.
.sp
Like with chroot, complications can result when scripts or restarts are
executed after the setcon operation, which is why you should really
consider using the \fB\-\-persist\-key\fP and \fB\-\-persist\-tun\fP options.
.TP
.BI \-\-status \ args
Write operational status to \fBfile\fP every \fBn\fP seconds.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
status file
status file n
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Status can also be written to the syslog by sending a \fBSIGUSR2\fP
signal.
.sp
With multi\-client capability enabled on a server, the status file
includes a list of clients and a routing table. The output format can be
controlled by the \fB\-\-status\-version\fP option in that case.
.sp
For clients or instances running in point\-to\-point mode, it will contain
the traffic statistics.
.TP
.BI \-\-status\-version \ n
Set the status file format version number to \fBn\fP\&.
.sp
This only affects the status file on servers with multi\-client
capability enabled.  Valid status version values:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fB1\fP
Traditional format (default). The client list contains the
following fields comma\-separated: Common Name, Real Address, Bytes
Received, Bytes Sent, Connected Since.
.TP
.B \fB2\fP
A more reliable format for external processing. Compared to
version \fB1\fP, the client list contains some additional fields:
Virtual Address, Virtual IPv6 Address, Username, Client ID, Peer ID,
Data Channel Cipher. Future versions may extend the number of fields.
.TP
.B \fB3\fP
Identical to \fB2\fP, but fields are tab\-separated.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \-\-test\-crypto
Do a self\-test of OpenVPN\(aqs crypto options by encrypting and decrypting
test packets using the data channel encryption options specified above.
This option does not require a peer to function, and therefore can be
specified without \fB\-\-dev\fP or \fB\-\-remote\fP\&.
.sp
The typical usage of \fB\-\-test\-crypto\fP would be something like this:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
openvpn \-\-test\-crypto \-\-secret key
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
or
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
openvpn \-\-test\-crypto \-\-secret key \-\-verb 9
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
This option is very useful to test OpenVPN after it has been ported to a
new platform, or to isolate problems in the compiler, OpenSSL crypto
library, or OpenVPN\(aqs crypto code. Since it is a self\-test mode,
problems with encryption and authentication can be debugged
independently of network and tunnel issues.
.TP
.BI \-\-tmp\-dir \ dir
Specify a directory \fBdir\fP for temporary files. This directory will be
used by openvpn processes and script to communicate temporary data with
openvpn main process. Note that the directory must be writable by the
OpenVPN process after it has dropped it\(aqs root privileges.
.sp
This directory will be used by in the following cases:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
\fB\-\-client\-connect\fP scripts and \fBOPENVPN_PLUGIN_CLIENT_CONNECT\fP
plug\-in hook to dynamically generate client\-specific configuration
\fBclient_connect_config_file\fP and return success/failure via
\fBclient_connect_deferred_file\fP when using deferred client connect
method
.IP \(bu 2
\fBOPENVPN_PLUGIN_AUTH_USER_PASS_VERIFY\fP plug\-in hooks returns
success/failure via \fBauth_control_file\fP when using deferred auth
method
.IP \(bu 2
\fBOPENVPN_PLUGIN_ENABLE_PF\fP plugin hook to pass filtering rules
via \fBpf_file\fP
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \-\-use\-prediction\-resistance
Enable prediction resistance on mbed TLS\(aqs RNG.
.sp
Enabling prediction resistance causes the RNG to reseed in each call for
random. Reseeding this often can quickly deplete the kernel entropy
pool.
.sp
If you need this option, please consider running a daemon that adds
entropy to the kernel pool.
.TP
.BI \-\-user \ user
Change the user ID of the OpenVPN process to \fBuser\fP after
initialization, dropping privileges in the process. This option is
useful to protect the system in the event that some hostile party was
able to gain control of an OpenVPN session. Though OpenVPN\(aqs security
features make this unlikely, it is provided as a second line of defense.
.sp
By setting \fBuser\fP to \fBnobody\fP or somebody similarly unprivileged,
the hostile party would be limited in what damage they could cause. Of
course once you take away privileges, you cannot return them to an
OpenVPN session. This means, for example, that if you want to reset an
OpenVPN daemon with a \fBSIGUSR1\fP signal (for example in response to
a DHCP reset), you should make use of one or more of the \fB\-\-persist\fP
options to ensure that OpenVPN doesn\(aqt need to execute any privileged
operations in order to restart (such as re\-reading key files or running
\fBifconfig\fP on the TUN device).
.TP
.BI \-\-writepid \ file
Write OpenVPN\(aqs main process ID to \fBfile\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.SS Log options
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-echo \ parms
Echo \fBparms\fP to log output.
.sp
Designed to be used to send messages to a controlling application which
is receiving the OpenVPN log output.
.TP
.B \-\-errors\-to\-stderr
Output errors to stderr instead of stdout unless log output is
redirected by one of the \fB\-\-log\fP options.
.TP
.BI \-\-log \ file
Output logging messages to \fBfile\fP, including output to stdout/stderr
which is generated by called scripts. If \fBfile\fP already exists it will
be truncated. This option takes effect immediately when it is parsed in
the command line and will supersede syslog output if \fB\-\-daemon\fP or
\fB\-\-inetd\fP is also specified. This option is persistent over the entire
course of an OpenVPN instantiation and will not be reset by
\fBSIGHUP\fP, \fBSIGUSR1\fP, or \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP\&.
.sp
Note that on Windows, when OpenVPN is started as a service, logging
occurs by default without the need to specify this option.
.TP
.BI \-\-log\-append \ file
Append logging messages to \fBfile\fP\&.  If \fBfile\fP does not exist, it will
be created. This option behaves exactly like \fB\-\-log\fP except that it
appends to rather than truncating the log file.
.TP
.B \-\-machine\-readable\-output
Always write timestamps and message flags to log messages, even when
they otherwise would not be prefixed. In particular, this applies to log
messages sent to stdout.
.TP
.BI \-\-mute \ n
Log at most \fBn\fP consecutive messages in the same category. This is
useful to limit repetitive logging of similar message types.
.TP
.B \-\-mute\-replay\-warnings
Silence the output of replay warnings, which are a common false alarm on
WiFi networks. This option preserves the security of the replay
protection code without the verbosity associated with warnings about
duplicate packets.
.TP
.B \-\-suppress\-timestamps
Avoid writing timestamps to log messages, even when they otherwise would
be prepended. In particular, this applies to log messages sent to
stdout.
.TP
.BI \-\-syslog \ progname
Direct log output to system logger, but do not become a daemon. See
\fB\-\-daemon\fP directive above for description of \fBprogname\fP parameter.
.TP
.BI \-\-verb \ n
Set output verbosity to \fBn\fP (default \fB1\fP). Each level shows all
info from the previous levels. Level \fB3\fP is recommended if you want
a good summary of what\(aqs happening without being swamped by output.
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fB0\fP
No output except fatal errors.
.TP
.B \fB1\fP to \fB4\fP
Normal usage range.
.TP
.B \fB5\fP
Outputs \fBR\fP and \fBW\fP characters to the console for
each packet read and write, uppercase is used for TCP/UDP
packets and lowercase is used for TUN/TAP packets.
.TP
.B \fB6\fP to \fB11\fP
Debug info range (see \fBerrlevel.h\fP in the source code for
additional information on debug levels).
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SS Protocol options
.sp
Options in this section affect features available in the OpenVPN wire
protocol.  Many of these options also define the encryption options
of the data channel in the OpenVPN wire protocol.  These options must be
configured in a compatible way between both the local and remote side.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-allow\-compression \ mode
As described in the \fB\-\-compress\fP option, compression is a potentially
dangerous option.  This option allows controlling the behaviour of
OpenVPN when compression is used and allowed.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
allow\-compression
allow\-compression mode
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The \fBmode\fP argument can be one of the following values:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBasym\fP  (default)
OpenVPN will only \fIdecompress downlink packets\fP but \fInot compress
uplink packets\fP\&.  This also allows migrating to disable compression
when changing both server and client configurations to remove
compression at the same time is not a feasible option.
.TP
.B \fBno\fP
OpenVPN will refuse any non\-stub compression.
.TP
.B \fByes\fP
OpenVPN will send and receive compressed packets.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-auth \ alg
Authenticate data channel packets and (if enabled) \fBtls\-auth\fP control
channel packets with HMAC using message digest algorithm \fBalg\fP\&. (The
default is \fBSHA1\fP ). HMAC is a commonly used message authentication
algorithm (MAC) that uses a data string, a secure hash algorithm and a
key to produce a digital signature.
.sp
The OpenVPN data channel protocol uses encrypt\-then\-mac (i.e. first
encrypt a packet then HMAC the resulting ciphertext), which prevents
padding oracle attacks.
.sp
If an AEAD cipher mode (e.g. GCM) is chosen then the specified \fB\-\-auth\fP
algorithm is ignored for the data channel and the authentication method
of the AEAD cipher is used instead. Note that \fBalg\fP still specifies
the digest used for \fBtls\-auth\fP\&.
.sp
In static\-key encryption mode, the HMAC key is included in the key file
generated by \fB\-\-genkey\fP\&. In TLS mode, the HMAC key is dynamically
generated and shared between peers via the TLS control channel. If
OpenVPN receives a packet with a bad HMAC it will drop the packet. HMAC
usually adds 16 or 20 bytes per packet. Set \fBalg=none\fP to disable
authentication.
.sp
For more information on HMAC see
\fI\%http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/users/mihir/papers/hmac.html\fP
.TP
.BI \-\-cipher \ alg
This option is deprecated for server\-client mode. \fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP
or possibly \fI\-\-data\-ciphers\-fallback\(ga\fP should be used instead.
.sp
Encrypt data channel packets with cipher algorithm \fBalg\fP\&.
.sp
The default is \fBBF\-CBC\fP, an abbreviation for Blowfish in Cipher
Block Chaining mode. When cipher negotiation (NCP) is allowed,
OpenVPN 2.4 and newer on both client and server side will automatically
upgrade to \fBAES\-256\-GCM\fP\&.  See \fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP and
\fB\-\-ncp\-disable\fP for more details on NCP.
.sp
Using \fBBF\-CBC\fP is no longer recommended, because of its 64\-bit
block size. This small block size allows attacks based on collisions, as
demonstrated by SWEET32. See
\fI\%https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/SWEET32\fP
for details. Due to this, support for \fBBF\-CBC\fP, \fBDES\fP,
\fBCAST5\fP, \fBIDEA\fP and \fBRC2\fP ciphers will be removed in
OpenVPN 2.6.
.sp
To see other ciphers that are available with OpenVPN, use the
\fB\-\-show\-ciphers\fP option.
.sp
Set \fBalg\fP to \fBnone\fP to disable encryption.
.TP
.BI \-\-compress \ algorithm
\fBDEPRECATED\fP Enable a compression algorithm.  Compression is generally
not recommended.  VPN tunnels which use compression are susceptible to
the VORALCE attack vector.
.sp
The \fBalgorithm\fP parameter may be \fBlzo\fP, \fBlz4\fP,
\fBlz4\-v2\fP, \fBstub\fP, \fBstub\-v2\fP or empty.
LZO and LZ4 are different compression algorithms, with LZ4 generally
offering the best performance with least CPU usage.
.sp
The \fBlz4\-v2\fP and \fBstub\-v2\fP variants implement a better
framing that does not add overhead when packets cannot be compressed. All
other variants always add one extra framing byte compared to no
compression framing.
.sp
If the \fBalgorithm\fP parameter is \fBstub\fP, \fBstub\-v2\fP or empty,
compression will be turned off, but the packet framing for compression
will still be enabled, allowing a different setting to be pushed later.
Additionally, \fBstub\fP and \fBstub\-v2\fP wil disable announcing
\fBlzo\fP and \fBlz4\fP compression support via \fIIV_\fP variables to the
server.
.sp
Note: the \fBstub\fP (or empty) option is NOT compatible with the older
option \fB\-\-comp\-lzo no\fP\&.
.sp
\fB*Security Considerations*\fP
.sp
Compression and encryption is a tricky combination. If an attacker knows
or is able to control (parts of) the plain\-text of packets that contain
secrets, the attacker might be able to extract the secret if compression
is enabled. See e.g. the \fICRIME\fP and \fIBREACH\fP attacks on TLS and
\fIVORACLE\fP on VPNs which also leverage to break encryption. If you are not
entirely sure that the above does not apply to your traffic, you are
advised to \fInot\fP enable compression.
.TP
.BI \-\-comp\-lzo \ mode
\fBDEPRECATED\fP Enable LZO compression algorithm.  Compression is
generally not recommended.  VPN tunnels which uses compression are
suspectible to the VORALCE attack vector.
.sp
Use LZO compression \-\- may add up to 1 byte per packet for incompressible
data. \fBmode\fP may be \fByes\fP, \fBno\fP, or \fBadaptive\fP
(default).
.sp
In a server mode setup, it is possible to selectively turn compression
on or off for individual clients.
.sp
First, make sure the client\-side config file enables selective
compression by having at least one \fB\-\-comp\-lzo\fP directive, such as
\fB\-\-comp\-lzo no\fP\&. This will turn off compression by default, but allow
a future directive push from the server to dynamically change the
\fBon\fP/\fBoff\fP/\fBadaptive\fP setting.
.sp
Next in a \fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP file, specify the compression setting
for the client, for example:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
comp\-lzo yes
push "comp\-lzo yes"
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The first line sets the \fBcomp\-lzo\fP setting for the server side of the
link, the second sets the client side.
.TP
.B \-\-comp\-noadapt
\fBDEPRECATED\fP When used in conjunction with \fB\-\-comp\-lzo\fP, this option
will disable OpenVPN\(aqs adaptive compression algorithm. Normally, adaptive
compression is enabled with \fB\-\-comp\-lzo\fP\&.
.sp
Adaptive compression tries to optimize the case where you have
compression enabled, but you are sending predominantly incompressible
(or pre\-compressed) packets over the tunnel, such as an FTP or rsync
transfer of a large, compressed file. With adaptive compression, OpenVPN
will periodically sample the compression process to measure its
efficiency. If the data being sent over the tunnel is already
compressed, the compression efficiency will be very low, triggering
openvpn to disable compression for a period of time until the next
re\-sample test.
.TP
.B \-\-key\-direction
Alternative way of specifying the optional direction parameter for the
\fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP and \fB\-\-secret\fP options. Useful when using inline files
(See section on inline files).
.TP
.BI \-\-keysize \ n
\fBDEPRECATED\fP This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.6.
.sp
Size of cipher key in bits (optional). If unspecified, defaults to
cipher\-specific default. The \fB\-\-show\-ciphers\fP option (see below) shows
all available OpenSSL ciphers, their default key sizes, and whether the
key size can be changed. Use care in changing a cipher\(aqs default key
size. Many ciphers have not been extensively cryptanalyzed with
non\-standard key lengths, and a larger key may offer no real guarantee
of greater security, or may even reduce security.
.TP
.BI \-\-data\-ciphers \ cipher\-list
Restrict the allowed ciphers to be negotiated to the ciphers in
\fBcipher\-list\fP\&. \fBcipher\-list\fP is a colon\-separated list of ciphers,
and defaults to \fBAES\-256\-GCM:AES\-128\-GCM\fP\&.
.sp
For servers, the first cipher from \fBcipher\-list\fP that is also
supported by the client will be pushed to clients that support cipher
negotiation.
.sp
Cipher negotiation is enabled in client\-server mode only. I.e. if
\fB\-\-mode\fP is set to \(aqserver\(aq (server\-side, implied by setting
\fB\-\-server\fP ), or if \fB\-\-pull\fP is specified (client\-side, implied by
setting \-\-client).
.sp
If no common cipher is found during cipher negotiation, the connection
is terminated. To support old clients/old servers that do not provide any
cipher negotiation support see \fB\-\-data\-ciphers\-fallback\fP\&.
.sp
Additionally, to allow for more smooth transition, if NCP is enabled,
OpenVPN will inherit the cipher of the peer if that cipher is different
from the local \fB\-\-cipher\fP setting, but the peer cipher is one of the
ciphers specified in \fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP\&. E.g. a non\-NCP client (<=v2.3,
or with \-\-ncp\-disabled set) connecting to a NCP server (v2.4+) with
\fB\-\-cipher BF\-CBC\fP and \fB\-\-data\-ciphers AES\-256\-GCM:AES\-256\-CBC\fP set can
either specify \fB\-\-cipher BF\-CBC\fP or \fB\-\-cipher AES\-256\-CBC\fP and both
will work.
.sp
Note for using NCP with an OpenVPN 2.4 peer: This list must include the
\fBAES\-256\-GCM\fP and \fBAES\-128\-GCM\fP ciphers.
.sp
This list is restricted to be 127 chars long after conversion to OpenVPN
ciphers.
.sp
This option was called \fB\-\-ncp\-ciphers\fP in OpenVPN 2.4 but has been renamed
to \fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP in OpenVPN 2.5 to more accurately reflect its meaning.
.TP
.BI \-\-data\-ciphers\-fallback \ alg
Configure a cipher that is used to fall back to if we could not determine
which cipher the peer is willing to use.
.sp
This option should only be needed to
connect to peers that are running OpenVPN 2.3 and older version, and
have been configured with \fI\-\-enable\-small\fP
(typically used on routers or other embedded devices).
.TP
.B \-\-ncp\-disable
\fBDEPRECATED\fP Disable "Negotiable Crypto Parameters". This completely
disables cipher negotiation.
.TP
.BI \-\-secret \ args
Enable Static Key encryption mode (non\-TLS). Use pre\-shared secret
\fBfile\fP which was generated with \fB\-\-genkey\fP\&.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
secret file
secret file direction
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The optional \fBdirection\fP parameter enables the use of 4 distinct keys
(HMAC\-send, cipher\-encrypt, HMAC\-receive, cipher\-decrypt), so that each
data flow direction has a different set of HMAC and cipher keys. This
has a number of desirable security properties including eliminating
certain kinds of DoS and message replay attacks.
.sp
When the \fBdirection\fP parameter is omitted, 2 keys are used
bidirectionally, one for HMAC and the other for encryption/decryption.
.sp
The \fBdirection\fP parameter should always be complementary on either
side of the connection, i.e. one side should use \fB0\fP and the other
should use \fB1\fP, or both sides should omit it altogether.
.sp
The \fBdirection\fP parameter requires that \fBfile\fP contains a 2048 bit
key. While pre\-1.5 versions of OpenVPN generate 1024 bit key files, any
version of OpenVPN which supports the \fBdirection\fP parameter, will also
support 2048 bit key file generation using the \fB\-\-genkey\fP option.
.sp
Static key encryption mode has certain advantages, the primary being
ease of configuration.
.sp
There are no certificates or certificate authorities or complicated
negotiation handshakes and protocols. The only requirement is that you
have a pre\-existing secure channel with your peer (such as \fBssh\fP) to
initially copy the key. This requirement, along with the fact that your
key never changes unless you manually generate a new one, makes it
somewhat less secure than TLS mode (see below). If an attacker manages
to steal your key, everything that was ever encrypted with it is
compromised. Contrast that to the perfect forward secrecy features of
TLS mode (using Diffie Hellman key exchange), where even if an attacker
was able to steal your private key, he would gain no information to help
him decrypt past sessions.
.sp
Another advantageous aspect of Static Key encryption mode is that it is
a handshake\-free protocol without any distinguishing signature or
feature (such as a header or protocol handshake sequence) that would
mark the ciphertext packets as being generated by OpenVPN. Anyone
eavesdropping on the wire would see nothing but random\-looking data.
.TP
.BI \-\-tran\-window \ n
Transition window \-\- our old key can live this many seconds after a new
a key renegotiation begins (default \fB3600\fP seconds). This feature
allows for a graceful transition from old to new key, and removes the key
renegotiation sequence from the critical path of tunnel data forwarding.
.UNINDENT
.SS Client Options
.sp
The client options are used when connecting to an OpenVPN server configured
to use \fB\-\-server\fP, \fB\-\-server\-bridge\fP, or \fB\-\-mode server\fP in its
configuration.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-allow\-pull\-fqdn
Allow client to pull DNS names from server (rather than being limited to
IP address) for \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP, \fB\-\-route\fP, and \fB\-\-route\-gateway\fP\&.
.TP
.B \-\-allow\-recursive\-routing
When this option is set, OpenVPN will not drop incoming tun packets with
same destination as host.
.TP
.BI \-\-auth\-token \ token
This is not an option to be used directly in any configuration files,
but rather push this option from a \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script or a
\fB\-\-plugin\fP which hooks into the \fBOPENVPN_PLUGIN_CLIENT_CONNECT\fP
or \fBOPENVPN_PLUGIN_CLIENT_CONNECT_V2\fP calls. This option provides a
possibility to replace the clients password with an authentication token
during the lifetime of the OpenVPN client.
.sp
Whenever the connection is renegotiated and the
\fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP script or \fB\-\-plugin\fP making use of the
\fBOPENVPN_PLUGIN_AUTH_USER_PASS_VERIFY\fP hook is triggered, it will
pass over this token as the password instead of the password the user
provided. The authentication token can only be reset by a full reconnect
where the server can push new options to the client. The password the
user entered is never preserved once an authentication token has been
set. If the OpenVPN server side rejects the authentication token then
the client will receive an \fBAUTH_FAILED\fP and disconnect.
.sp
The purpose of this is to enable two factor authentication methods, such
as HOTP or TOTP, to be used without needing to retrieve a new OTP code
each time the connection is renegotiated. Another use case is to cache
authentication data on the client without needing to have the users
password cached in memory during the life time of the session.
.sp
To make use of this feature, the \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script or
\fB\-\-plugin\fP needs to put
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
push "auth\-token UNIQUE_TOKEN_VALUE"
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
into the file/buffer for dynamic configuration data. This will then make
the OpenVPN server to push this value to the client, which replaces the
local password with the \fBUNIQUE_TOKEN_VALUE\fP\&.
.sp
Newer clients (2.4.7+) will fall back to the original password method
after a failed auth. Older clients will keep using the token value and
react according to \fB\-\-auth\-retry\fP
.TP
.BI \-\-auth\-token\-user \ base64username
Companion option to \fB\-\-auth\-token\fP\&. This options allows to override
the username used by the client when reauthenticating with the \fBauth\-token\fP\&.
It also allows to use \fB\-\-auth\-token\fP in setups that normally do not use
username and password.
.sp
The username has to be base64 encoded.
.TP
.B \-\-auth\-user\-pass
Authenticate with server using username/password.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
auth\-user\-pass
auth\-user\-pass up
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
If \fBup\fP is present, it must be a file containing username/password on 2
lines. If the password line is missing, OpenVPN will prompt for one.
.sp
If \fBup\fP is omitted, username/password will be prompted from the
console.
.sp
The server configuration must specify an \fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP
script to verify the username/password provided by the client.
.TP
.BI \-\-auth\-retry \ type
Controls how OpenVPN responds to username/password verification errors
such as the client\-side response to an \fBAUTH_FAILED\fP message from
the server or verification failure of the private key password.
.sp
Normally used to prevent auth errors from being fatal on the client
side, and to permit username/password requeries in case of error.
.sp
An \fBAUTH_FAILED\fP message is generated by the server if the client
fails \fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\fP authentication, or if the server\-side
\fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script returns an error status when the client
tries to connect.
.sp
\fBtype\fP can be one of:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBnone\fP
Client will exit with a fatal error (this is the default).
.TP
.B \fBnointeract\fP
Client will retry the connection without requerying
for an \fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\fP username/password. Use this option for
unattended clients.
.TP
.B \fBinteract\fP
Client will requery for an \fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\fP
username/password and/or private key password before attempting a
reconnection.
.UNINDENT
.sp
Note that while this option cannot be pushed, it can be controlled from
the management interface.
.TP
.B \-\-client
A helper directive designed to simplify the configuration of OpenVPN\(aqs
client mode. This directive is equivalent to:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
pull
tls\-client
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-client\-nat \ args
This pushable client option sets up a stateless one\-to\-one NAT rule on
packet addresses (not ports), and is useful in cases where routes or
ifconfig settings pushed to the client would create an IP numbering
conflict.
.sp
Examples:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
client\-nat snat 192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0
client\-nat dnat 10.64.0.0/255.255.0.0
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
\fBnetwork/netmask\fP (for example \fB192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0\fP) defines
the local view of a resource from the client perspective, while
\fBalias/netmask\fP (for example \fB10.64.0.0/255.255.0.0\fP) defines the
remote view from the server perspective.
.sp
Use \fBsnat\fP (source NAT) for resources owned by the client and
\fBdnat\fP (destination NAT) for remote resources.
.sp
Set \fB\-\-verb 6\fP for debugging info showing the transformation of
src/dest addresses in packets.
.TP
.BI \-\-connect\-retry \ n
Wait \fBn\fP seconds between connection attempts (default \fB5\fP).
Repeated reconnection attempts are slowed down after 5 retries per
remote by doubling the wait time after each unsuccessful attempt. An
optional argument \fBmax\fP specifies the maximum value of wait time in
seconds at which it gets capped (default \fB300\fP).
.TP
.BI \-\-connect\-retry\-max \ n
\fBn\fP specifies the number of times each \fB\-\-remote\fP or
\fB<connection>\fP entry is tried. Specifying \fBn\fP as \fB1\fP would try
each entry exactly once. A successful connection resets the counter.
(default \fIunlimited\fP).
.TP
.BI \-\-connect\-timeout \ n
See \fB\-\-server\-poll\-timeout\fP\&.
.TP
.BI \-\-explicit\-exit\-notify \ n
In UDP client mode or point\-to\-point mode, send server/peer an exit
notification if tunnel is restarted or OpenVPN process is exited. In
client mode, on exit/restart, this option will tell the server to
immediately close its client instance object rather than waiting for a
timeout.
.sp
The \fBn\fP parameter (default \fB1\fP if not present) controls the
maximum number of attempts that the client will try to resend the exit
notification message.
.sp
In UDP server mode, send \fBRESTART\fP control channel command to
connected clients. The \fBn\fP parameter (default \fB1\fP if not present)
controls client behavior. With \fBn\fP = \fB1\fP client will attempt to
reconnect to the same server, with \fBn\fP = \fB2\fP client will advance
to the next server.
.sp
OpenVPN will not send any exit notifications unless this option is
enabled.
.TP
.BI \-\-inactive \ args
Causes OpenVPN to exit after \fBn\fP seconds of inactivity on the TUN/TAP
device. The time length of inactivity is measured since the last
incoming or outgoing tunnel packet. The default value is 0 seconds,
which disables this feature.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
inactive n
inactive n bytes
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
If the optional \fBbytes\fP parameter is included, exit if less than
\fBbytes\fP of combined in/out traffic are produced on the tun/tap device
in \fBn\fP seconds.
.sp
In any case, OpenVPN\(aqs internal ping packets (which are just keepalives)
and TLS control packets are not considered "activity", nor are they
counted as traffic, as they are used internally by OpenVPN and are not
an indication of actual user activity.
.TP
.BI \-\-proto\-force \ p
When iterating through connection profiles, only consider profiles using
protocol \fBp\fP (\fBtcp\fP | \fBudp\fP).
.TP
.B \-\-pull
This option must be used on a client which is connecting to a
multi\-client server. It indicates to OpenVPN that it should accept
options pushed by the server, provided they are part of the legal set of
pushable options (note that the \fB\-\-pull\fP option is implied by
\fB\-\-client\fP ).
.sp
In particular, \fB\-\-pull\fP allows the server to push routes to the
client, so you should not use \fB\-\-pull\fP or \fB\-\-client\fP in situations
where you don\(aqt trust the server to have control over the client\(aqs
routing table.
.TP
.BI \-\-pull\-filter \ args
Filter options on the client pushed by the server to the client.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
pull\-filter accept text
pull\-filter ignore text
pull\-filter reject text
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Filter options received from the server if the option starts with
\fBtext\fP\&.  The action flag \fBaccept\fP allows the option,
\fBignore\fP removes it and \fBreject\fP flags an error and triggers
a \fBSIGUSR1\fP restart. The filters may be specified multiple times,
and each filter is applied in the order it is specified. The filtering of
each option stops as soon as a match is found. Unmatched options are accepted
by default.
.sp
Prefix comparison is used to match \fBtext\fP against the received option so
that
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
pull\-filter ignore "route"
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
would remove all pushed options starting with \fBroute\fP which would
include, for example, \fBroute\-gateway\fP\&. Enclose \fItext\fP in quotes to
embed spaces.
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
pull\-filter accept "route 192.168.1."
pull\-filter ignore "route "
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
would remove all routes that do not start with \fB192.168.1\fP\&.
.sp
\fINote\fP that \fBreject\fP may result in a repeated cycle of failure and
reconnect, unless multiple remotes are specified and connection to the
next remote succeeds. To silently ignore an option pushed by the server,
use \fBignore\fP\&.
.TP
.B \-\-push\-peer\-info
Push additional information about the client to server. The following
data is always pushed to the server:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBIV_VER=<version>\fP
The client OpenVPN version
.TP
.B \fBIV_PLAT=[linux|solaris|openbsd|mac|netbsd|freebsd|win]\fP
The client OS platform
.TP
.B \fBIV_LZO_STUB=1\fP
If client was built with LZO stub capability
.TP
.B \fBIV_LZ4=1\fP
If the client supports LZ4 compressions.
.TP
.B \fBIV_PROTO\fP
Details about protocol extensions that the peer supports. The
variable is a bitfield and the bits are defined as follows
(starting a bit 0 for the first (unused) bit:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
bit 1: The peer supports peer\-id floating mechanism
.IP \(bu 2
bit 2: The client expects a push\-reply and the server may
send this reply without waiting for a push\-request first.
.IP \(bu 2
bit 3: The client is capable of doing key derivation using
RFC5705 key material exporter.
.IP \(bu 2
bit 4: The client is capable of accepting additional arguments
to the \fIAUTH_PENDING\fP message.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBIV_NCP=2\fP
Negotiable ciphers, client supports \fB\-\-cipher\fP pushed by
the server, a value of 2 or greater indicates client supports
\fIAES\-GCM\-128\fP and \fIAES\-GCM\-256\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fBIV_CIPHERS=<ncp\-ciphers>\fP
The client announces the list of supported ciphers configured with the
\fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP option to the server.
.TP
.B \fBIV_GUI_VER=<gui_id> <version>\fP
The UI version of a UI if one is running, for example
\fBde.blinkt.openvpn 0.5.47\fP for the Android app.
.TP
.B \fBIV_SSO=[crtext,][openurl,][proxy_url]\fP
Additional authentication methods supported by the client.
This may be set by the client UI/GUI using \fB\-\-setenv\fP
.UNINDENT
.sp
When \fB\-\-push\-peer\-info\fP is enabled the additional information consists
of the following data:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBIV_HWADDR=<string>\fP
This is intended to be a unique and persistent ID of the client.
The string value can be any readable ASCII string up to 64 bytes.
OpenVPN 2.x and some other implementations use the MAC address of
the client\(aqs interface used to reach the default gateway. If this
string is generated by the client, it should be consistent and
preserved across independent session and preferably
re\-installations and upgrades.
.TP
.B \fBIV_SSL=<version string>\fP
The ssl version used by the client, e.g.
\fBOpenSSL 1.0.2f 28 Jan 2016\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fBIV_PLAT_VER=x.y\fP
The version of the operating system, e.g. 6.1 for Windows 7.
.TP
.B \fBUV_<name>=<value>\fP
Client environment variables whose names start with
\fBUV_\fP
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-remote \ args
Remote host name or IP address, port and protocol.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
remote host
remote host port
remote host port proto
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The \fBport\fP and \fBproto\fP arguments are optional. The OpenVPN client
will try to connect to a server at \fBhost:port\fP\&.  The \fBproto\fP argument
indicates the protocol to use when connecting with the remote, and may be
\fBtcp\fP or \fBudp\fP\&.  To enforce IPv4 or IPv6 connections add a
\fB4\fP or \fB6\fP suffix; like \fBudp4\fP / \fBudp6\fP
/ \fBtcp4\fP / \fBtcp6\fP\&.
.sp
On the client, multiple \fB\-\-remote\fP options may be specified for
redundancy, each referring to a different OpenVPN server, in the order
specified by the list of \fB\-\-remote\fP options. Specifying multiple
\fB\-\-remote\fP options for this purpose is a special case of the more
general connection\-profile feature. See the \fB<connection>\fP
documentation below.
.sp
The client will move on to the next host in the list, in the event of
connection failure. Note that at any given time, the OpenVPN client will
at most be connected to one server.
.sp
Examples:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
remote server1.example.net
remote server1.example.net 1194
remote server2.example.net 1194 tcp
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fINote:\fP
Since UDP is connectionless, connection failure is defined by
the \fB\-\-ping\fP and \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP options.
.sp
Also, if you use multiple \fB\-\-remote\fP options, AND you are dropping
root privileges on the client with \fB\-\-user\fP and/or \fB\-\-group\fP AND
the client is running a non\-Windows OS, if the client needs to switch
to a different server, and that server pushes back different TUN/TAP
or route settings, the client may lack the necessary privileges to
close and reopen the TUN/TAP interface. This could cause the client
to exit with a fatal error.
.UNINDENT
.sp
If \fB\-\-remote\fP is unspecified, OpenVPN will listen for packets from any
IP address, but will not act on those packets unless they pass all
authentication tests. This requirement for authentication is binding on
all potential peers, even those from known and supposedly trusted IP
addresses (it is very easy to forge a source IP address on a UDP
packet).
.sp
When used in TCP mode, \fB\-\-remote\fP will act as a filter, rejecting
connections from any host which does not match \fBhost\fP\&.
.sp
If \fBhost\fP is a DNS name which resolves to multiple IP addresses,
OpenVPN will try them in the order that the system getaddrinfo()
presents them, so priorization and DNS randomization is done by the
system library. Unless an IP version is forced by the protocol
specification (4/6 suffix), OpenVPN will try both IPv4 and IPv6
addresses, in the order getaddrinfo() returns them.
.TP
.B \-\-remote\-random
When multiple \fB\-\-remote\fP address/ports are specified, or if connection
profiles are being used, initially randomize the order of the list as a
kind of basic load\-balancing measure.
.TP
.B \-\-remote\-random\-hostname
Prepend a random string (6 bytes, 12 hex characters) to hostname to
prevent DNS caching. For example, "foo.bar.gov" would be modified to
"<random\-chars>.foo.bar.gov".
.TP
.BI \-\-resolv\-retry \ n
If hostname resolve fails for \fB\-\-remote\fP, retry resolve for \fBn\fP
seconds before failing.
.sp
Set \fBn\fP to "infinite" to retry indefinitely.
.sp
By default, \fB\-\-resolv\-retry infinite\fP is enabled. You can disable by
setting n=0.
.TP
.B \-\-single\-session
After initially connecting to a remote peer, disallow any new
connections. Using this option means that a remote peer cannot connect,
disconnect, and then reconnect.
.sp
If the daemon is reset by a signal or \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP, it will allow
one new connection.
.sp
\fB\-\-single\-session\fP can be used with \fB\-\-ping\-exit\fP or \fB\-\-inactive\fP
to create a single dynamic session that will exit when finished.
.TP
.BI \-\-server\-poll\-timeout \ n
When connecting to a remote server do not wait for more than \fBn\fP
seconds for a response before trying the next server. The default value
is 120s. This timeout includes proxy and TCP connect timeouts.
.TP
.BI \-\-static\-challenge \ args
Enable static challenge/response protocol
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
static\-challenge text echo
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The \fBtext\fP challenge text is presented to the user which describes what
information is requested.  The \fBecho\fP flag indicates if the user\(aqs
input should be echoed on the screen.  Valid \fBecho\fP values are
\fB0\fP or \fB1\fP\&.
.sp
See management\-notes.txt in the OpenVPN distribution for a description of
the OpenVPN challenge/response protocol.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-show\-proxy\-settings
Show sensed HTTP or SOCKS proxy settings. Currently, only Windows
clients support this option.
.TP
.BI \-\-http\-proxy \ args
Connect to remote host through an HTTP proxy.  This requires at least an
address \fBserver\fP and \fBport\fP argument.  If HTTP Proxy\-Authenticate
is required, a file name to an \fBauthfile\fP file containing a username
and password on 2 lines can be given, or \fBstdin\fP to prompt from
console. Its content can also be specified in the config file with the
\fB\-\-http\-proxy\-user\-pass\fP option. (See section on inline files)
.sp
The last optional argument is an \fBauth\-method\fP which should be one
of \fBnone\fP, \fBbasic\fP, or \fBntlm\fP\&.
.sp
HTTP Digest authentication is supported as well, but only via the
\fBauto\fP or \fBauto\-nct\fP flags (below).  This must replace
the \fBauthfile\fP argument.
.sp
The \fBauto\fP flag causes OpenVPN to automatically determine the
\fBauth\-method\fP and query stdin or the management interface for
username/password credentials, if required. This flag exists on OpenVPN
2.1 or higher.
.sp
The \fBauto\-nct\fP flag (no clear\-text auth) instructs OpenVPN to
automatically determine the authentication method, but to reject weak
authentication protocols such as HTTP Basic Authentication.
.sp
Examples:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
http\-proxy proxy.example.net 3128
http\-proxy proxy.example.net 3128 authfile.txt
http\-proxy proxy.example.net 3128 stdin
http\-proxy proxy.example.net 3128 auto basic
http\-proxy proxy.example.net 3128 auto\-nct ntlm
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-http\-proxy\-option \ args
Set extended HTTP proxy options. Requires an option \fBtype\fP as argument
and an optional \fBparameter\fP to the type.  Repeat to set multiple
options.
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBVERSION\fP \fBversion\fP
Set HTTP version number to \fBversion\fP (default \fB1.0\fP).
.TP
.B \fBAGENT\fP \fBuser\-agent\fP
Set HTTP "User\-Agent" string to \fBuser\-agent\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fBCUSTOM\-HEADER\fP \fBname\fP \fBcontent\fP
Adds the custom Header with \fBname\fP as name and \fBcontent\fP as
the content of the custom HTTP header.
.UNINDENT
.sp
Examples:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
http\-proxy\-option VERSION 1.1
http\-proxy\-option AGENT OpenVPN/2.4
http\-proxy\-option X\-Proxy\-Flag some\-flags
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-socks\-proxy \ args
Connect to remote host through a Socks5 proxy.  A required \fBserver\fP
argument is needed.  Optionally a \fBport\fP (default \fB1080\fP) and
\fBauthfile\fP can be given.  The \fBauthfile\fP is a file containing a
username and password on 2 lines, or \fBstdin\fP can be used to
prompt from console.
.UNINDENT
.SS Server Options
.sp
Starting with OpenVPN 2.0, a multi\-client TCP/UDP server mode is
supported, and can be enabled with the \fB\-\-mode server\fP option. In
server mode, OpenVPN will listen on a single port for incoming client
connections. All client connections will be routed through a single tun
or tap interface. This mode is designed for scalability and should be
able to support hundreds or even thousands of clients on sufficiently
fast hardware. SSL/TLS authentication must be used in this mode.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-auth\-gen\-token \ args
Returns an authentication token to successfully authenticated clients.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
auth\-gen\-token [lifetime] [external\-auth]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
After successful user/password authentication, the OpenVPN server will
with this option generate a temporary authentication token and push that
to the client. On the following renegotiations, the OpenVPN client will pass
this token instead of the users password. On the server side the server
will do the token authentication internally and it will NOT do any
additional authentications against configured external user/password
authentication mechanisms.
.sp
The tokens implemented by this mechanism include an initial timestamp and
a renew timestamp and are secured by HMAC.
.sp
The \fBlifetime\fP argument defines how long the generated token is valid.
The lifetime is defined in seconds. If lifetime is not set or it is set
to \fB0\fP, the token will never expire.
.sp
The token will expire either after the configured \fBlifetime\fP of the
token is reached or after not being renewed for more than 2 *
\fBreneg\-sec\fP seconds. Clients will be sent renewed tokens on every TLS
renogiation to keep the client\(aqs token updated. This is done to
invalidate a token if a client is disconnected for a sufficently long
time, while at the same time permitting much longer token lifetimes for
active clients.
.sp
This feature is useful for environments which are configured to use One
Time Passwords (OTP) as part of the user/password authentications and
that authentication mechanism does not implement any auth\-token support.
.sp
When the \fBexternal\-auth\fP keyword is present the normal
authentication method will always be called even if auth\-token succeeds.
Normally other authentications method are skipped if auth\-token
verification suceeds or fails.
.sp
This option postpones this decision to the external authentication
methods and checks the validity of the account and do other checks.
.sp
In this mode the environment will have a \fBsession_id\fP variable that
holds the session id from auth\-gen\-token. Also an environment variable
\fBsession_state\fP is present. This variable indicates whether the
auth\-token has succeeded or not. It can have the following values:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBInitial\fP
No token from client.
.TP
.B \fBAuthenticated\fP
Token is valid and not expired.
.TP
.B \fBExpired\fP
Token is valid but has expired.
.TP
.B \fBInvalid\fP
Token is invalid (failed HMAC or wrong length)
.TP
.B \fBAuthenticatedEmptyUser\fP / \fBExpiredEmptyUser\fP
The token is not valid with the username sent from the client but
would be valid (or expired) if we assume an empty username was
used instead.  These two cases are a workaround for behaviour in
OpenVPN 3.  If this workaround is not needed these two cases should
be handled in the same way as \fBInvalid\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.sp
\fBWarning:\fP Use this feature only if you want your authentication
method called on every verification. Since the external authentication
is called it needs to also indicate a success or failure of the
authentication. It is strongly recommended to return an authentication
failure in the case of the Invalid/Expired auth\-token with the
external\-auth option unless the client could authenticate in another
acceptable way (e.g. client certificate), otherwise returning success
will lead to authentication bypass (as does returning success on a wrong
password from a script).
.TP
.BI \-\-auth\-gen\-token\-secret \ file
Specifies a file that holds a secret for the HMAC used in
\fB\-\-auth\-gen\-token\fP If \fBfile\fP is not present OpenVPN will generate a
random secret on startup. This file should be used if auth\-token should
validate after restarting a server or if client should be able to roam
between multiple OpenVPN servers with their auth\-token.
.TP
.B \-\-auth\-user\-pass\-optional
Allow connections by clients that do not specify a username/password.
Normally, when \fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP or
\fB\-\-management\-client\-auth\fP are specified (or an authentication plugin
module), the OpenVPN server daemon will require connecting clients to
specify a username and password. This option makes the submission of a
username/password by clients optional, passing the responsibility to the
user\-defined authentication module/script to accept or deny the client
based on other factors (such as the setting of X509 certificate fields).
When this option is used, and a connecting client does not submit a
username/password, the user\-defined authentication module/script will
see the username and password as being set to empty strings (""). The
authentication module/script MUST have logic to detect this condition
and respond accordingly.
.TP
.B \-\-ccd\-exclusive
Require, as a condition of authentication, that a connecting client has
a \fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP file.
.TP
.BI \-\-client\-config\-dir \ dir
Specify a directory \fBdir\fP for custom client config files. After a
connecting client has been authenticated, OpenVPN will look in this
directory for a file having the same name as the client\(aqs X509 common
name. If a matching file exists, it will be opened and parsed for
client\-specific configuration options. If no matching file is found,
OpenVPN will instead try to open and parse a default file called
"DEFAULT", which may be provided but is not required. Note that the
configuration files must be readable by the OpenVPN process after it has
dropped it\(aqs root privileges.
.sp
This file can specify a fixed IP address for a given client using
\fB\-\-ifconfig\-push\fP, as well as fixed subnets owned by the client using
\fB\-\-iroute\fP\&.
.sp
One of the useful properties of this option is that it allows client
configuration files to be conveniently created, edited, or removed while
the server is live, without needing to restart the server.
.sp
The following options are legal in a client\-specific context: \fB\-\-push\fP,
\fB\-\-push\-reset\fP, \fB\-\-push\-remove\fP, \fB\-\-iroute\fP, \fB\-\-ifconfig\-push\fP,
\fB\-\-vlan\-pvid\fP and \fB\-\-config\fP\&.
.TP
.B \-\-client\-to\-client
Because the OpenVPN server mode handles multiple clients through a
single tun or tap interface, it is effectively a router. The
\fB\-\-client\-to\-client\fP flag tells OpenVPN to internally route
client\-to\-client traffic rather than pushing all client\-originating
traffic to the TUN/TAP interface.
.sp
When this option is used, each client will "see" the other clients which
are currently connected. Otherwise, each client will only see the
server. Don\(aqt use this option if you want to firewall tunnel traffic
using custom, per\-client rules.
.TP
.B \-\-disable
Disable a particular client (based on the common name) from connecting.
Don\(aqt use this option to disable a client due to key or password
compromise. Use a CRL (certificate revocation list) instead (see the
\fB\-\-crl\-verify\fP option).
.sp
This option must be associated with a specific client instance, which
means that it must be specified either in a client instance config file
using \fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP or dynamically generated using a
\fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script.
.TP
.BI \-\-connect\-freq \ args
Allow a maximum of \fBn\fP new connections per \fBsec\fP seconds from
clients.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
connect\-freq n sec
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
This is designed to contain DoS attacks which flood the server
with connection requests using certificates which will ultimately fail
to authenticate.
.sp
This is an imperfect solution however, because in a real DoS scenario,
legitimate connections might also be refused.
.sp
For the best protection against DoS attacks in server mode, use
\fB\-\-proto udp\fP and either \fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP or \fB\-\-tls\-crypt\fP\&.
.TP
.B \-\-duplicate\-cn
Allow multiple clients with the same common name to concurrently
connect. In the absence of this option, OpenVPN will disconnect a client
instance upon connection of a new client having the same common name.
.TP
.BI \-\-ifconfig\-pool \ args
Set aside a pool of subnets to be dynamically allocated to connecting
clients, similar to a DHCP server.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
ifconfig\-pool start\-IP end\-IP [netmask]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
For tun\-style tunnels, each client
will be given a /30 subnet (for interoperability with Windows clients).
For tap\-style tunnels, individual addresses will be allocated, and the
optional \fBnetmask\fP parameter will also be pushed to clients.
.TP
.BI \-\-ifconfig\-ipv6\-pool \ args
Specify an IPv6 address pool for dynamic assignment to clients.
.sp
Valid args:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
ifconfig\-ipv6\-pool ipv6addr/bits
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The pool starts at \fBipv6addr\fP and matches the offset determined from
the start of the IPv4 pool.  If the host part of the given IPv6
address is \fB0\fP, the pool starts at \fBipv6addr\fP +1.
.TP
.BI \-\-ifconfig\-pool\-persist \ args
Persist/unpersist ifconfig\-pool data to \fBfile\fP, at \fBseconds\fP
intervals (default \fB600\fP), as well as on program startup and shutdown.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
ifconfig\-pool\-persist file [seconds]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The goal of this option is to provide a long\-term association between
clients (denoted by their common name) and the virtual IP address
assigned to them from the ifconfig\-pool. Maintaining a long\-term
association is good for clients because it allows them to effectively
use the \fB\-\-persist\-tun\fP option.
.sp
\fBfile\fP is a comma\-delimited ASCII file, formatted as
\fB<Common\-Name>,<IP\-address>\fP\&.
.sp
If \fBseconds\fP = \fB0\fP, \fBfile\fP will be treated as read\-only. This
is useful if you would like to treat \fBfile\fP as a configuration file.
.sp
Note that the entries in this file are treated by OpenVPN as
\fIsuggestions\fP only, based on past associations between a common name and
IP address.  They do not guarantee that the given common name will always
receive the given IP address. If you want guaranteed assignment, use
\fB\-\-ifconfig\-push\fP
.TP
.BI \-\-ifconfig\-push \ args
Push virtual IP endpoints for client tunnel, overriding the
\fB\-\-ifconfig\-pool\fP dynamic allocation.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
ifconfig\-push local remote\-netmask [alias]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The parameters \fBlocal\fP and \fBremote\-netmask\fP are set according to the
\fB\-\-ifconfig\fP directive which you want to execute on the client machine
to configure the remote end of the tunnel. Note that the parameters
\fBlocal\fP and \fBremote\-netmask\fP are from the perspective of the client,
not the server. They may be DNS names rather than IP addresses, in which
case they will be resolved on the server at the time of client
connection.
.sp
The optional \fBalias\fP parameter may be used in cases where NAT causes
the client view of its local endpoint to differ from the server view. In
this case \fBlocal/remote\-netmask\fP will refer to the server view while
\fBalias/remote\-netmask\fP will refer to the client view.
.sp
This option must be associated with a specific client instance, which
means that it must be specified either in a client instance config file
using \fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP or dynamically generated using a
\fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script.
.sp
Remember also to include a \fB\-\-route\fP directive in the main OpenVPN
config file which encloses \fBlocal\fP, so that the kernel will know to
route it to the server\(aqs TUN/TAP interface.
.sp
OpenVPN\(aqs internal client IP address selection algorithm works as
follows:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP 1. 3
Use \fB\-\-client\-connect script\fP generated file for static IP
(first choice).
.IP 2. 3
Use \fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP file for static IP (next choice).
.IP 3. 3
Use \fB\-\-ifconfig\-pool\fP allocation for dynamic IP (last
choice).
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-ifconfig\-ipv6\-push \ args
for \fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP per\-client static IPv6 interface
configuration, see \fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP and \fB\-\-ifconfig\-push\fP for
more details.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
ifconfig\-ipv6\-push ipv6addr/bits ipv6remote
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-inetd \ args
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
inetd
inetd wait
inetd nowait
inetd wait progname
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Use this option when OpenVPN is being run from the inetd or \fBxinetd\fP(8)
server.
.sp
The \fBwait\fP and \fBnowait\fP option must match what is specified
in the inetd/xinetd config file. The \fBnowait\fP mode can only be used
with \fB\-\-proto tcp\-server\fP The default is \fBwait\fP\&.  The
\fBnowait\fP mode can be used to instantiate the OpenVPN daemon as a
classic TCP server, where client connection requests are serviced on a
single port number. For additional information on this kind of
configuration, see the OpenVPN FAQ:
\fI\%https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/325\-openvpn\-as\-a\-\-forking\-tcp\-server\-which\-can\-service\-multiple\-clients\-over\-a\-single\-tcp\-port\fP
.sp
This option precludes the use of \fB\-\-daemon\fP, \fB\-\-local\fP or
\fB\-\-remote\fP\&.  Note that this option causes message and error output to
be handled in the same way as the \fB\-\-daemon\fP option. The optional
\fBprogname\fP parameter is also handled exactly as in \fB\-\-daemon\fP\&.
.sp
Also note that in \fBwait\fP mode, each OpenVPN tunnel requires a separate
TCP/UDP port and a separate inetd or xinetd entry. See the OpenVPN 1.x
HOWTO for an example on using OpenVPN with xinetd:
\fI\%https://openvpn.net/community\-resources/1xhowto/\fP
.TP
.B \-\-multihome
Configure a multi\-homed UDP server. This option needs to be used when a
server has more than one IP address (e.g. multiple interfaces, or
secondary IP addresses), and is not using \fB\-\-local\fP to force binding
to one specific address only. This option will add some extra lookups to
the packet path to ensure that the UDP reply packets are always sent
from the address that the client is talking to. This is not supported on
all platforms, and it adds more processing, so it\(aqs not enabled by
default.
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fINotes:\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
This option is only relevant for UDP servers.
.IP \(bu 2
If you do an IPv6+IPv4 dual\-stack bind on a Linux machine with
multiple IPv4 address, connections to IPv4 addresses will not
work right on kernels before 3.15, due to missing kernel
support for the IPv4\-mapped case (some distributions have
ported this to earlier kernel versions, though).
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-iroute \ args
Generate an internal route to a specific client. The \fBnetmask\fP
parameter, if omitted, defaults to \fB255.255.255.255\fP\&.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
iroute network [netmask]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
This directive can be used to route a fixed subnet from the server to a
particular client, regardless of where the client is connecting from.
Remember that you must also add the route to the system routing table as
well (such as by using the \fB\-\-route\fP directive). The reason why two
routes are needed is that the \fB\-\-route\fP directive routes the packet
from the kernel to OpenVPN. Once in OpenVPN, the \fB\-\-iroute\fP directive
routes to the specific client.
.sp
This option must be specified either in a client instance config file
using \fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP or dynamically generated using a
\fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script.
.sp
The \fB\-\-iroute\fP directive also has an important interaction with
\fB\-\-push "route ..."\fP\&. \fB\-\-iroute\fP essentially defines a subnet which
is owned by a particular client (we will call this client \fIA\fP). If you
would like other clients to be able to reach \fIA\fP\(aqs subnet, you can use
\fB\-\-push "route ..."\fP together with \fB\-\-client\-to\-client\fP to effect
this. In order for all clients to see \fIA\fP\(aqs subnet, OpenVPN must push
this route to all clients EXCEPT for \fIA\fP, since the subnet is already
owned by \fIA\fP\&. OpenVPN accomplishes this by not not pushing a route to
a client if it matches one of the client\(aqs iroutes.
.TP
.BI \-\-iroute\-ipv6 \ args
for \fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP per\-client static IPv6 route configuration,
see \fB\-\-iroute\fP for more details how to setup and use this, and how
\fB\-\-iroute\fP and \fB\-\-route\fP interact.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
iroute\-ipv6 ipv6addr/bits
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-max\-clients \ n
Limit server to a maximum of \fBn\fP concurrent clients.
.TP
.BI \-\-max\-routes\-per\-client \ n
Allow a maximum of \fBn\fP internal routes per client (default
\fB256\fP). This is designed to help contain DoS attacks where an
authenticated client floods the server with packets appearing to come
from many unique MAC addresses, forcing the server to deplete virtual
memory as its internal routing table expands. This directive can be used
in a \fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP file or auto\-generated by a
\fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script to override the global value for a particular
client.
.sp
Note that this directive affects OpenVPN\(aqs internal routing table, not
the kernel routing table.
.TP
.B \-\-opt\-verify
Clients that connect with options that are incompatible with those of the
server will be disconnected.
.sp
Options that will be compared for compatibility include \fBdev\-type\fP,
\fBlink\-mtu\fP, \fBtun\-mtu\fP, \fBproto\fP, \fBifconfig\fP,
\fBcomp\-lzo\fP, \fBfragment\fP, \fBkeydir\fP, \fBcipher\fP,
\fBauth\fP, \fBkeysize\fP, \fBsecret\fP, \fBno\-replay\fP,
\fBtls\-auth\fP, \fBkey\-method\fP, \fBtls\-server\fP
and \fBtls\-client\fP\&.
.sp
This option requires that \fB\-\-disable\-occ\fP NOT be used.
.TP
.BI \-\-port\-share \ args
Share OpenVPN TCP with another service
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
port\-share host port [dir]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
When run in TCP server mode, share the OpenVPN port with another
application, such as an HTTPS server. If OpenVPN senses a connection to
its port which is using a non\-OpenVPN protocol, it will proxy the
connection to the server at \fBhost\fP:\fBport\fP\&. Currently only designed to
work with HTTP/HTTPS, though it would be theoretically possible to
extend to other protocols such as ssh.
.sp
\fBdir\fP specifies an optional directory where a temporary file with name
N containing content C will be dynamically generated for each proxy
connection, where N is the source IP:port of the client connection and C
is the source IP:port of the connection to the proxy receiver. This
directory can be used as a dictionary by the proxy receiver to determine
the origin of the connection. Each generated file will be automatically
deleted when the proxied connection is torn down.
.sp
Not implemented on Windows.
.TP
.BI \-\-push \ option
Push a config file option back to the client for remote execution. Note
that \fBoption\fP must be enclosed in double quotes (\fB""\fP). The
client must specify \fB\-\-pull\fP in its config file. The set of options
which can be pushed is limited by both feasibility and security. Some
options such as those which would execute scripts are banned, since they
would effectively allow a compromised server to execute arbitrary code
on the client. Other options such as TLS or MTU parameters cannot be
pushed because the client needs to know them before the connection to the
server can be initiated.
.sp
This is a partial list of options which can currently be pushed:
\fB\-\-route\fP, \fB\-\-route\-gateway\fP, \fB\-\-route\-delay\fP,
\fB\-\-redirect\-gateway\fP, \fB\-\-ip\-win32\fP, \fB\-\-dhcp\-option\fP,
\fB\-\-inactive\fP, \fB\-\-ping\fP, \fB\-\-ping\-exit\fP, \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP,
\fB\-\-setenv\fP, \fB\-\-auth\-token\fP, \fB\-\-persist\-key\fP, \fB\-\-persist\-tun\fP,
\fB\-\-echo\fP, \fB\-\-comp\-lzo\fP, \fB\-\-socket\-flags\fP, \fB\-\-sndbuf\fP,
\fB\-\-rcvbuf\fP
.TP
.BI \-\-push\-remove \ opt
Selectively remove all \fB\-\-push\fP options matching "opt" from the option
list for a client. \fBopt\fP is matched as a substring against the whole
option string to\-be\-pushed to the client, so \fB\-\-push\-remove route\fP
would remove all \fB\-\-push route ...\fP and \fB\-\-push route\-ipv6 ...\fP
statements, while \fB\-\-push\-remove "route\-ipv6 2001:"\fP would only remove
IPv6 routes for \fB2001:...\fP networks.
.sp
\fB\-\-push\-remove\fP can only be used in a client\-specific context, like in
a \fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP file, or \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script or plugin
\-\- similar to \fB\-\-push\-reset\fP, just more selective.
.sp
\fINOTE\fP: to \fIchange\fP an option, \fB\-\-push\-remove\fP can be used to first
remove the old value, and then add a new \fB\-\-push\fP option with the new
value.
.sp
\fINOTE 2\fP: due to implementation details, \(aqifconfig\(aq and \(aqifconfig\-ipv6\(aq
can only be removed with an exact match on the option (
\fBpush\-remove ifconfig\fP), no substring matching and no matching on
the IPv4/IPv6 address argument is possible.
.TP
.B \-\-push\-reset
Don\(aqt inherit the global push list for a specific client instance.
Specify this option in a client\-specific context such as with a
\fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP configuration file. This option will ignore
\fB\-\-push\fP options at the global config file level.
.sp
\fINOTE\fP: \fB\-\-push\-reset\fP is very thorough: it will remove almost
all options from the list of to\-be\-pushed options.  In many cases,
some of these options will need to be re\-configured afterwards \-
specifically, \fB\-\-topology subnet\fP and \fB\-\-route\-gateway\fP will get
lost and this will break client configs in many cases.  Thus, for most
purposes, \fB\-\-push\-remove\fP is better suited to selectively remove
push options for individual clients.
.TP
.BI \-\-server \ args
A helper directive designed to simplify the configuration of OpenVPN\(aqs
server mode. This directive will set up an OpenVPN server which will
allocate addresses to clients out of the given network/netmask. The
server itself will take the \fB\&.1\fP address of the given network for
use as the server\-side endpoint of the local TUN/TAP interface. If the
optional \fBnopool\fP flag is given, no dynamic IP address pool will
prepared for VPN clients.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
server network netmask [nopool]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
For example, \fB\-\-server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0\fP expands as follows:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
mode server
tls\-server
push "topology [topology]"

if dev tun AND (topology == net30 OR topology == p2p):
  ifconfig 10.8.0.1 10.8.0.2
  if !nopool:
    ifconfig\-pool 10.8.0.4 10.8.0.251
  route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
  if client\-to\-client:
    push "route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0"
  else if topology == net30:
    push "route 10.8.0.1"

if dev tap OR (dev tun AND topology == subnet):
  ifconfig 10.8.0.1 255.255.255.0
  if !nopool:
    ifconfig\-pool 10.8.0.2 10.8.0.253 255.255.255.0
  push "route\-gateway 10.8.0.1"
  if route\-gateway unset:
    route\-gateway 10.8.0.2
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Don\(aqt use \fB\-\-server\fP if you are ethernet bridging. Use
\fB\-\-server\-bridge\fP instead.
.TP
.BI \-\-server\-bridge \ args
A helper directive similar to \fB\-\-server\fP which is designed to simplify
the configuration of OpenVPN\(aqs server mode in ethernet bridging
configurations.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
server\-bridge gateway netmask pool\-start\-IP pool\-end\-IP
server\-bridge [nogw]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
If \fB\-\-server\-bridge\fP is used without any parameters, it will enable a
DHCP\-proxy mode, where connecting OpenVPN clients will receive an IP
address for their TAP adapter from the DHCP server running on the
OpenVPN server\-side LAN. Note that only clients that support the binding
of a DHCP client with the TAP adapter (such as Windows) can support this
mode. The optional \fBnogw\fP flag (advanced) indicates that gateway
information should not be pushed to the client.
.sp
To configure ethernet bridging, you must first use your OS\(aqs bridging
capability to bridge the TAP interface with the ethernet NIC interface.
For example, on Linux this is done with the \fBbrctl\fP tool, and with
Windows XP it is done in the Network Connections Panel by selecting the
ethernet and TAP adapters and right\-clicking on "Bridge Connections".
.sp
Next you you must manually set the IP/netmask on the bridge interface.
The \fBgateway\fP and \fBnetmask\fP parameters to \fB\-\-server\-bridge\fP can be
set to either the IP/netmask of the bridge interface, or the IP/netmask
of the default gateway/router on the bridged subnet.
.sp
Finally, set aside a IP range in the bridged subnet, denoted by
\fBpool\-start\-IP\fP and \fBpool\-end\-IP\fP, for OpenVPN to allocate to
connecting clients.
.sp
For example, \fBserver\-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.128
10.8.0.254\fP expands as follows:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
mode server
tls\-server

ifconfig\-pool 10.8.0.128 10.8.0.254 255.255.255.0
push "route\-gateway 10.8.0.4"
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
In another example, \fB\-\-server\-bridge\fP (without parameters) expands as
follows:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
mode server
tls\-server

push "route\-gateway dhcp"
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Or \fB\-\-server\-bridge nogw\fP expands as follows:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
mode server
tls\-server
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-server\-ipv6 \ args
Convenience\-function to enable a number of IPv6 related options at once,
namely \fB\-\-ifconfig\-ipv6\fP, \fB\-\-ifconfig\-ipv6\-pool\fP and
\fB\-\-push tun\-ipv6\fP\&.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
server\-ipv6 ipv6addr/bits
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Pushing of the \fB\-\-tun\-ipv6\fP directive is done for older clients which
require an explicit \fB\-\-tun\-ipv6\fP in their configuration.
.TP
.BI \-\-stale\-routes\-check \ args
Remove routes which haven\(aqt had activity for \fBn\fP seconds (i.e. the ageing
time).  This check is run every \fBt\fP seconds (i.e. check interval).
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
stale\-routes\-check n [t]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
If \fBt\fP is not present it defaults to \fBn\fP\&.
.sp
This option helps to keep the dynamic routing table small. See also
\fB\-\-max\-routes\-per\-client\fP
.TP
.B \-\-username\-as\-common\-name
Use the authenticated username as the common\-name, rather than the
common\-name from the client certificate. Requires that some form of
\fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\fP verification is in effect. As the replacement happens
after \fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\fP verification, the verification script or
plugin will still receive the common\-name from the certificate.
.sp
The common_name environment variable passed to scripts and plugins invoked
after authentication (e.g, client\-connect script) and file names parsed in
client\-config directory will match the username.
.TP
.BI \-\-verify\-client\-cert \ mode
Specify whether the client is required to supply a valid certificate.
.sp
Possible \fBmode\fP options are:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBnone\fP
A client certificate is not required. the client needs to
authenticate using username/password only. Be aware that using this
directive is less secure than requiring certificates from all
clients.
.sp
If you use this directive, the entire responsibility of authentication
will rest on your \fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP script, so keep in mind
that bugs in your script could potentially compromise the security of
your VPN.
.sp
\fB\-\-verify\-client\-cert none\fP is functionally equivalent to
\fB\-\-client\-cert\-not\-required\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fBoptional\fP
A client may present a certificate but it is not required to do so.
When using this directive, you should also use a
\fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP script to ensure that clients are
authenticated using a certificate, a username and password, or
possibly even both.
.sp
Again, the entire responsibility of authentication will rest on your
\fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP script, so keep in mind that bugs in your
script could potentially compromise the security of your VPN.
.TP
.B \fBrequire\fP
This is the default option. A client is required to present a
certificate, otherwise VPN access is refused.
.UNINDENT
.sp
If you don\(aqt use this directive (or use \fB\-\-verify\-client\-cert require\fP)
but you also specify an \fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP script, then OpenVPN
will perform double authentication. The client certificate verification
AND the \fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP script will need to succeed in order
for a client to be authenticated and accepted onto the VPN.
.TP
.B \-\-vlan\-tagging
Server\-only option. Turns the OpenVPN server instance into a switch that
understands VLAN\-tagging, based on IEEE 802.1Q.
.sp
The server TAP device and each of the connecting clients is seen as a
port of the switch. All client ports are in untagged mode and the server
TAP device is VLAN\-tagged, untagged or accepts both, depending on the
\fB\-\-vlan\-accept\fP setting.
.sp
Ethernet frames with a prepended 802.1Q tag are called "tagged". If the
VLAN Identifier (VID) field in such a tag is non\-zero, the frame is
called "VLAN\-tagged". If the VID is zero, but the Priority Control Point
(PCP) field is non\-zero, the frame is called "prio\-tagged". If there is
no 802.1Q tag, the frame is "untagged".
.sp
Using the \fB\-\-vlan\-pvid v\fP option once per client (see
\-\-client\-config\-dir), each port can be associated with a certain VID.
Packets can only be forwarded between ports having the same VID.
Therefore, clients with differing VIDs are completely separated from
one\-another, even if \fB\-\-client\-to\-client\fP is activated.
.sp
The packet filtering takes place in the OpenVPN server. Clients should
not have any VLAN tagging configuration applied.
.sp
The \fB\-\-vlan\-tagging\fP option is off by default. While turned off,
OpenVPN accepts any Ethernet frame and does not perform any special
processing for VLAN\-tagged packets.
.sp
This option can only be activated in \fB\-\-dev tap mode\fP\&.
.TP
.BI \-\-vlan\-accept \ args
Configure the VLAN tagging policy for the server TAP device.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
vlan\-accept  all|tagged|untagged
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The following modes are available:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBtagged\fP
Admit only VLAN\-tagged frames. Only VLAN\-tagged packets are accepted,
while untagged or priority\-tagged packets are dropped when entering
the server TAP device.
.TP
.B \fBuntagged\fP
Admit only untagged and prio\-tagged frames.  VLAN\-tagged packets are
not accepted, while untagged or priority\-tagged packets entering the
server TAP device are tagged with the value configured for the global
\fB\-\-vlan\-pvid\fP setting.
.TP
.B \fBall\fP (default)
Admit all frames.  All packets are admitted and then treated like
untagged or tagged mode respectively.
.TP
.B \fINote\fP:
Some vendors refer to switch ports running in \fBtagged\fP mode
as "trunk ports" and switch ports running in \fBuntagged\fP mode
as "access ports".
.UNINDENT
.sp
Packets forwarded from clients to the server are VLAN\-tagged with the
originating client\(aqs PVID, unless the VID matches the global
\fB\-\-vlan\-pvid\fP, in which case the tag is removed.
.sp
If no \fIPVID\fP is configured for a given client (see \-\-vlan\-pvid) packets
are tagged with 1 by default.
.TP
.BI \-\-vlan\-pvid \ v
Specifies which VLAN identifier a "port" is associated with. Only valid
when \fB\-\-vlan\-tagging\fP is speficied.
.sp
In the client context, the setting specifies which VLAN ID a client is
associated with. In the global context, the VLAN ID of the server TAP
device is set. The latter only makes sense for \fB\-\-vlan\-accept
untagged\fP and \fB\-\-vlan\-accept all\fP modes.
.sp
Valid values for \fBv\fP go from \fB1\fP through to \fB4094\fP\&. The
global value defaults to \fB1\fP\&. If no \fB\-\-vlan\-pvid\fP is specified in
the client context, the global value is inherited.
.sp
In some switch implementations, the \fIPVID\fP is also referred to as "Native
VLAN".
.UNINDENT
.SH ENCRYPTION OPTIONS
.SS SSL Library information
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-show\-ciphers
(Standalone) Show all cipher algorithms to use with the \fB\-\-cipher\fP
option.
.TP
.B \-\-show\-digests
(Standalone) Show all message digest algorithms to use with the
\fB\-\-auth\fP option.
.TP
.B \-\-show\-tls
(Standalone) Show all TLS ciphers supported by the crypto library.
OpenVPN uses TLS to secure the control channel, over which the keys that
are used to protect the actual VPN traffic are exchanged. The TLS
ciphers will be sorted from highest preference (most secure) to lowest.
.sp
Be aware that whether a cipher suite in this list can actually work
depends on the specific setup of both peers (e.g. both peers must
support the cipher, and an ECDSA cipher suite will not work if you are
using an RSA certificate, etc.).
.TP
.B \-\-show\-engines
(Standalone) Show currently available hardware\-based crypto acceleration
engines supported by the OpenSSL library.
.TP
.B \-\-show\-groups
(Standalone) Show all available elliptic curves/groups to use with the
\fB\-\-ecdh\-curve\fP and \fBtls\-groups\fP options.
.UNINDENT
.SS Generating key material
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-genkey \ args
(Standalone) Generate a key to be used of the type keytype. if keyfile
is left out or empty the key will be output on stdout. See the following
sections for the different keytypes.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
\-\-genkey keytype keyfile
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Valid keytype arguments are:
.sp
\fBsecret\fP                Standard OpenVPN shared secret keys
.sp
\fBtls\-crypt\fP             Alias for \fBsecret\fP
.sp
\fBtls\-auth\fP              Alias for \fBsecret\fP
.sp
\fBauth\-token\fP            Key used for \fB\-\-auth\-gen\-token\-key\fP
.sp
\fBtls\-crypt\-v2\-server\fP   TLS Crypt v2 server key
.sp
\fBtls\-crypt\-v2\-client\fP   TLS Crypt v2 client key
.sp
Examples:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
$ openvpn \-\-genkey secret shared.key
$ openvpn \-\-genkey tls\-crypt shared.key
$ openvpn \-\-genkey tls\-auth shared.key
$ openvpn \-\-genkey tls\-crypt\-v2\-server v2crypt\-server.key
$ openvpn \-\-tls\-crypt\-v2 v2crypt\-server.key \-\-genkey tls\-crypt\-v2\-client v2crypt\-client\-1.key
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
Generating \fIShared Secret Keys\fP
Generate a shared secret, for use with the \fB\-\-secret\fP, \fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP
or \fB\-\-tls\-crypt\fP options.
.sp
Syntax:
.INDENT 2.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
$ openvpn \-\-genkey secret|tls\-crypt|tls\-auth keyfile
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The key is saved in \fBkeyfile\fP\&. All three variants (\fB\-\-secret\fP,
\fBtls\-crypt\fP and \fBtls\-auth\fP) generate the same type of key. The
aliases are added for convenience.
.sp
If using this for \fB\-\-secret\fP, this file must be shared with the peer
over a pre\-existing secure channel such as \fBscp\fP(1).
.IP \(bu 2
Generating \fITLS Crypt v2 Server key\fP
Generate a \fB\-\-tls\-crypt\-v2\fP key to be used by an OpenVPN server.
The key is stored in \fBkeyfile\fP\&.
.sp
Syntax:
.INDENT 2.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
\-\-genkey tls\-crypt\-v2\-server keyfile
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.IP \(bu 2
Generating \fITLS Crypt v2 Client key\fP
Generate a \-\-tls\-crypt\-v2 key to be used by OpenVPN clients.  The
key is stored in \fBkeyfile\fP\&.
.sp
Syntax
.INDENT 2.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
\-\-genkey tls\-crypt\-v2\-client keyfile [metadata]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
If supplied, include the supplied \fBmetadata\fP in the wrapped client
key. This metadata must be supplied in base64\-encoded form. The
metadata must be at most 735 bytes long (980 bytes in base64).
.sp
If no metadata is supplied, OpenVPN will use a 64\-bit unix timestamp
representing the current time in UTC, encoded in network order, as
metadata for the generated key.
.sp
A tls\-crypt\-v2 client key is wrapped using a server key. To generate a
client key, the user must therefore supply the server key using the
\fB\-\-tls\-crypt\-v2\fP option.
.sp
Servers can use \fB\-\-tls\-crypt\-v2\-verify\fP to specify a metadata
verification command.
.IP \(bu 2
Generate \fIAuthentication Token key\fP
Generate a new secret that can be used with \fB\-\-auth\-gen\-token\-secret\fP
.sp
Syntax:
.INDENT 2.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
\-\-genkey auth\-token [keyfile]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 2.0
.TP
.B \fINote:\fP
This file should be kept secret to the server as anyone that has
access to this file will be able to generate auth tokens that the
OpenVPN server will accept as valid.
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SS Data Channel Renegotiation
.sp
When running OpenVPN in client/server mode, the data channel will use a
separate ephemeral encryption key which is rotated at regular intervals.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-reneg\-bytes \ n
Renegotiate data channel key after \fBn\fP bytes sent or received
(disabled by default with an exception, see below). OpenVPN allows the
lifetime of a key to be expressed as a number of bytes
encrypted/decrypted, a number of packets, or a number of seconds. A key
renegotiation will be forced if any of these three criteria are met by
either peer.
.sp
If using ciphers with cipher block sizes less than 128\-bits,
\fB\-\-reneg\-bytes\fP is set to 64MB by default, unless it is explicitly
disabled by setting the value to \fB0\fP, but this is
\fBHIGHLY DISCOURAGED\fP as this is designed to add some protection against
the SWEET32 attack vector. For more information see the \fB\-\-cipher\fP
option.
.TP
.BI \-\-reneg\-pkts \ n
Renegotiate data channel key after \fBn\fP packets sent and received
(disabled by default).
.TP
.BI \-\-reneg\-sec \ args
Renegotiate data channel key after at most \fBmax\fP seconds
(default \fB3600\fP) and at least \fBmin\fP seconds (default is 90% of
\fBmax\fP for servers, and equal to \fBmax\fP for clients).
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
reneg\-sec max [min]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The effective \fB\-\-reneg\-sec\fP value used is per session
pseudo\-uniform\-randomized between \fBmin\fP and \fBmax\fP\&.
.sp
With the default value of \fB3600\fP this results in an effective per
session value in the range of \fB3240\fP .. \fB3600\fP seconds for
servers, or just 3600 for clients.
.sp
When using dual\-factor authentication, note that this default value may
cause the end user to be challenged to reauthorize once per hour.
.sp
Also, keep in mind that this option can be used on both the client and
server, and whichever uses the lower value will be the one to trigger
the renegotiation. A common mistake is to set \fB\-\-reneg\-sec\fP to a
higher value on either the client or server, while the other side of the
connection is still using the default value of \fB3600\fP seconds,
meaning that the renegotiation will still occur once per \fB3600\fP
seconds. The solution is to increase \-\-reneg\-sec on both the client and
server, or set it to \fB0\fP on one side of the connection (to
disable), and to your chosen value on the other side.
.UNINDENT
.SS TLS Mode Options
.sp
TLS mode is the most powerful crypto mode of OpenVPN in both security
and flexibility. TLS mode works by establishing control and data
channels which are multiplexed over a single TCP/UDP port. OpenVPN
initiates a TLS session over the control channel and uses it to exchange
cipher and HMAC keys to protect the data channel. TLS mode uses a robust
reliability layer over the UDP connection for all control channel
communication, while the data channel, over which encrypted tunnel data
passes, is forwarded without any mediation. The result is the best of
both worlds: a fast data channel that forwards over UDP with only the
overhead of encrypt, decrypt, and HMAC functions, and a control channel
that provides all of the security features of TLS, including
certificate\-based authentication and Diffie Hellman forward secrecy.
.sp
To use TLS mode, each peer that runs OpenVPN should have its own local
certificate/key pair (\fB\-\-cert\fP and \fB\-\-key\fP), signed by the root
certificate which is specified in \fB\-\-ca\fP\&.
.sp
When two OpenVPN peers connect, each presents its local certificate to
the other. Each peer will then check that its partner peer presented a
certificate which was signed by the master root certificate as specified
in \fB\-\-ca\fP\&.
.sp
If that check on both peers succeeds, then the TLS negotiation will
succeed, both OpenVPN peers will exchange temporary session keys, and
the tunnel will begin passing data.
.sp
The OpenVPN project provides a set of scripts for managing RSA
certificates and keys: \fI\%https://github.com/OpenVPN/easy\-rsa\fP
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-askpass \ file
Get certificate password from console or \fBfile\fP before we daemonize.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
askpass
askpass file
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
For the extremely security conscious, it is possible to protect your
private key with a password. Of course this means that every time the
OpenVPN daemon is started you must be there to type the password. The
\fB\-\-askpass\fP option allows you to start OpenVPN from the command line.
It will query you for a password before it daemonizes. To protect a
private key with a password you should omit the \fB\-nodes\fP option when
you use the \fBopenssl\fP command line tool to manage certificates and
private keys.
.sp
If \fBfile\fP is specified, read the password from the first line of
\fBfile\fP\&. Keep in mind that storing your password in a file to a certain
extent invalidates the extra security provided by using an encrypted
key.
.TP
.BI \-\-ca \ file
Certificate authority (CA) file in .pem format, also referred to as the
\fIroot\fP certificate. This file can have multiple certificates in .pem
format, concatenated together. You can construct your own certificate
authority certificate and private key by using a command such as:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
openssl req \-nodes \-new \-x509 \-keyout ca.key \-out ca.crt
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Then edit your openssl.cnf file and edit the \fBcertificate\fP variable to
point to your new root certificate \fBca.crt\fP\&.
.sp
For testing purposes only, the OpenVPN distribution includes a sample CA
certificate (ca.crt). Of course you should never use the test
certificates and test keys distributed with OpenVPN in a production
environment, since by virtue of the fact that they are distributed with
OpenVPN, they are totally insecure.
.TP
.BI \-\-capath \ dir
Directory containing trusted certificates (CAs and CRLs). Not available
with mbed TLS.
.sp
CAs in the capath directory are expected to be named <hash>.<n>. CRLs
are expected to be named <hash>.r<n>. See the \fB\-CApath\fP option of
\fBopenssl verify\fP, and the \fB\-hash\fP option of \fBopenssl x509\fP,
\fBopenssl crl\fP and \fBX509_LOOKUP_hash_dir()\fP(3)
for more information.
.sp
Similar to the \fB\-\-crl\-verify\fP option, CRLs are not mandatory \-
OpenVPN will log the usual warning in the logs if the relevant CRL is
missing, but the connection will be allowed.
.TP
.BI \-\-cert \ file
Local peer\(aqs signed certificate in .pem format \-\- must be signed by a
certificate authority whose certificate is in \fB\-\-ca file\fP\&. Each peer
in an OpenVPN link running in TLS mode should have its own certificate
and private key file. In addition, each certificate should have been
signed by the key of a certificate authority whose public key resides in
the \fB\-\-ca\fP certificate authority file. You can easily make your own
certificate authority (see above) or pay money to use a commercial
service such as thawte.com (in which case you will be helping to finance
the world\(aqs second space tourist :). To generate a certificate, you can
use a command such as:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
openssl req \-nodes \-new \-keyout mycert.key \-out mycert.csr
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
If your certificate authority private key lives on another machine, copy
the certificate signing request (mycert.csr) to this other machine (this
can be done over an insecure channel such as email). Now sign the
certificate with a command such as:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
openssl ca \-out mycert.crt \-in mycert.csr
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Now copy the certificate (mycert.crt) back to the peer which initially
generated the .csr file (this can be over a public medium). Note that
the \fBopenssl ca\fP command reads the location of the certificate
authority key from its configuration file such as
\fB/usr/share/ssl/openssl.cnf\fP \-\- note also that for certificate
authority functions, you must set up the files \fBindex.txt\fP (may be
empty) and \fBserial\fP (initialize to \fB01\fP).
.TP
.BI \-\-crl\-verify \ args
Check peer certificate against a Certificate Revocation List.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
crl\-verify file/directory flag
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Examples:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
crl\-verify crl\-file.pem
crl\-verify /etc/openvpn/crls dir
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
A CRL (certificate revocation list) is used when a particular key is
compromised but when the overall PKI is still intact.
.sp
Suppose you had a PKI consisting of a CA, root certificate, and a number
of client certificates. Suppose a laptop computer containing a client
key and certificate was stolen. By adding the stolen certificate to the
CRL file, you could reject any connection which attempts to use it,
while preserving the overall integrity of the PKI.
.sp
The only time when it would be necessary to rebuild the entire PKI from
scratch would be if the root certificate key itself was compromised.
.sp
The option is not mandatory \- if the relevant CRL is missing, OpenVPN
will log a warning in the logs \- e.g.
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
VERIFY WARNING: depth=0, unable to get certificate CRL
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
but the connection will be allowed.  If the optional \fBdir\fP flag
is specified, enable a different mode where the \fBcrl\-verify\fP is
pointed at a directory containing files named as revoked serial numbers
(the files may be empty, the contents are never read). If a client
requests a connection, where the client certificate serial number
(decimal string) is the name of a file present in the directory, it will
be rejected.
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fINote:\fP
As the crl file (or directory) is read every time a peer
connects, if you are dropping root privileges with
\fB\-\-user\fP, make sure that this user has sufficient
privileges to read the file.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-dh \ file
File containing Diffie Hellman parameters in .pem format (required for
\fB\-\-tls\-server\fP only).
.sp
Set \fBfile\fP to \fBnone\fP to disable Diffie Hellman key exchange (and
use ECDH only). Note that this requires peers to be using an SSL library
that supports ECDH TLS cipher suites (e.g. OpenSSL 1.0.1+, or
mbed TLS 2.0+).
.sp
Use \fBopenssl dhparam \-out dh2048.pem 2048\fP to generate 2048\-bit DH
parameters. Diffie Hellman parameters may be considered public.
.TP
.BI \-\-ecdh\-curve \ name
Specify the curve to use for elliptic curve Diffie Hellman. Available
curves can be listed with \fB\-\-show\-curves\fP\&. The specified curve will
only be used for ECDH TLS\-ciphers.
.sp
This option is not supported in mbed TLS builds of OpenVPN.
.TP
.BI \-\-extra\-certs \ file
Specify a \fBfile\fP containing one or more PEM certs (concatenated
together) that complete the local certificate chain.
.sp
This option is useful for "split" CAs, where the CA for server certs is
different than the CA for client certs. Putting certs in this file
allows them to be used to complete the local certificate chain without
trusting them to verify the peer\-submitted certificate, as would be the
case if the certs were placed in the \fBca\fP file.
.TP
.BI \-\-hand\-window \ n
Handshake Window \-\- the TLS\-based key exchange must finalize within
\fBn\fP seconds of handshake initiation by any peer (default \fB60\fP
seconds). If the handshake fails we will attempt to reset our connection
with our peer and try again. Even in the event of handshake failure we
will still use our expiring key for up to \fB\-\-tran\-window\fP seconds to
maintain continuity of transmission of tunnel data.
.TP
.BI \-\-key \ file
Local peer\(aqs private key in .pem format. Use the private key which was
generated when you built your peer\(aqs certificate (see \fB\-\-cert file\fP
above).
.TP
.BI \-\-pkcs12 \ file
Specify a PKCS #12 file containing local private key, local certificate,
and root CA certificate. This option can be used instead of \fB\-\-ca\fP,
\fB\-\-cert\fP, and \fB\-\-key\fP\&.  Not available with mbed TLS.
.TP
.BI \-\-remote\-cert\-eku \ oid
Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit \fIextended key
usage\fP\&.
.sp
This is a useful security option for clients, to ensure that the host
they connect to is a designated server.
.sp
The extended key usage should be encoded in \fIoid notation\fP, or \fIOpenSSL
symbolic representation\fP\&.
.TP
.BI \-\-remote\-cert\-ku \ key\-usage
Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit
\fBkey\-usage\fP\&.
.sp
If present in the certificate, the \fBkeyUsage\fP value is validated by
the TLS library during the TLS handshake. Specifying this option without
arguments requires this extension to be present (so the TLS library will
verify it).
.sp
If \fBkey\-usage\fP is a list of usage bits, the \fBkeyUsage\fP field
must have \fIat least\fP the same bits set as the bits in \fIone of\fP the values
supplied in the \fBkey\-usage\fP list.
.sp
The \fBkey\-usage\fP values in the list must be encoded in hex, e.g.
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
remote\-cert\-ku a0
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-remote\-cert\-tls \ type
Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit \fIkey usage\fP
and \fIextended key usage\fP based on RFC3280 TLS rules.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
remote\-cert\-tls server
remote\-cert\-tls client
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
This is a useful security option for clients, to ensure that the host
they connect to is a designated server. Or the other way around; for a
server to verify that only hosts with a client certificate can connect.
.sp
The \fB\-\-remote\-cert\-tls client\fP option is equivalent to
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
remote\-cert\-ku
remote\-cert\-eku "TLS Web Client Authentication"
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The \fB\-\-remote\-cert\-tls server\fP option is equivalent to
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
remote\-cert\-ku
remote\-cert\-eku "TLS Web Server Authentication"
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
This is an important security precaution to protect against a
man\-in\-the\-middle attack where an authorized client attempts to connect
to another client by impersonating the server. The attack is easily
prevented by having clients verify the server certificate using any one
of \fB\-\-remote\-cert\-tls\fP, \fB\-\-verify\-x509\-name\fP, or \fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP\&.
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-auth \ args
Add an additional layer of HMAC authentication on top of the TLS control
channel to mitigate DoS attacks and attacks on the TLS stack.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
tls\-auth file
tls\-auth file 0
tls\-auth file 1
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
In a nutshell, \fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP enables a kind of "HMAC firewall" on
OpenVPN\(aqs TCP/UDP port, where TLS control channel packets bearing an
incorrect HMAC signature can be dropped immediately without response.
.sp
\fBfile\fP (required) is a file in OpenVPN static key format which can be
generated by \fB\-\-genkey\fP\&.
.sp
Older versions (up to OpenVPN 2.3) supported a freeform passphrase file.
This is no longer supported in newer versions (v2.4+).
.sp
See the \fB\-\-secret\fP option for more information on the optional
\fBdirection\fP parameter.
.sp
\fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP is recommended when you are running OpenVPN in a mode
where it is listening for packets from any IP address, such as when
\fB\-\-remote\fP is not specified, or \fB\-\-remote\fP is specified with
\fB\-\-float\fP\&.
.sp
The rationale for this feature is as follows. TLS requires a
multi\-packet exchange before it is able to authenticate a peer. During
this time before authentication, OpenVPN is allocating resources (memory
and CPU) to this potential peer. The potential peer is also exposing
many parts of OpenVPN and the OpenSSL library to the packets it is
sending. Most successful network attacks today seek to either exploit
bugs in programs (such as buffer overflow attacks) or force a program to
consume so many resources that it becomes unusable. Of course the first
line of defense is always to produce clean, well\-audited code. OpenVPN
has been written with buffer overflow attack prevention as a top
priority. But as history has shown, many of the most widely used network
applications have, from time to time, fallen to buffer overflow attacks.
.sp
So as a second line of defense, OpenVPN offers this special layer of
authentication on top of the TLS control channel so that every packet on
the control channel is authenticated by an HMAC signature and a unique
ID for replay protection. This signature will also help protect against
DoS (Denial of Service) attacks. An important rule of thumb in reducing
vulnerability to DoS attacks is to minimize the amount of resources a
potential, but as yet unauthenticated, client is able to consume.
.sp
\fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP does this by signing every TLS control channel packet
with an HMAC signature, including packets which are sent before the TLS
level has had a chance to authenticate the peer. The result is that
packets without the correct signature can be dropped immediately upon
reception, before they have a chance to consume additional system
resources such as by initiating a TLS handshake. \fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP can be
strengthened by adding the \fB\-\-replay\-persist\fP option which will keep
OpenVPN\(aqs replay protection state in a file so that it is not lost
across restarts.
.sp
It should be emphasized that this feature is optional and that the key
file used with \fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP gives a peer nothing more than the power
to initiate a TLS handshake. It is not used to encrypt or authenticate
any tunnel data.
.sp
Use \fB\-\-tls\-crypt\fP instead if you want to use the key file to not only
authenticate, but also encrypt the TLS control channel.
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-groups \ list
A list of allowable groups/curves in order of preference.
.sp
Set the allowed elliptic curves/groups for the TLS session.
These groups are allowed to be used in signatures and key exchange.
.sp
mbedTLS currently allows all known curves per default.
.sp
OpenSSL 1.1+ restricts the list per default to
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
"X25519:secp256r1:X448:secp521r1:secp384r1".
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
If you use certificates that use non\-standard curves, you
might need to add them here. If you do not force the ecdh curve
by using \fB\-\-ecdh\-curve\fP, the groups for ecdh will also be picked
from this list.
.sp
OpenVPN maps the curve name \fIsecp256r1\fP to \fIprime256v1\fP to allow
specifying the same tls\-groups option for mbedTLS and OpenSSL.
.sp
Warning: this option not only affects elliptic curve certificates
but also the key exchange in TLS 1.3 and using this option improperly
will disable TLS 1.3.
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-cert\-profile \ profile
Set the allowed cryptographic algorithms for certificates according to
\fBprofile\fP\&.
.sp
The following profiles are supported:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBlegacy\fP (default)
SHA1 and newer, RSA 2048\-bit+, any elliptic curve.
.TP
.B \fBpreferred\fP
SHA2 and newer, RSA 2048\-bit+, any elliptic curve.
.TP
.B \fBsuiteb\fP
SHA256/SHA384, ECDSA with P\-256 or P\-384.
.UNINDENT
.sp
This option is only fully supported for mbed TLS builds. OpenSSL builds
use the following approximation:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBlegacy\fP (default)
sets "security level 1"
.TP
.B \fBpreferred\fP
sets "security level 2"
.TP
.B \fBsuiteb\fP
sets "security level 3" and \fB\-\-tls\-cipher "SUITEB128"\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.sp
OpenVPN will migrate to \(aqpreferred\(aq as default in the future. Please
ensure that your keys already comply.
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \fIWARNING:\fP \fB\-\-tls\-ciphers\fP, \fB\-\-tls\-ciphersuites\fP and \fBtls\-groups\fP
These options are expert features, which \- if used correctly \- can
improve the security of your VPN connection. But it is also easy to
unwittingly use them to carefully align a gun with your foot, or just
break your connection. Use with care!
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-cipher \ l
A list \fBl\fP of allowable TLS ciphers delimited by a colon ("\fB:\fP").
.sp
These setting can be used to ensure that certain cipher suites are used
(or not used) for the TLS connection. OpenVPN uses TLS to secure the
control channel, over which the keys that are used to protect the actual
VPN traffic are exchanged.
.sp
The supplied list of ciphers is (after potential OpenSSL/IANA name
translation) simply supplied to the crypto library. Please see the
OpenSSL and/or mbed TLS documentation for details on the cipher list
interpretation.
.sp
For OpenSSL, the \fB\-\-tls\-cipher\fP is used for TLS 1.2 and below.
.sp
Use \fB\-\-show\-tls\fP to see a list of TLS ciphers supported by your crypto
library.
.sp
The default for \fB\-\-tls\-cipher\fP is to use mbed TLS\(aqs default cipher list
when using mbed TLS or
\fBDEFAULT:!EXP:!LOW:!MEDIUM:!kDH:!kECDH:!DSS:!PSK:!SRP:!kRSA\fP when
using OpenSSL.
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-ciphersuites \ l
Same as \fB\-\-tls\-cipher\fP but for TLS 1.3 and up. mbed TLS has no
TLS 1.3 support yet and only the \fB\-\-tls\-cipher\fP setting is used.
.sp
The default for \fI\-\-tls\-ciphersuites\fP is to use the crypto library\(aqs
default.
.TP
.B \-\-tls\-client
Enable TLS and assume client role during TLS handshake.
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-crypt \ keyfile
Encrypt and authenticate all control channel packets with the key from
\fBkeyfile\fP\&. (See \fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP for more background.)
.sp
Encrypting (and authenticating) control channel packets:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
provides more privacy by hiding the certificate used for the TLS
connection,
.IP \(bu 2
makes it harder to identify OpenVPN traffic as such,
.IP \(bu 2
provides "poor\-man\(aqs" post\-quantum security, against attackers who will
never know the pre\-shared key (i.e. no forward secrecy).
.UNINDENT
.sp
In contrast to \fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP, \fB\-\-tls\-crypt\fP does \fInot\fP require the
user to set \fB\-\-key\-direction\fP\&.
.sp
\fBSecurity Considerations\fP
.sp
All peers use the same \fB\-\-tls\-crypt\fP pre\-shared group key to
authenticate and encrypt control channel messages. To ensure that IV
collisions remain unlikely, this key should not be used to encrypt more
than 2^48 client\-to\-server or 2^48 server\-to\-client control channel
messages. A typical initial negotiation is about 10 packets in each
direction. Assuming both initial negotiation and renegotiations are at
most 2^16 (65536) packets (to be conservative), and (re)negotiations
happen each minute for each user (24/7), this limits the tls\-crypt key
lifetime to 8171 years divided by the number of users. So a setup with
1000 users should rotate the key at least once each eight years. (And a
setup with 8000 users each year.)
.sp
If IV collisions were to occur, this could result in the security of
\fB\-\-tls\-crypt\fP degrading to the same security as using \fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP\&.
That is, the control channel still benefits from the extra protection
against active man\-in\-the\-middle\-attacks and DoS attacks, but may no
longer offer extra privacy and post\-quantum security on top of what TLS
itself offers.
.sp
For large setups or setups where clients are not trusted, consider using
\fB\-\-tls\-crypt\-v2\fP instead. That uses per\-client unique keys, and
thereby improves the bounds to \(aqrotate a client key at least once per
8000 years\(aq.
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-crypt\-v2 \ keyfile
Use client\-specific tls\-crypt keys.
.sp
For clients, \fBkeyfile\fP is a client\-specific tls\-crypt key. Such a key
can be generated using the \fB\-\-genkey tls\-crypt\-v2\-client\fP option.
.sp
For servers, \fBkeyfile\fP is used to unwrap client\-specific keys supplied
by the client during connection setup. This key must be the same as the
key used to generate the client\-specific key (see \fB\-\-genkey
tls\-crypt\-v2\-client\fP).
.sp
On servers, this option can be used together with the \fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP or
\fB\-\-tls\-crypt\fP option. In that case, the server will detect whether the
client is using client\-specific keys, and automatically select the right
mode.
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-crypt\-v2\-verify \ cmd
Run command \fBcmd\fP to verify the metadata of the client\-specific
tls\-crypt\-v2 key of a connecting client. This allows server
administrators to reject client connections, before exposing the TLS
stack (including the notoriously dangerous X.509 and ASN.1 stacks) to
the connecting client.
.sp
OpenVPN supplies the following environment variables to the command:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP \(bu 2
\fBscript_type\fP is set to \fBtls\-crypt\-v2\-verify\fP
.IP \(bu 2
\fBmetadata_type\fP is set to \fB0\fP if the metadata was user
supplied, or \fB1\fP if it\(aqs a 64\-bit unix timestamp representing
the key creation time.
.IP \(bu 2
\fBmetadata_file\fP contains the filename of a temporary file that
contains the client metadata.
.UNINDENT
.sp
The command can reject the connection by exiting with a non\-zero exit
code.
.TP
.B \-\-tls\-exit
Exit on TLS negotiation failure.
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-export\-cert \ directory
Store the certificates the clients use upon connection to this
directory. This will be done before \fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP is called. The
certificates will use a temporary name and will be deleted when the
tls\-verify script returns. The file name used for the certificate is
available via the \fBpeer_cert\fP environment variable.
.TP
.B \-\-tls\-server
Enable TLS and assume server role during TLS handshake. Note that
OpenVPN is designed as a peer\-to\-peer application. The designation of
client or server is only for the purpose of negotiating the TLS control
channel.
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-timeout \ n
Packet retransmit timeout on TLS control channel if no acknowledgment
from remote within \fBn\fP seconds (default \fB2\fP). When OpenVPN sends
a control packet to its peer, it will expect to receive an
acknowledgement within \fBn\fP seconds or it will retransmit the packet,
subject to a TCP\-like exponential backoff algorithm. This parameter only
applies to control channel packets. Data channel packets (which carry
encrypted tunnel data) are never acknowledged, sequenced, or
retransmitted by OpenVPN because the higher level network protocols
running on top of the tunnel such as TCP expect this role to be left to
them.
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-version\-min \ args
Sets the minimum TLS version we will accept from the peer (default is
"1.0").
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
tls\-version\-min version [\(aqor\-highest\(aq]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Examples for version include \fB1.0\fP, \fB1.1\fP, or \fB1.2\fP\&. If
\fBor\-highest\fP is specified and version is not recognized, we will
only accept the highest TLS version supported by the local SSL
implementation.
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-version\-max \ version
Set the maximum TLS version we will use (default is the highest version
supported). Examples for version include \fB1.0\fP, \fB1.1\fP, or
\fB1.2\fP\&.
.TP
.BI \-\-verify\-hash \ args
Specify SHA1 or SHA256 fingerprint for level\-1 cert.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
verify\-hash hash [algo]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The level\-1 cert is the CA (or intermediate cert) that signs the leaf
certificate, and is one removed from the leaf certificate in the
direction of the root. When accepting a connection from a peer, the
level\-1 cert fingerprint must match \fBhash\fP or certificate verification
will fail. Hash is specified as XX:XX:... For example:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
AD:B0:95:D8:09:C8:36:45:12:A9:89:C8:90:09:CB:13:72:A6:AD:16
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The \fBalgo\fP flag can be either \fBSHA1\fP or \fBSHA256\fP\&. If not
provided, it defaults to \fBSHA1\fP\&.
.TP
.BI \-\-verify\-x509\-name \ args
Accept connections only if a host\(aqs X.509 name is equal to \fBname.\fP The
remote host must also pass all other tests of verification.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
verify\-x509 name type
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Which X.509 name is compared to \fBname\fP depends on the setting of type.
\fBtype\fP can be \fBsubject\fP to match the complete subject DN
(default), \fBname\fP to match a subject RDN or \fBname\-prefix\fP to
match a subject RDN prefix. Which RDN is verified as name depends on the
\fB\-\-x509\-username\-field\fP option. But it defaults to the common name
(CN), e.g. a certificate with a subject DN
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
C=KG, ST=NA, L=Bishkek, CN=Server\-1
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
would be matched by:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
verify\-x509\-name \(aqC=KG, ST=NA, L=Bishkek, CN=Server\-1\(aq
verify\-x509\-name Server\-1 name
verify\-x509\-name Server\- name\-prefix
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The last example is useful if you want a client to only accept
connections to \fBServer\-1\fP, \fBServer\-2\fP, etc.
.sp
\fB\-\-verify\-x509\-name\fP is a useful replacement for the \fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP
option to verify the remote host, because \fB\-\-verify\-x509\-name\fP works
in a \fB\-\-chroot\fP environment without any dependencies.
.sp
Using a name prefix is a useful alternative to managing a CRL
(Certificate Revocation List) on the client, since it allows the client
to refuse all certificates except for those associated with designated
servers.
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fINOTE:\fP
Test against a name prefix only when you are using OpenVPN
with a custom CA certificate that is under your control. Never use
this option with type \fBname\-prefix\fP when your client
certificates are signed by a third party, such as a commercial
web CA.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-x509\-track \ attribute
Save peer X509 \fBattribute\fP value in environment for use by plugins and
management interface. Prepend a \fB+\fP to \fBattribute\fP to save values
from full cert chain. Values will be encoded as
\fBX509_<depth>_<attribute>=<value>\fP\&. Multiple \fB\-\-x509\-track\fP
options can be defined to track multiple attributes.
.TP
.BI \-\-x509\-username\-field \ args
Field in the X.509 certificate subject to be used as the username
(default \fBCN\fP).
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
x509\-username\-field [ext:]fieldname
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Typically, this option is specified with \fBfieldname\fP as
either of the following:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
x509\-username\-field emailAddress
x509\-username\-field ext:subjectAltName
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The first example uses the value of the \fBemailAddress\fP attribute
in the certificate\(aqs Subject field as the username. The second example
uses the \fBext:\fP prefix to signify that the X.509 extension
\fBfieldname\fP \fBsubjectAltName\fP be searched for an rfc822Name
(email) field to be used as the username. In cases where there are
multiple email addresses in \fBext:fieldname\fP, the last occurrence
is chosen.
.sp
When this option is used, the \fB\-\-verify\-x509\-name\fP option will match
against the chosen \fBfieldname\fP instead of the Common Name.
.sp
Only the \fBsubjectAltName\fP and \fBissuerAltName\fP X.509
extensions are supported.
.sp
\fBPlease note:\fP This option has a feature which will convert an
all\-lowercase \fBfieldname\fP to uppercase characters, e.g.,
\fBou\fP \-> \fBOU\fP\&. A mixed\-case \fBfieldname\fP or one having the
\fBext:\fP prefix will be left as\-is. This automatic upcasing feature is
deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
.UNINDENT
.SS PKCS#11 / SmartCard options
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-pkcs11\-cert\-private \ args
Set if access to certificate object should be performed after login.
Every provider has its own setting.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
pkcs11\-cert\-private 0
pkcs11\-cert\-private 1
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-pkcs11\-id \ name
Specify the serialized certificate id to be used. The id can be gotten
by the standalone \fB\-\-show\-pkcs11\-ids\fP option.
.TP
.B \-\-pkcs11\-id\-management
Acquire PKCS#11 id from management interface. In this case a
\fBNEED\-STR \(aqpkcs11\-id\-request\(aq\fP real\-time message will be triggered,
application may use pkcs11\-id\-count command to retrieve available number of
certificates, and pkcs11\-id\-get command to retrieve certificate id and
certificate body.
.TP
.BI \-\-pkcs11\-pin\-cache \ seconds
Specify how many seconds the PIN can be cached, the default is until the
token is removed.
.TP
.BI \-\-pkcs11\-private\-mode \ mode
Specify which method to use in order to perform private key operations.
A different mode can be specified for each provider. Mode is encoded as
hex number, and can be a mask one of the following:
.sp
\fB0\fP (default)   Try to determine automatically.
.sp
\fB1\fP             Use sign.
.sp
\fB2\fP             Use sign recover.
.sp
\fB4\fP             Use decrypt.
.sp
\fB8\fP             Use unwrap.
.TP
.BI \-\-pkcs11\-protected\-authentication \ args
Use PKCS#11 protected authentication path, useful for biometric and
external keypad devices. Every provider has its own setting.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
pkcs11\-protected\-authentication 0
pkcs11\-protected\-authentication 1
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-pkcs11\-providers \ provider
Specify an RSA Security Inc. PKCS #11 Cryptographic Token Interface
(Cryptoki) providers to load. This option can be used instead of
\fB\-\-cert\fP, \fB\-\-key\fP and \fB\-\-pkcs12\fP\&.
.sp
If p11\-kit is present on the system, its \fBp11\-kit\-proxy.so\fP module
will be loaded by default if either the \fB\-\-pkcs11\-id\fP or
\fB\-\-pkcs11\-id\-management\fP options are specified without
\fB\-\-pkcs11\-provider\fP being given.
.TP
.BI \-\-show\-pkcs11\-ids \ args
(Standalone) Show PKCS#11 token object list.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
show\-pkcs11 [provider] [cert_private]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Specify \fBcert_private\fP as \fB1\fP if certificates are stored as
private objects.
.sp
If \fIp11\-kit\fP is present on the system, the \fBprovider\fP argument is
optional; if omitted the default \fBp11\-kit\-proxy.so\fP module will be
queried.
.sp
\fB\-\-verb\fP option can be used BEFORE this option to produce debugging
information.
.UNINDENT
.SH DATA CHANNEL CIPHER NEGOTIATION
.sp
OpenVPN 2.4 and higher have the capability to negotiate the data cipher that
is used to encrypt data packets. This section describes the mechanism in more detail and the
different backwards compatibility mechanism with older server and clients.
.SS OpenVPN 2.5 and higher behaviour
.sp
When both client and server are at least running OpenVPN 2.5, that the order of
the ciphers of the server\(aqs \fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP is used to pick the the data cipher.
That means that the first cipher in that list that is also in the client\(aqs
\fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP list is chosen. If no common cipher is found the client is rejected
with a AUTH_FAILED message (as seen in client log):
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
AUTH: Received control message: AUTH_FAILED,Data channel cipher negotiation failed (no shared cipher)
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
OpenVPN 2.5 will only allow the ciphers specified in \fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP\&. To ensure
backwards compatibility also if a cipher is specified using the \fB\-\-cipher\fP option
it is automatically added to this list. If both options are unset the default is
\fBAES\-256\-GCM:AES\-128\-GCM\fP\&.
.SS OpenVPN 2.4 clients
.sp
The negotiation support in OpenVPN 2.4 was the first iteration of the implementation
and still had some quirks. Its main goal was "upgrade to AES\-256\-GCM when possible".
An OpenVPN 2.4 client that is built against a crypto library that supports AES in GCM
mode and does not have \fB\-\-ncp\-disable\fP will always announce support for
\fIAES\-256\-GCM\fP and \fIAES\-128\-GCM\fP to a server by sending \fBIV_NCP=2\fP\&.
.sp
This only causes a problem if \fB\-\-ncp\-ciphers\fP option has been changed from the
default of \fBAES\-256\-GCM:AES\-128\-GCM\fP to a value that does not include
these two ciphers. When a OpenVPN servers try to use \fIAES\-256\-GCM\fP or
\fIAES\-128\-GCM\fP the connection will then fail. It is therefore recommended to
always have the \fIAES\-256\-GCM\fP and \fIAES\-128\-GCM\fP ciphers to the \fB\-\-ncp\-ciphers\fP
options to avoid this behaviour.
.SS OpenVPN 3 clients
.sp
Clients based on the OpenVPN 3.x library (\fI\%https://github.com/openvpn/openvpn3/\fP)
do not have a configurable \fB\-\-ncp\-ciphers\fP or \fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP option. Instead
these clients will announce support for all their supported AEAD ciphers
(\fIAES\-256\-GCM\fP, \fIAES\-128\-GCM\fP and in newer versions also \fIChacha20\-Poly1305\fP).
.sp
To support OpenVPN 3.x based clients at least one of these ciphers needs to be
included in the server\(aqs \fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP option.
.SS OpenVPN 2.3 and older clients (and clients with \fB\-\-ncp\-disable\fP)
.sp
When a client without cipher negotiation support connects to a server the
cipher specified with the \fB\-\-cipher\fP option in the client configuration
must be included in the \fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP option of the server to allow
the client to connect. Otherwise the client will be sent the \fBAUTH_FAILED\fP
message that indicates no shared cipher.
.sp
If the client is 2.3 or older and has been configured with the
\fB\-\-enable\-small\fP  \fB\&./configure\fP argument, using
\fBdata\-ciphers\-fallback cipher\fP in the server config file with the explicit
cipher used by the client is necessary.
.SS OpenVPN 2.4 server
.sp
When a client indicates support for \fIAES\-128\-GCM\fP and \fIAES\-256\-GCM\fP
(with \fBIV_NCP=2\fP) an OpenVPN 2.4 server will send the first
cipher of the \fB\-\-ncp\-ciphers\fP to the OpenVPN client regardless of what
the cipher is. To emulate the behaviour of an OpenVPN 2.4 client as close
as possible and have compatibility to a setup that depends on this quirk,
adding  \fIAES\-128\-GCM\fP and \fIAES\-256\-GCM\fP to the client\(aqs \fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP
option is required. OpenVPN 2.5+ will only announce the \fBIV_NCP=2\fP flag if
those ciphers are present.
.SS OpenVPN 2.3 and older servers (and servers with \fB\-\-ncp\-disable\fP)
.sp
The cipher used by the server must be included in \fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP to
allow the client connecting to a server without cipher negotiation
support.
(For compatibility OpenVPN 2.5 will also accept the cipher set with
\fB\-\-cipher\fP)
.sp
If the server is 2.3 or older and  has been configured with the
\fB\-\-enable\-small\fP \fB\&./configure\fP argument, adding
\fBdata\-ciphers\-fallback cipher\fP to the client config with the explicit
cipher used by the server is necessary.
.SS Blowfish in CBC mode (BF\-CBC) deprecation
.sp
The \fB\-\-cipher\fP option defaulted to \fBBF\-CBC\fP in OpenVPN 2.4 and older
version. The default was never changed to ensure backwards compatibility.
In OpenVPN 2.5 this behaviour has now been changed so that if the \fB\-\-cipher\fP
is not explicitly set it does not allow the weak \fBBF\-CBC\fP cipher any more
and needs to explicitly added as \fB\-\-cipher BFC\-CBC\fP or added to
\fB\-\-data\-ciphers\fP\&.
.sp
We strongly recommend to switching away from BF\-CBC to a
more secure cipher as soon as possible instead.
.SH NETWORK CONFIGURATION
.sp
OpenVPN consists of two sides of network configuration.  One side is the
\fIlink\fP between the local and remote side, the other side is the \fIvirtual
network adapter\fP (tun/tap device).
.SS Link Options
.sp
This link options section covers options related to the connection between
the local and the remote host.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-bind \ keywords
Bind to local address and port. This is the default unless any of
\fB\-\-proto tcp\-client\fP , \fB\-\-http\-proxy\fP or \fB\-\-socks\-proxy\fP are used.
.sp
If the optional \fBipv6only\fP keyword is present OpenVPN will bind only
to IPv6 (as opposed to IPv6 and IPv4) when a IPv6 socket is opened.
.TP
.B \-\-float
Allow remote peer to change its IP address and/or port number, such as
due to DHCP (this is the default if \fB\-\-remote\fP is not used).
\fB\-\-float\fP when specified with \fB\-\-remote\fP allows an OpenVPN session
to initially connect to a peer at a known address, however if packets
arrive from a new address and pass all authentication tests, the new
address will take control of the session. This is useful when you are
connecting to a peer which holds a dynamic address such as a dial\-in
user or DHCP client.
.sp
Essentially, \fB\-\-float\fP tells OpenVPN to accept authenticated packets
from any address, not only the address which was specified in the
\fB\-\-remote\fP option.
.TP
.BI \-\-fragment \ max
Enable internal datagram fragmentation so that no UDP datagrams are sent
which are larger than \fBmax\fP bytes.
.sp
The \fBmax\fP parameter is interpreted in the same way as the
\fB\-\-link\-mtu\fP parameter, i.e. the UDP packet size after encapsulation
overhead has been added in, but not including the UDP header itself.
.sp
The \fB\-\-fragment\fP option only makes sense when you are using the UDP
protocol (\fB\-\-proto udp\fP).
.sp
\fB\-\-fragment\fP adds 4 bytes of overhead per datagram.
.sp
See the \fB\-\-mssfix\fP option below for an important related option to
\fB\-\-fragment\fP\&.
.sp
It should also be noted that this option is not meant to replace UDP
fragmentation at the IP stack level. It is only meant as a last resort
when path MTU discovery is broken. Using this option is less efficient
than fixing path MTU discovery for your IP link and using native IP
fragmentation instead.
.sp
Having said that, there are circumstances where using OpenVPN\(aqs internal
fragmentation capability may be your only option, such as tunneling a
UDP multicast stream which requires fragmentation.
.TP
.BI \-\-keepalive \ args
A helper directive designed to simplify the expression of \fB\-\-ping\fP and
\fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP\&.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
keepalive interval timeout
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
This option can be used on both client and server side, but it is enough
to add this on the server side as it will push appropriate \fB\-\-ping\fP
and \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP options to the client. If used on both server and
client, the values pushed from server will override the client local
values.
.sp
The \fBtimeout\fP argument will be twice as long on the server side. This
ensures that a timeout is detected on client side before the server side
drops the connection.
.sp
For example, \fB\-\-keepalive 10 60\fP expands as follows:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
if mode server:
    ping 10                    # Argument: interval
    ping\-restart 120           # Argument: timeout*2
    push "ping 10"             # Argument: interval
    push "ping\-restart 60"     # Argument: timeout
else
    ping 10                    # Argument: interval
    ping\-restart 60            # Argument: timeout
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-link\-mtu \ n
Sets an upper bound on the size of UDP packets which are sent between
OpenVPN peers. \fIIt\(aqs best not to set this parameter unless you know what
you\(aqre doing.\fP
.TP
.BI \-\-local \ host
Local host name or IP address for bind. If specified, OpenVPN will bind
to this address only. If unspecified, OpenVPN will bind to all
interfaces.
.TP
.BI \-\-lport \ port
Set local TCP/UDP port number or name. Cannot be used together with
\fB\-\-nobind\fP option.
.TP
.BI \-\-mark \ value
Mark encrypted packets being sent with value. The mark value can be
matched in policy routing and packetfilter rules. This option is only
supported in Linux and does nothing on other operating systems.
.TP
.BI \-\-mode \ m
Set OpenVPN major mode. By default, OpenVPN runs in point\-to\-point mode
(\fBp2p\fP). OpenVPN 2.0 introduces a new mode (\fBserver\fP) which
implements a multi\-client server capability.
.TP
.BI \-\-mssfix \ max
Announce to TCP sessions running over the tunnel that they should limit
their send packet sizes such that after OpenVPN has encapsulated them,
the resulting UDP packet size that OpenVPN sends to its peer will not
exceed \fBmax\fP bytes. The default value is \fB1450\fP\&.
.sp
The \fBmax\fP parameter is interpreted in the same way as the
\fB\-\-link\-mtu\fP parameter, i.e. the UDP packet size after encapsulation
overhead has been added in, but not including the UDP header itself.
Resulting packet would be at most 28 bytes larger for IPv4 and 48 bytes
for IPv6 (20/40 bytes for IP header and 8 bytes for UDP header). Default
value of 1450 allows IPv4 packets to be transmitted over a link with MTU
1473 or higher without IP level fragmentation.
.sp
The \fB\-\-mssfix\fP option only makes sense when you are using the UDP
protocol for OpenVPN peer\-to\-peer communication, i.e. \fB\-\-proto udp\fP\&.
.sp
\fB\-\-mssfix\fP and \fB\-\-fragment\fP can be ideally used together, where
\fB\-\-mssfix\fP will try to keep TCP from needing packet fragmentation in
the first place, and if big packets come through anyhow (from protocols
other than TCP), \fB\-\-fragment\fP will internally fragment them.
.sp
Both \fB\-\-fragment\fP and \fB\-\-mssfix\fP are designed to work around cases
where Path MTU discovery is broken on the network path between OpenVPN
peers.
.sp
The usual symptom of such a breakdown is an OpenVPN connection which
successfully starts, but then stalls during active usage.
.sp
If \fB\-\-fragment\fP and \fB\-\-mssfix\fP are used together, \fB\-\-mssfix\fP will
take its default \fBmax\fP parameter from the \fB\-\-fragment max\fP option.
.sp
Therefore, one could lower the maximum UDP packet size to 1300 (a good
first try for solving MTU\-related connection problems) with the
following options:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
\-\-tun\-mtu 1500 \-\-fragment 1300 \-\-mssfix
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-mtu\-disc \ type
Should we do Path MTU discovery on TCP/UDP channel? Only supported on
OSes such as Linux that supports the necessary system call to set.
.sp
Valid types:
.sp
\fBno\fP      Never send DF (Don\(aqt Fragment) frames
.sp
\fBmaybe\fP   Use per\-route hints
.sp
\fByes\fP     Always DF (Don\(aqt Fragment)
.TP
.B \-\-mtu\-test
To empirically measure MTU on connection startup, add the \fB\-\-mtu\-test\fP
option to your configuration. OpenVPN will send ping packets of various
sizes to the remote peer and measure the largest packets which were
successfully received. The \fB\-\-mtu\-test\fP process normally takes about 3
minutes to complete.
.TP
.B \-\-nobind
Do not bind to local address and port. The IP stack will allocate a
dynamic port for returning packets. Since the value of the dynamic port
could not be known in advance by a peer, this option is only suitable
for peers which will be initiating connections by using the \-\-remote
option.
.TP
.B \-\-passtos
Set the TOS field of the tunnel packet to what the payload\(aqs TOS is.
.TP
.BI \-\-ping \ n
Ping remote over the TCP/UDP control channel if no packets have been
sent for at least \fBn\fP seconds (specify \fB\-\-ping\fP on both peers to
cause ping packets to be sent in both directions since OpenVPN ping
packets are not echoed like IP ping packets). When used in one of
OpenVPN\(aqs secure modes (where \fB\-\-secret\fP, \fB\-\-tls\-server\fP or
\fB\-\-tls\-client\fP is specified), the ping packet will be
cryptographically secure.
.sp
This option has two intended uses:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP 1. 3
Compatibility with stateful firewalls. The periodic ping will ensure
that a stateful firewall rule which allows OpenVPN UDP packets to
pass will not time out.
.IP 2. 3
To provide a basis for the remote to test the existence of its peer
using the \fB\-\-ping\-exit\fP option.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-ping\-exit \ n
Causes OpenVPN to exit after \fBn\fP seconds pass without reception of a
ping or other packet from remote. This option can be combined with
\fB\-\-inactive\fP, \fB\-\-ping\fP and \fB\-\-ping\-exit\fP to create a two\-tiered
inactivity disconnect.
.sp
For example,
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
openvpn [options...] \-\-inactive 3600 \-\-ping 10 \-\-ping\-exit 60
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
when used on both peers will cause OpenVPN to exit within 60 seconds if
its peer disconnects, but will exit after one hour if no actual tunnel
data is exchanged.
.TP
.BI \-\-ping\-restart \ n
Similar to \fB\-\-ping\-exit\fP, but trigger a \fBSIGUSR1\fP restart after
\fBn\fP seconds pass without reception of a ping or other packet from
remote.
.sp
This option is useful in cases where the remote peer has a dynamic IP
address and a low\-TTL DNS name is used to track the IP address using a
service such as \fI\%https://www.nsupdate.info/\fP + a dynamic DNS client such as
\fBddclient\fP\&.
.sp
If the peer cannot be reached, a restart will be triggered, causing the
hostname used with \fB\-\-remote\fP to be re\-resolved (if \fB\-\-resolv\-retry\fP
is also specified).
.sp
In server mode, \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP, \fB\-\-inactive\fP or any other type of
internally generated signal will always be applied to individual client
instance objects, never to whole server itself. Note also in server mode
that any internally generated signal which would normally cause a
restart, will cause the deletion of the client instance object instead.
.sp
In client mode, the \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP parameter is set to 120 seconds
by default. This default will hold until the client pulls a replacement
value from the server, based on the \fB\-\-keepalive\fP setting in the
server configuration. To disable the 120 second default, set
\fB\-\-ping\-restart 0\fP on the client.
.sp
See the signals section below for more information on \fBSIGUSR1\fP\&.
.sp
Note that the behavior of \fBSIGUSR1\fP can be modified by the
\fB\-\-persist\-tun\fP, \fB\-\-persist\-key\fP, \fB\-\-persist\-local\-ip\fP and
\fB\-\-persist\-remote\-ip\fP options.
.sp
Also note that \fB\-\-ping\-exit\fP and \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP are mutually
exclusive and cannot be used together.
.TP
.B \-\-ping\-timer\-rem
Run the \fB\-\-ping\-exit\fP / \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP timer only if we have a
remote address. Use this option if you are starting the daemon in listen
mode (i.e. without an explicit \fB\-\-remote\fP peer), and you don\(aqt want to
start clocking timeouts until a remote peer connects.
.TP
.BI \-\-proto \ p
Use protocol \fBp\fP for communicating with remote host. \fBp\fP can be
\fBudp\fP, \fBtcp\-client\fP, or \fBtcp\-server\fP\&.
.sp
The default protocol is \fBudp\fP when \fB\-\-proto\fP is not specified.
.sp
For UDP operation, \fB\-\-proto udp\fP should be specified on both peers.
.sp
For TCP operation, one peer must use \fB\-\-proto tcp\-server\fP and the
other must use \fB\-\-proto tcp\-client\fP\&. A peer started with
\fBtcp\-server\fP will wait indefinitely for an incoming connection. A peer
started with \fBtcp\-client\fP will attempt to connect, and if that fails,
will sleep for 5 seconds (adjustable via the \fB\-\-connect\-retry\fP option)
and try again infinite or up to N retries (adjustable via the
\fB\-\-connect\-retry\-max\fP option). Both TCP client and server will
simulate a SIGUSR1 restart signal if either side resets the connection.
.sp
OpenVPN is designed to operate optimally over UDP, but TCP capability is
provided for situations where UDP cannot be used. In comparison with
UDP, TCP will usually be somewhat less efficient and less robust when
used over unreliable or congested networks.
.sp
This article outlines some of problems with tunneling IP over TCP:
\fI\%http://sites.inka.de/sites/bigred/devel/tcp\-tcp.html\fP
.sp
There are certain cases, however, where using TCP may be advantageous
from a security and robustness perspective, such as tunneling non\-IP or
application\-level UDP protocols, or tunneling protocols which don\(aqt
possess a built\-in reliability layer.
.TP
.BI \-\-port \ port
TCP/UDP port number or port name for both local and remote (sets both
\fB\-\-lport\fP and \fB\-\-rport\fP options to given port). The current default
of 1194 represents the official IANA port number assignment for OpenVPN
and has been used since version 2.0\-beta17. Previous versions used port
5000 as the default.
.TP
.BI \-\-rport \ port
Set TCP/UDP port number or name used by the \fB\-\-remote\fP option. The
port can also be set directly using the \fB\-\-remote\fP option.
.TP
.BI \-\-replay\-window \ args
Modify the replay protection sliding\-window size and time window.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
replay\-window n [t]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Use a replay protection sliding\-window of size \fBn\fP and a time window
of \fBt\fP seconds.
.sp
By default \fBn\fP is 64 (the IPSec default) and \fBt\fP is 15 seconds.
.sp
This option is only relevant in UDP mode, i.e. when either \fB\-\-proto
udp\fP is specified, or no \fB\-\-proto\fP option is specified.
.sp
When OpenVPN tunnels IP packets over UDP, there is the possibility that
packets might be dropped or delivered out of order. Because OpenVPN,
like IPSec, is emulating the physical network layer, it will accept an
out\-of\-order packet sequence, and will deliver such packets in the same
order they were received to the TCP/IP protocol stack, provided they
satisfy several constraints.
.INDENT 7.0
.IP a. 3
The packet cannot be a replay (unless \fB\-\-no\-replay\fP is
specified, which disables replay protection altogether).
.IP b. 3
If a packet arrives out of order, it will only be accepted if
the difference between its sequence number and the highest sequence
number received so far is less than \fBn\fP\&.
.IP c. 3
If a packet arrives out of order, it will only be accepted if it
arrives no later than \fBt\fP seconds after any packet containing a higher
sequence number.
.UNINDENT
.sp
If you are using a network link with a large pipeline (meaning that the
product of bandwidth and latency is high), you may want to use a larger
value for \fBn\fP\&. Satellite links in particular often require this.
.sp
If you run OpenVPN at \fB\-\-verb 4\fP, you will see the message
"Replay\-window backtrack occurred [x]" every time the maximum sequence
number backtrack seen thus far increases. This can be used to calibrate
\fBn\fP\&.
.sp
There is some controversy on the appropriate method of handling packet
reordering at the security layer.
.sp
Namely, to what extent should the security layer protect the
encapsulated protocol from attacks which masquerade as the kinds of
normal packet loss and reordering that occur over IP networks?
.sp
The IPSec and OpenVPN approach is to allow packet reordering within a
certain fixed sequence number window.
.sp
OpenVPN adds to the IPSec model by limiting the window size in time as
well as sequence space.
.sp
OpenVPN also adds TCP transport as an option (not offered by IPSec) in
which case OpenVPN can adopt a very strict attitude towards message
deletion and reordering: Don\(aqt allow it. Since TCP guarantees
reliability, any packet loss or reordering event can be assumed to be an
attack.
.sp
In this sense, it could be argued that TCP tunnel transport is preferred
when tunneling non\-IP or UDP application protocols which might be
vulnerable to a message deletion or reordering attack which falls within
the normal operational parameters of IP networks.
.sp
So I would make the statement that one should never tunnel a non\-IP
protocol or UDP application protocol over UDP, if the protocol might be
vulnerable to a message deletion or reordering attack that falls within
the normal operating parameters of what is to be expected from the
physical IP layer. The problem is easily fixed by simply using TCP as
the VPN transport layer.
.TP
.BI \-\-replay\-persist \ file
Persist replay\-protection state across sessions using \fBfile\fP to save
and reload the state.
.sp
This option will strengthen protection against replay attacks,
especially when you are using OpenVPN in a dynamic context (such as with
\fB\-\-inetd\fP) when OpenVPN sessions are frequently started and stopped.
.sp
This option will keep a disk copy of the current replay protection state
(i.e. the most recent packet timestamp and sequence number received from
the remote peer), so that if an OpenVPN session is stopped and
restarted, it will reject any replays of packets which were already
received by the prior session.
.sp
This option only makes sense when replay protection is enabled (the
default) and you are using either \fB\-\-secret\fP (shared\-secret key mode)
or TLS mode with \fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP\&.
.TP
.BI \-\-socket\-flags \ flags
Apply the given flags to the OpenVPN transport socket. Currently, only
\fBTCP_NODELAY\fP is supported.
.sp
The \fBTCP_NODELAY\fP socket flag is useful in TCP mode, and causes the
kernel to send tunnel packets immediately over the TCP connection without
trying to group several smaller packets into a larger packet.  This can
result in a considerably improvement in latency.
.sp
This option is pushable from server to client, and should be used on
both client and server for maximum effect.
.TP
.B \-\-tcp\-nodelay
This macro sets the \fBTCP_NODELAY\fP socket flag on the server as well
as pushes it to connecting clients. The \fBTCP_NODELAY\fP flag disables
the Nagle algorithm on TCP sockets causing packets to be transmitted
immediately with low latency, rather than waiting a short period of time
in order to aggregate several packets into a larger containing packet.
In VPN applications over TCP, \fBTCP_NODELAY\fP is generally a good
latency optimization.
.sp
The macro expands as follows:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
if mode server:
    socket\-flags TCP_NODELAY
    push "socket\-flags TCP_NODELAY"
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SS Virtual Network Adapter (VPN interface)
.sp
Options in this section relates to configuration of the virtual tun/tap
network interface, including setting the VPN IP address and network
routing.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-bind\-dev \ device
(Linux only) Set \fBdevice\fP to bind the server socket to a
\fI\%Virtual Routing and Forwarding\fP device
.TP
.B \-\-block\-ipv6
On the client, instead of sending IPv6 packets over the VPN tunnel, all
IPv6 packets are answered with an ICMPv6 no route host message. On the
server, all IPv6 packets from clients are answered with an ICMPv6 no
route to host message. This options is intended for cases when IPv6
should be blocked and other options are not available. \fB\-\-block\-ipv6\fP
will use the remote IPv6 as source address of the ICMPv6 packets if set,
otherwise will use \fBfe80::7\fP as source address.
.sp
For this option to make sense you actually have to route traffic to the
tun interface. The following example config block would send all IPv6
traffic to OpenVPN and answer all requests with no route to host,
effectively blocking IPv6 (to avoid IPv6 connections from dual\-stacked
clients leaking around IPv4\-only VPN services).
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBClient config\fP
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
\-\-ifconfig\-ipv6 fd15:53b6:dead::2/64 fd15:53b6:dead::1
\-\-redirect\-gateway ipv6
\-\-block\-ipv6
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBServer config\fP
Push a "valid" ipv6 config to the client and block on the server
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
\-\-push "ifconfig\-ipv6 fd15:53b6:dead::2/64 fd15:53b6:dead::1"
\-\-push "redirect\-gateway ipv6"
\-\-block\-ipv6
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Note: this option does not influence traffic sent from the server
towards the client (neither on the server nor on the client side).
This is not seen as necessary, as such traffic can be most easily
avoided by not configuring IPv6 on the server tun, or setting up a
server\-side firewall rule.
.TP
.BI \-\-dev \ device
TUN/TAP virtual network device which can be \fBtunX\fP, \fBtapX\fP,
\fBnull\fP or an arbitrary name string (\fBX\fP can be omitted for
a dynamic device.)
.sp
See examples section below for an example on setting up a TUN device.
.sp
You must use either tun devices on both ends of the connection or tap
devices on both ends. You cannot mix them, as they represent different
underlying network layers:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBtun\fP
devices encapsulate IPv4 or IPv6 (OSI Layer 3)
.TP
.B \fBtap\fP
devices encapsulate Ethernet 802.3 (OSI Layer 2).
.UNINDENT
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
dev tun2
dev tap4
dev ovpn
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
When the device name starts with \fBtun\fP or \fBtap\fP, the device
type is extracted automatically.  Otherwise the \fB\-\-dev\-type\fP option
needs to be added as well.
.TP
.BI \-\-dev\-node \ node
Explicitly set the device node rather than using \fB/dev/net/tun\fP,
\fB/dev/tun\fP, \fB/dev/tap\fP, etc. If OpenVPN cannot figure out
whether \fBnode\fP is a TUN or TAP device based on the name, you should
also specify \fB\-\-dev\-type tun\fP or \fB\-\-dev\-type tap\fP\&.
.sp
Under Mac OS X this option can be used to specify the default tun
implementation. Using \fB\-\-dev\-node utun\fP forces usage of the native
Darwin tun kernel support. Use \fB\-\-dev\-node utunN\fP to select a specific
utun instance. To force using the \fBtun.kext\fP (\fB/dev/tunX\fP)
use \fB\-\-dev\-node tun\fP\&. When not specifying a \fB\-\-dev\-node\fP option
openvpn will first try to open utun, and fall back to tun.kext.
.sp
On Windows systems, select the TAP\-Win32 adapter which is named \fBnode\fP
in the Network Connections Control Panel or the raw GUID of the adapter
enclosed by braces. The \fB\-\-show\-adapters\fP option under Windows can
also be used to enumerate all available TAP\-Win32 adapters and will show
both the network connections control panel name and the GUID for each
TAP\-Win32 adapter.
.TP
.BI \-\-dev\-type \ device\-type
Which device type are we using? \fBdevice\-type\fP should be \fBtun\fP
(OSI Layer 3) or \fBtap\fP (OSI Layer 2). Use this option only if
the TUN/TAP device used with \fB\-\-dev\fP does not begin with \fBtun\fP
or \fBtap\fP\&.
.TP
.BI \-\-dhcp\-option \ args
Set additional network parameters on supported platforms. May be specified
on the client or pushed from the server. On Windows these options are
handled by the \fBtap\-windows6\fP driver by default or directly by OpenVPN
if dhcp is disabled or the \fBwintun\fP driver is in use. The
\fBOpenVPN for Android\fP client also handles them internally.
.sp
On all other platforms these options are only saved in the client\(aqs
environment under the name \fBforeign_option_{n}\fP before the
\fB\-\-up\fP script is called. A plugin or an \fB\-\-up\fP script must be used to
pick up and interpret these as required. Many Linux distributions include
such scripts and some third\-party user interfaces such as tunnelblick also
come with scripts that process these options.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
dhcp\-options type [parm]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBDOMAIN\fP \fBname\fP
Set Connection\-specific DNS Suffix to \fBname\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fBADAPTER_DOMAIN_SUFFIX\fP \fBname\fP
Alias to \fBDOMAIN\fP\&. This is a compatibility option, it
should not be used in new deployments.
.TP
.B \fBDOMAIN\-SEARCH\fP \fBname\fP
Add \fBname\fP to the domain search list.
Repeat this option to add more entries. Up to
10 domains are supported.
.TP
.B \fBDNS\fP \fBaddress\fP
Set primary domain name server IPv4 or IPv6 address.
Repeat this option to set secondary DNS server addresses.
.sp
Note: DNS IPv6 servers are currently set using netsh (the existing
DHCP code can only do IPv4 DHCP, and that protocol only permits
IPv4 addresses anywhere). The option will be put into the
environment, so an \fB\-\-up\fP script could act upon it if needed.
.TP
.B \fBWINS\fP \fBaddress\fP
Set primary WINS server address (NetBIOS over TCP/IP Name Server).
Repeat this option to set secondary WINS server addresses.
.TP
.B \fBNBDD\fP \fBaddress\fP
Set primary NBDD server address (NetBIOS over TCP/IP Datagram
Distribution Server). Repeat this option to set secondary NBDD
server addresses.
.TP
.B \fBNTP\fP \fBaddress\fP
Set primary NTP server address (Network Time Protocol).
Repeat this option to set secondary NTP server addresses.
.TP
.B \fBNBT\fP \fBtype\fP
Set NetBIOS over TCP/IP Node type. Possible options:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fB1\fP
b\-node (broadcasts)
.TP
.B \fB2\fP
p\-node (point\-to\-point name queries to a WINS server)
.TP
.B \fB4\fP
m\-node (broadcast then query name server)
.TP
.B \fB8\fP
h\-node (query name server, then broadcast).
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \fBNBS\fP \fBscope\-id\fP
Set NetBIOS over TCP/IP Scope. A NetBIOS Scope ID provides an
extended naming service for the NetBIOS over TCP/IP (Known as NBT)
module. The primary purpose of a NetBIOS scope ID is to isolate
NetBIOS traffic on a single network to only those nodes with the
same NetBIOS scope ID. The NetBIOS scope ID is a character string
that is appended to the NetBIOS name. The NetBIOS scope ID on two
hosts must match, or the two hosts will not be able to communicate.
The NetBIOS Scope ID also allows computers to use the same computer
name, as they have different scope IDs. The Scope ID becomes a part
of the NetBIOS name, making the name unique. (This description of
NetBIOS scopes courtesy of \fI\%NeonSurge@abyss.com\fP)
.TP
.B \fBDISABLE\-NBT\fP
Disable Netbios\-over\-TCP/IP.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-ifconfig \ args
Set TUN/TAP adapter parameters. It requires the \fIIP address\fP of the local
VPN endpoint. For TUN devices in point\-to\-point mode, the next argument
must be the VPN IP address of the remote VPN endpoint. For TAP devices,
or TUN devices used with \fB\-\-topology subnet\fP, the second argument
is the subnet mask of the virtual network segment which is being created
or connected to.
.sp
For TUN devices, which facilitate virtual point\-to\-point IP connections
(when used in \fB\-\-topology net30\fP or \fBp2p\fP mode), the proper usage of
\fB\-\-ifconfig\fP is to use two private IP addresses which are not a member
of any existing subnet which is in use. The IP addresses may be
consecutive and should have their order reversed on the remote peer.
After the VPN is established, by pinging \fBrn\fP, you will be pinging
across the VPN.
.sp
For TAP devices, which provide the ability to create virtual ethernet
segments, or TUN devices in \fB\-\-topology subnet\fP mode (which create
virtual "multipoint networks"), \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP is used to set an IP
address and subnet mask just as a physical ethernet adapter would be
similarly configured. If you are attempting to connect to a remote
ethernet bridge, the IP address and subnet should be set to values which
would be valid on the the bridged ethernet segment (note also that DHCP
can be used for the same purpose).
.sp
This option, while primarily a proxy for the \fBifconfig\fP(8) command,
is designed to simplify TUN/TAP tunnel configuration by providing a
standard interface to the different ifconfig implementations on
different platforms.
.sp
\fB\-\-ifconfig\fP parameters which are IP addresses can also be specified
as a DNS or /etc/hosts file resolvable name.
.sp
For TAP devices, \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP should not be used if the TAP interface
will be getting an IP address lease from a DHCP server.
.sp
Examples:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
# tun device in net30/p2p mode
ifconfig 10.8.0.2 10.8.0.1

# tun/tap device in subnet mode
ifconfig 10.8.0.2 255.255.255.0
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-ifconfig\-ipv6 \ args
Configure an IPv6 address on the \fItun\fP device.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
ifconfig\-ipv6 ipv6addr/bits [ipv6remote]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The \fBipv6addr/bits\fP argument is the IPv6 address to use. The
second parameter is used as route target for \fB\-\-route\-ipv6\fP if no
gateway is specified.
.sp
The \fB\-\-topology\fP option has no influence with \fB\-\-ifconfig\-ipv6\fP
.TP
.B \-\-ifconfig\-noexec
Don\(aqt actually execute ifconfig/netsh commands, instead pass
\fB\-\-ifconfig\fP parameters to scripts using environmental variables.
.TP
.B \-\-ifconfig\-nowarn
Don\(aqt output an options consistency check warning if the \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP
option on this side of the connection doesn\(aqt match the remote side.
This is useful when you want to retain the overall benefits of the
options consistency check (also see \fB\-\-disable\-occ\fP option) while only
disabling the ifconfig component of the check.
.sp
For example, if you have a configuration where the local host uses
\fB\-\-ifconfig\fP but the remote host does not, use \fB\-\-ifconfig\-nowarn\fP
on the local host.
.sp
This option will also silence warnings about potential address conflicts
which occasionally annoy more experienced users by triggering "false
positive" warnings.
.TP
.BI \-\-lladdr \ address
Specify the link layer address, more commonly known as the MAC address.
Only applied to TAP devices.
.TP
.B \-\-persist\-tun
Don\(aqt close and reopen TUN/TAP device or run up/down scripts across
\fBSIGUSR1\fP or \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP restarts.
.sp
\fBSIGUSR1\fP is a restart signal similar to \fBSIGHUP\fP, but which
offers finer\-grained control over reset options.
.TP
.BI \-\-redirect\-gateway \ flags
Automatically execute routing commands to cause all outgoing IP traffic
to be redirected over the VPN. This is a client\-side option.
.sp
This option performs three steps:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP 1. 3
Create a static route for the \fB\-\-remote\fP address which
forwards to the pre\-existing default gateway. This is done so that
\fB(3)\fP will not create a routing loop.
.IP 2. 3
Delete the default gateway route.
.IP 3. 3
Set the new default gateway to be the VPN endpoint address
(derived either from \fB\-\-route\-gateway\fP or the second parameter to
\fB\-\-ifconfig\fP when \fB\-\-dev tun\fP is specified).
.UNINDENT
.sp
When the tunnel is torn down, all of the above steps are reversed so
that the original default route is restored.
.sp
Option flags:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBlocal\fP
Add the \fBlocal\fP flag if both OpenVPN peers are directly
connected via a common subnet, such as with wireless. The
\fBlocal\fP flag will cause step \fB(1)\fP above to be omitted.
.TP
.B \fBautolocal\fP
Try to automatically determine whether to enable \fBlocal\fP
flag above.
.TP
.B \fBdef1\fP
Use this flag to override the default gateway by using
\fB0.0.0.0/1\fP and \fB128.0.0.0/1\fP rather than
\fB0.0.0.0/0\fP\&. This has the benefit of overriding but not
wiping out the original default gateway.
.TP
.B \fBbypass\-dhcp\fP
Add a direct route to the DHCP server (if it is non\-local) which
bypasses the tunnel (Available on Windows clients, may not be
available on non\-Windows clients).
.TP
.B \fBbypass\-dns\fP
Add a direct route to the DNS server(s) (if they are non\-local)
which bypasses the tunnel (Available on Windows clients, may
not be available on non\-Windows clients).
.TP
.B \fBblock\-local\fP
Block access to local LAN when the tunnel is active, except for
the LAN gateway itself. This is accomplished by routing the local
LAN (except for the LAN gateway address) into the tunnel.
.TP
.B \fBipv6\fP
Redirect IPv6 routing into the tunnel. This works similar to
the \fBdef1\fP flag, that is, more specific IPv6 routes are added
(\fB2000::/4\fP, \fB3000::/4\fP), covering the whole IPv6
unicast space.
.TP
.B \fB!ipv4\fP
Do not redirect IPv4 traffic \- typically used in the flag pair
\fBipv6 !ipv4\fP to redirect IPv6\-only.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-redirect\-private \ flags
Like \fB\-\-redirect\-gateway\fP, but omit actually changing the default gateway.
Useful when pushing private subnets.
.TP
.BI \-\-route \ args
Add route to routing table after connection is established. Multiple
routes can be specified. Routes will be automatically torn down in
reverse order prior to TUN/TAP device close.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
route network/IP
route network/IP netmask
route network/IP netmask gateway
route network/IP netmask gateway metric
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
This option is intended as a convenience proxy for the \fBroute\fP(8)
shell command, while at the same time providing portable semantics
across OpenVPN\(aqs platform space.
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBnetmask\fP
defaults to \fB255.255.255.255\fP when not given
.TP
.B \fBgateway\fP
default taken from \fB\-\-route\-gateway\fP or the second
parameter to \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP when \fB\-\-dev tun\fP is specified.
.TP
.B \fBmetric\fP
default taken from \fB\-\-route\-metric\fP if set, otherwise \fB0\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.sp
The default can be specified by leaving an option blank or setting it to
\fBdefault\fP\&.
.sp
The \fBnetwork\fP and \fBgateway\fP parameters can also be specified as a
DNS or \fB/etc/hosts\fP file resolvable name, or as one of three special
keywords:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBvpn_gateway\fP
The remote VPN endpoint address (derived either from
\fB\-\-route\-gateway\fP or the second parameter to \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP
when \fB\-\-dev tun\fP is specified).
.TP
.B \fBnet_gateway\fP
The pre\-existing IP default gateway, read from the
routing table (not supported on all OSes).
.TP
.B \fBremote_host\fP
The \fB\-\-remote\fP address if OpenVPN is being run in
client mode, and is undefined in server mode.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-route\-delay \ args
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
route\-delay
route\-delay n
route\-delay n m
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Delay \fBn\fP seconds (default \fB0\fP) after connection establishment,
before adding routes. If \fBn\fP is \fB0\fP, routes will be added
immediately upon connection establishment. If \fB\-\-route\-delay\fP is
omitted, routes will be added immediately after TUN/TAP device open and
\fB\-\-up\fP script execution, before any \fB\-\-user\fP or \fB\-\-group\fP privilege
downgrade (or \fB\-\-chroot\fP execution.)
.sp
This option is designed to be useful in scenarios where DHCP is used to
set tap adapter addresses. The delay will give the DHCP handshake time
to complete before routes are added.
.sp
On Windows, \fB\-\-route\-delay\fP tries to be more intelligent by waiting
\fBw\fP seconds (default \fB30\fP by default) for the TAP\-Win32 adapter
to come up before adding routes.
.TP
.BI \-\-route\-ipv6 \ args
Setup IPv6 routing in the system to send the specified IPv6 network into
OpenVPN\(aqs \fItun\fP\&.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
route\-ipv6 ipv6addr/bits [gateway] [metric]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The gateway parameter is only used for IPv6 routes across \fItap\fP devices,
and if missing, the \fBipv6remote\fP field from \fB\-\-ifconfig\-ipv6\fP or
\fB\-\-route\-ipv6\-gateway\fP is used.
.TP
.BI \-\-route\-gateway \ arg
Specify a default \fIgateway\fP for use with \fB\-\-route\fP\&.
.sp
If \fBdhcp\fP is specified as the parameter, the gateway address will
be extracted from a DHCP negotiation with the OpenVPN server\-side LAN.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
route\-gateway gateway
route\-gateway dhcp
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-route\-ipv6\-gateway \ gw
Specify a default gateway \fBgw\fP for use with \fB\-\-route\-ipv6\fP\&.
.TP
.BI \-\-route\-metric \ m
Specify a default metric \fBm\fP for use with \fB\-\-route\fP\&.
.TP
.B \-\-route\-noexec
Don\(aqt add or remove routes automatically. Instead pass routes to
\fB\-\-route\-up\fP script using environmental variables.
.TP
.B \-\-route\-nopull
When used with \fB\-\-client\fP or \fB\-\-pull\fP, accept options pushed by
server EXCEPT for routes, block\-outside\-dns and dhcp options like DNS
servers.
.sp
When used on the client, this option effectively bars the server from
adding routes to the client\(aqs routing table, however note that this
option still allows the server to set the TCP/IP properties of the
client\(aqs TUN/TAP interface.
.TP
.BI \-\-topology \ mode
Configure virtual addressing topology when running in \fB\-\-dev tun\fP
mode. This directive has no meaning in \fB\-\-dev tap\fP mode, which always
uses a \fBsubnet\fP topology.
.sp
If you set this directive on the server, the \fB\-\-server\fP and
\fB\-\-server\-bridge\fP directives will automatically push your chosen
topology setting to clients as well. This directive can also be manually
pushed to clients. Like the \fB\-\-dev\fP directive, this directive must
always be compatible between client and server.
.sp
\fBmode\fP can be one of:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBnet30\fP
Use a point\-to\-point topology, by allocating one /30 subnet
per client. This is designed to allow point\-to\-point semantics when some
or all of the connecting clients might be Windows systems. This is the
default on OpenVPN 2.0.
.TP
.B \fBp2p\fP
Use a point\-to\-point topology where the remote endpoint of
the client\(aqs tun interface always points to the local endpoint of the
server\(aqs tun interface. This mode allocates a single IP address per
connecting client. Only use when none of the connecting clients are
Windows systems.
.TP
.B \fBsubnet\fP
Use a subnet rather than a point\-to\-point topology by
configuring the tun interface with a local IP address and subnet mask,
similar to the topology used in \fB\-\-dev tap\fP and ethernet bridging
mode. This mode allocates a single IP address per connecting client and
works on Windows as well. Only available when server and clients are
OpenVPN 2.1 or higher, or OpenVPN 2.0.x which has been manually patched
with the \fB\-\-topology\fP directive code. When used on Windows, requires
version 8.2 or higher of the TAP\-Win32 driver. When used on *nix,
requires that the tun driver supports an \fBifconfig\fP(8) command which
sets a subnet instead of a remote endpoint IP address.
.UNINDENT
.sp
\fINote:\fP Using \fB\-\-topology subnet\fP changes the interpretation of the
arguments of \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP to mean "address netmask", no longer "local
remote".
.TP
.BI \-\-tun\-mtu \ n
Take the TUN device MTU to be \fBn\fP and derive the link MTU from it
(default \fB1500\fP). In most cases, you will probably want to leave
this parameter set to its default value.
.sp
The MTU (Maximum Transmission Units) is the maximum datagram size in
bytes that can be sent unfragmented over a particular network path.
OpenVPN requires that packets on the control and data channels be sent
unfragmented.
.sp
MTU problems often manifest themselves as connections which hang during
periods of active usage.
.sp
It\(aqs best to use the \fB\-\-fragment\fP and/or \fB\-\-mssfix\fP options to deal
with MTU sizing issues.
.TP
.BI \-\-tun\-mtu\-extra \ n
Assume that the TUN/TAP device might return as many as \fBn\fP bytes more
than the \fB\-\-tun\-mtu\fP size on read. This parameter defaults to 0, which
is sufficient for most TUN devices. TAP devices may introduce additional
overhead in excess of the MTU size, and a setting of 32 is the default
when TAP devices are used. This parameter only controls internal OpenVPN
buffer sizing, so there is no transmission overhead associated with
using a larger value.
.UNINDENT
.SS TUN/TAP standalone operations
.sp
These two standalone operations will require \fB\-\-dev\fP and optionally
\fB\-\-user\fP and/or \fB\-\-group\fP\&.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-mktun
(Standalone) Create a persistent tunnel on platforms which support them
such as Linux. Normally TUN/TAP tunnels exist only for the period of
time that an application has them open. This option takes advantage of
the TUN/TAP driver\(aqs ability to build persistent tunnels that live
through multiple instantiations of OpenVPN and die only when they are
deleted or the machine is rebooted.
.sp
One of the advantages of persistent tunnels is that they eliminate the
need for separate \fB\-\-up\fP and \fB\-\-down\fP scripts to run the appropriate
\fBifconfig\fP(8) and \fBroute\fP(8) commands. These commands can be
placed in the the same shell script which starts or terminates an
OpenVPN session.
.sp
Another advantage is that open connections through the TUN/TAP\-based
tunnel will not be reset if the OpenVPN peer restarts. This can be
useful to provide uninterrupted connectivity through the tunnel in the
event of a DHCP reset of the peer\(aqs public IP address (see the
\fB\-\-ipchange\fP option above).
.sp
One disadvantage of persistent tunnels is that it is harder to
automatically configure their MTU value (see \fB\-\-link\-mtu\fP and
\fB\-\-tun\-mtu\fP above).
.sp
On some platforms such as Windows, TAP\-Win32 tunnels are persistent by
default.
.TP
.B \-\-rmtun
(Standalone) Remove a persistent tunnel.
.UNINDENT
.SS Virtual Routing and Forwarding
.sp
Options in this section relates to configuration of virtual routing and
forwarding in combination with the underlying operating system.
.sp
As of today this is only supported on Linux, a kernel >= 4.9 is
recommended.
.sp
This could come in handy when for example the external network should be
only used as a means to connect to some VPN endpoints and all regular
traffic should only be routed through any tunnel(s).  This could be
achieved by setting up a VRF and configuring the interface connected to
the external network to be part of the VRF. The examples below will cover
this setup.
.sp
Another option would be to put the tun/tap interface into a VRF. This could
be done by an up\-script which uses the \fBip link set\fP command shown
below.
.SS VRF setup with iproute2
.sp
Create VRF \fBvrf_external\fP and map it to routing table \fB1023\fP
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
ip link add vrf_external type vrf table 1023
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Move \fBeth0\fP into \fBvrf_external\fP
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
ip link set master vrf_external dev eth0
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Any prefixes configured on \fBeth0\fP will be moved from the :code\(gamain\(ga
routing table into routing table \fI1023\fP
.SS VRF setup with ifupdown
.sp
For Debian based Distributions \fBifupdown2\fP provides an almost drop\-in
replacement for \fBifupdown\fP including VRFs and other features.
A configuration for an interface \fBeth0\fP being part of VRF
code:\fIvrf_external\fP could look like this:
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
auto eth0
iface eth0
    address 192.0.2.42/24
    address 2001:db8:08:15::42/64
    gateway 192.0.2.1
    gateway 2001:db8:08:15::1
    vrf vrf_external

auto vrf_external
iface vrf_external
    vrf\-table 1023
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SS OpenVPN configuration
.sp
The OpenVPN configuration needs to contain this line:
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
bind\-dev vrf_external
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SS Further reading
.sp
Wikipedia has nice page one VRFs: \fI\%https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_routing_and_forwarding\fP
.sp
This talk from the Network Track of FrOSCon 2018 provides an overview about
advanced layer 2 and layer 3 features of Linux
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.INDENT 0.0
.IP \(bu 2
Slides: \fI\%https://www.slideshare.net/BarbarossaTM/l2l3\-fr\-fortgeschrittene\-helle\-und\-dunkle\-magie\-im\-linuxnetzwerkstack\fP
.IP \(bu 2
Video (german): \fI\%https://media.ccc.de/v/froscon2018\-2247\-l2_l3_fur_fortgeschrittene_\-_helle_und_dunkle_magie_im_linux\-netzwerkstack\fP
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SH SCRIPTING INTEGRATION
.sp
OpenVPN can execute external scripts in various phases of the lifetime of
the OpenVPN process.
.SS Script Order of Execution
.INDENT 0.0
.IP 1. 4
\fB\-\-up\fP
.sp
Executed after TCP/UDP socket bind and TUN/TAP open.
.IP 2. 4
\fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP
.sp
Executed when we have a still untrusted remote peer.
.IP 3. 4
\fB\-\-ipchange\fP
.sp
Executed after connection authentication, or remote IP address change.
.IP 4. 4
\fB\-\-client\-connect\fP
.sp
Executed in \fB\-\-mode server\fP mode immediately after client
authentication.
.IP 5. 4
\fB\-\-route\-up\fP
.sp
Executed after connection authentication, either immediately after, or
some number of seconds after as defined by the \fB\-\-route\-delay\fP option.
.IP 6. 4
\fB\-\-route\-pre\-down\fP
.sp
Executed right before the routes are removed.
.IP 7. 4
\fB\-\-client\-disconnect\fP
.sp
Executed in \fB\-\-mode server\fP mode on client instance shutdown.
.IP 8. 4
\fB\-\-down\fP
.sp
Executed after TCP/UDP and TUN/TAP close.
.IP 9. 4
\fB\-\-learn\-address\fP
.sp
Executed in \fB\-\-mode server\fP mode whenever an IPv4 address/route or MAC
address is added to OpenVPN\(aqs internal routing table.
.IP 10. 4
\fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP
.sp
Executed in \fB\-\-mode server\fP mode on new client connections, when the
client is still untrusted.
.UNINDENT
.SS SCRIPT HOOKS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify \ args
Require the client to provide a username/password (possibly in addition
to a client certificate) for authentication.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
auth\-user\-pass\-verify cmd method
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
OpenVPN will run command \fBcmd\fP to validate the username/password
provided by the client.
.sp
\fBcmd\fP consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally
followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single\- or
double\-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated
by one or more spaces.
.sp
If \fBmethod\fP is set to \fBvia\-env\fP, OpenVPN will call \fBscript\fP
with the environmental variables \fBusername\fP and \fBpassword\fP
set to the username/password strings provided by the client. \fIBeware\fP
that this method is insecure on some platforms which make the environment
of a process publicly visible to other unprivileged processes.
.sp
If \fBmethod\fP is set to \fBvia\-file\fP, OpenVPN will write the username
and password to the first two lines of a temporary file. The filename
will be passed as an argument to \fBscript\fP, and the file will be
automatically deleted by OpenVPN after the script returns. The location
of the temporary file is controlled by the \fB\-\-tmp\-dir\fP option, and
will default to the current directory if unspecified. For security,
consider setting \fB\-\-tmp\-dir\fP to a volatile storage medium such as
\fB/dev/shm\fP (if available) to prevent the username/password file
from touching the hard drive.
.sp
The script should examine the username and password, returning a success
exit code (\fB0\fP) if the client\(aqs authentication request is to be
accepted, or a failure code (\fB1\fP) to reject the client.
.sp
This directive is designed to enable a plugin\-style interface for
extending OpenVPN\(aqs authentication capabilities.
.sp
To protect against a client passing a maliciously formed username or
password string, the username string must consist only of these
characters: alphanumeric, underbar (\(aq\fB_\fP\(aq), dash (\(aq\fB\-\fP\(aq),
dot (\(aq\fB\&.\fP\(aq), or at (\(aq\fB@\fP\(aq). The password string can consist
of any printable characters except for CR or LF. Any illegal characters
in either the username or password string will be converted to
underbar (\(aq\fB_\fP\(aq).
.sp
Care must be taken by any user\-defined scripts to avoid creating a
security vulnerability in the way that these strings are handled. Never
use these strings in such a way that they might be escaped or evaluated
by a shell interpreter.
.sp
For a sample script that performs PAM authentication, see
\fBsample\-scripts/auth\-pam.pl\fP in the OpenVPN source distribution.
.TP
.BI \-\-client\-connect \ cmd
Run command \fBcmd\fP on client connection.
.sp
\fBcmd\fP consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally
followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single\- or
double\-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated
by one or more spaces.
.sp
The command is passed the common name and IP address of the
just\-authenticated client as environmental variables (see environmental
variable section below). The command is also passed the pathname of a
freshly created temporary file as the last argument (after any arguments
specified in \fBcmd\fP ), to be used by the command to pass dynamically
generated config file directives back to OpenVPN.
.sp
If the script wants to generate a dynamic config file to be applied on
the server when the client connects, it should write it to the file
named by the last argument.
.sp
See the \fB\-\-client\-config\-dir\fP option below for options which can be
legally used in a dynamically generated config file.
.sp
Note that the return value of \fBscript\fP is significant. If \fBscript\fP
returns a non\-zero error status, it will cause the client to be
disconnected.
.sp
If a \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP wants to defer the generating of the
configuration then the script needs to use the
\fBclient_connect_deferred_file\fP and
\fBclient_connect_config_file\fP environment variables, and write
status accordingly into these files.  See the \fI\%Environmental Variables\fP
section for more details.
.TP
.BI \-\-client\-disconnect \ cmd
Like \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP but called on client instance shutdown. Will
not be called unless the \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script and plugins (if
defined) were previously called on this instance with successful (0)
status returns.
.sp
The exception to this rule is if the \fB\-\-client\-disconnect\fP command or
plugins are cascaded, and at least one client\-connect function
succeeded, then ALL of the client\-disconnect functions for scripts and
plugins will be called on client instance object deletion, even in cases
where some of the related client\-connect functions returned an error
status.
.sp
The \fB\-\-client\-disconnect\fP command is not passed any extra arguments
(only those arguments specified in cmd, if any).
.TP
.BI \-\-down \ cmd
Run command \fBcmd\fP after TUN/TAP device close (post \fB\-\-user\fP UID
change and/or \fB\-\-chroot\fP ). \fBcmd\fP consists of a path to script (or
executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path and
arguments may be single\- or double\-quoted and/or escaped using a
backslash, and should be separated by one or more spaces.
.sp
Called with the same parameters and environmental variables as the
\fB\-\-up\fP option above.
.sp
Note that if you reduce privileges by using \fB\-\-user\fP and/or
\fB\-\-group\fP, your \fB\-\-down\fP script will also run at reduced privilege.
.TP
.B \-\-down\-pre
Call \fB\-\-down\fP cmd/script before, rather than after, TUN/TAP close.
.TP
.BI \-\-ipchange \ cmd
Run command \fBcmd\fP when our remote ip\-address is initially
authenticated or changes.
.sp
\fBcmd\fP consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally
followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single\- or
double\-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated
by one or more spaces.
.sp
When \fBcmd\fP is executed two arguments are appended after any arguments
specified in \fBcmd\fP , as follows:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
cmd ip address port number
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Don\(aqt use \fB\-\-ipchange\fP in \fB\-\-mode server\fP mode. Use a
\fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script instead.
.sp
See the \fI\%Environmental Variables\fP section below for additional
parameters passed as environmental variables.
.sp
If you are running in a dynamic IP address environment where the IP
addresses of either peer could change without notice, you can use this
script, for example, to edit the \fB/etc/hosts\fP file with the current
address of the peer. The script will be run every time the remote peer
changes its IP address.
.sp
Similarly if \fIour\fP IP address changes due to DHCP, we should configure
our IP address change script (see man page for \fBdhcpcd\fP(8)) to
deliver a \fBSIGHUP\fP or \fBSIGUSR1\fP signal to OpenVPN. OpenVPN will
then re\-establish a connection with its most recently authenticated
peer on its new IP address.
.TP
.BI \-\-learn\-address \ cmd
Run command \fBcmd\fP to validate client virtual addresses or routes.
.sp
\fBcmd\fP consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally
followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single\- or
double\-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated
by one or more spaces.
.sp
Three arguments will be appended to any arguments in \fBcmd\fP as follows:
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fB$1\fP \- [operation]
\fB"add"\fP, \fB"update"\fP, or \fB"delete"\fP based on whether
or not the address is being added to, modified, or deleted from
OpenVPN\(aqs internal routing table.
.TP
.B \fB$2\fP \- [address]
The address being learned or unlearned. This can be an IPv4 address
such as \fB"198.162.10.14"\fP, an IPv4 subnet such as
\fB"198.162.10.0/24"\fP, or an ethernet MAC address (when
\fB\-\-dev tap\fP is being used) such as \fB"00:FF:01:02:03:04"\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fB$3\fP \- [common name]
The common name on the certificate associated with the client linked
to this address. Only present for \fB"add"\fP or \fB"update"\fP
operations, not \fB"delete"\fP\&.
.UNINDENT
.sp
On \fB"add"\fP or \fB"update"\fP methods, if the script returns
a failure code (non\-zero), OpenVPN will reject the address and will not
modify its internal routing table.
.sp
Normally, the \fBcmd\fP script will use the information provided above to
set appropriate firewall entries on the VPN TUN/TAP interface. Since
OpenVPN provides the association between virtual IP or MAC address and
the client\(aqs authenticated common name, it allows a user\-defined script
to configure firewall access policies with regard to the client\(aqs
high\-level common name, rather than the low level client virtual
addresses.
.TP
.BI \-\-route\-up \ cmd
Run command \fBcmd\fP after routes are added, subject to \fB\-\-route\-delay\fP\&.
.sp
\fBcmd\fP consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally
followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single\- or
double\-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated
by one or more spaces.
.sp
See the \fI\%Environmental Variables\fP section below for additional
parameters passed as environmental variables.
.TP
.BI \-\-route\-pre\-down \ cmd
Run command \fBcmd\fP before routes are removed upon disconnection.
.sp
\fBcmd\fP consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally
followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single\- or
double\-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated
by one or more spaces.
.sp
See the \fI\%Environmental Variables\fP section below for additional
parameters passed as environmental variables.
.TP
.BI \-\-setenv \ args
Set a custom environmental variable \fBname=value\fP to pass to script.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
setenv name value
setenv FORWARD_COMPATIBLE 1
setenv opt config_option
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
By setting \fBFORWARD_COMPATIBLE\fP to \fB1\fP, the config file
syntax checking is relaxed so that unknown directives will trigger a
warning but not a fatal error, on the assumption that a given unknown
directive might be valid in future OpenVPN versions.
.sp
This option should be used with caution, as there are good security
reasons for having OpenVPN fail if it detects problems in a config file.
Having said that, there are valid reasons for wanting new software
features to gracefully degrade when encountered by older software
versions.
.sp
It is also possible to tag a single directive so as not to trigger a
fatal error if the directive isn\(aqt recognized. To do this, prepend the
following before the directive: \fBsetenv opt\fP
.sp
Versions prior to OpenVPN 2.3.3 will always ignore options set with the
\fBsetenv opt\fP directive.
.sp
See also \fB\-\-ignore\-unknown\-option\fP
.TP
.BI \-\-setenv\-safe \ args
Set a custom environmental variable \fBOPENVPN_name\fP to \fBvalue\fP
to pass to scripts.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
setenv\-safe name value
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
This directive is designed to be pushed by the server to clients, and
the prepending of \fBOPENVPN_\fP to the environmental variable is a
safety precaution to prevent a \fBLD_PRELOAD\fP style attack from a
malicious or compromised server.
.TP
.BI \-\-tls\-verify \ cmd
Run command \fBcmd\fP to verify the X509 name of a pending TLS connection
that has otherwise passed all other tests of certification (except for
revocation via \fB\-\-crl\-verify\fP directive; the revocation test occurs
after the \fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP test).
.sp
\fBcmd\fP should return \fB0\fP to allow the TLS handshake to proceed,
or \fB1\fP to fail.
.sp
\fBcmd\fP consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally
followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single\- or
double\-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated
by one or more spaces.
.sp
When \fBcmd\fP is executed two arguments are appended after any arguments
specified in \fBcmd\fP, as follows:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
cmd certificate_depth subject
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
These arguments are, respectively, the current certificate depth and the
X509 subject distinguished name (dn) of the peer.
.sp
This feature is useful if the peer you want to trust has a certificate
which was signed by a certificate authority who also signed many other
certificates, where you don\(aqt necessarily want to trust all of them, but
rather be selective about which peer certificate you will accept. This
feature allows you to write a script which will test the X509 name on a
certificate and decide whether or not it should be accepted. For a
simple perl script which will test the common name field on the
certificate, see the file \fBverify\-cn\fP in the OpenVPN distribution.
.sp
See the \fI\%Environmental Variables\fP section below for additional
parameters passed as environmental variables.
.TP
.BI \-\-up \ cmd
Run command \fBcmd\fP after successful TUN/TAP device open (pre \fB\-\-user\fP
UID change).
.sp
\fBcmd\fP consists of a path to a script (or executable program), optionally
followed by arguments. The path and arguments may be single\- or
double\-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be separated
by one or more spaces.
.sp
The up command is useful for specifying route commands which route IP
traffic destined for private subnets which exist at the other end of the
VPN connection into the tunnel.
.sp
For \fB\-\-dev tun\fP execute as:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
cmd tun_dev tun_mtu link_mtu ifconfig_local_ip ifconfig_remote_ip [init | restart]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
For \fB\-\-dev tap\fP execute as:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
cmd tap_dev tap_mtu link_mtu ifconfig_local_ip ifconfig_netmask [init | restart]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
See the \fI\%Environmental Variables\fP section below for additional
parameters passed as environmental variables.
.sp
Note that if \fBcmd\fP includes arguments, all OpenVPN\-generated arguments
will be appended to them to build an argument list with which the
executable will be called.
.sp
Typically, \fBcmd\fP will run a script to add routes to the tunnel.
.sp
Normally the up script is called after the TUN/TAP device is opened. In
this context, the last command line parameter passed to the script will
be \fIinit.\fP If the \fB\-\-up\-restart\fP option is also used, the up script
will be called for restarts as well. A restart is considered to be a
partial reinitialization of OpenVPN where the TUN/TAP instance is
preserved (the \fB\-\-persist\-tun\fP option will enable such preservation).
A restart can be generated by a SIGUSR1 signal, a \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP
timeout, or a connection reset when the TCP protocol is enabled with the
\fB\-\-proto\fP option. If a restart occurs, and \fB\-\-up\-restart\fP has been
specified, the up script will be called with \fIrestart\fP as the last
parameter.
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fINOTE:\fP
On restart, OpenVPN will not pass the full set of environment
variables to the script. Namely, everything related to routing and
gateways will not be passed, as nothing needs to be done anyway \- all
the routing setup is already in place. Additionally, the up\-restart
script will run with the downgraded UID/GID settings (if configured).
.UNINDENT
.sp
The following standalone example shows how the \fB\-\-up\fP script can be
called in both an initialization and restart context. (\fINOTE:\fP for
security reasons, don\(aqt run the following example unless UDP port 9999
is blocked by your firewall. Also, the example will run indefinitely, so
you should abort with control\-c).
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
openvpn \-\-dev tun \-\-port 9999 \-\-verb 4 \-\-ping\-restart 10 \e
        \-\-up \(aqecho up\(aq \-\-down \(aqecho down\(aq \-\-persist\-tun  \e
        \-\-up\-restart
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Note that OpenVPN also provides the \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP option to
automatically ifconfig the TUN device, eliminating the need to define an
\fB\-\-up\fP script, unless you also want to configure routes in the
\fB\-\-up\fP script.
.sp
If \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP is also specified, OpenVPN will pass the ifconfig
local and remote endpoints on the command line to the \fB\-\-up\fP script so
that they can be used to configure routes such as:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
route add \-net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw $5
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \-\-up\-delay
Delay TUN/TAP open and possible \fB\-\-up\fP script execution until after
TCP/UDP connection establishment with peer.
.sp
In \fB\-\-proto udp\fP mode, this option normally requires the use of
\fB\-\-ping\fP to allow connection initiation to be sensed in the absence of
tunnel data, since UDP is a "connectionless" protocol.
.sp
On Windows, this option will delay the TAP\-Win32 media state
transitioning to "connected" until connection establishment, i.e. the
receipt of the first authenticated packet from the peer.
.TP
.B \-\-up\-restart
Enable the \fB\-\-up\fP and \fB\-\-down\fP scripts to be called for restarts as
well as initial program start. This option is described more fully above
in the \fB\-\-up\fP option documentation.
.UNINDENT
.SS String Types and Remapping
.sp
In certain cases, OpenVPN will perform remapping of characters in
strings. Essentially, any characters outside the set of permitted
characters for each string type will be converted to underbar (\(aq_\(aq).
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \fIQ: Why is string remapping necessary?\fP
It\(aqs an important security feature to prevent the malicious
coding of strings from untrusted sources to be passed as parameters to
scripts, saved in the environment, used as a common name, translated to
a filename, etc.
.TP
.B \fIQ: Can string remapping be disabled?\fP
Yes, by using the \fB\-\-no\-name\-remapping\fP option, however this
should be considered an advanced option.
.UNINDENT
.sp
Here is a brief rundown of OpenVPN\(aqs current string types and the
permitted character class for each string:
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \fIX509 Names\fP
Alphanumeric, underbar (\(aq_\(aq), dash (\(aq\-\(aq), dot (\(aq.\(aq), at
(\(aq@\(aq), colon (\(aq:\(aq), slash (\(aq/\(aq), and equal (\(aq=\(aq). Alphanumeric is
defined as a character which will cause the C library isalnum() function
to return true.
.TP
.B \fICommon Names\fP
Alphanumeric, underbar (\(aq_\(aq), dash (\(aq\-\(aq), dot (\(aq.\(aq), and at (\(aq@\(aq).
.TP
.B \fI\-\-auth\-user\-pass username\fP
Same as Common Name, with one exception:
starting with OpenVPN 2.0.1, the username is passed to the
\fBOPENVPN_PLUGIN_AUTH_USER_PASS_VERIFY\fP plugin in its raw form,
without string remapping.
.TP
.B \fI\-\-auth\-user\-pass password\fP
Any "printable" character except CR or LF. Printable is defined to be
a character which will cause the C library isprint() function to
return true.
.TP
.B \fI\-\-client\-config\-dir filename as derived from common name or\(gausername\fP
Alphanumeric, underbar (\(aq_\(aq), dash (\(aq\-\(aq), and dot (\(aq.\(aq) except for "."
or ".." as standalone strings. As of v2.0.1\-rc6, the at (\(aq@\(aq) character
has been added as well for compatibility with the common name character
class.
.TP
.B \fIEnvironmental variable names\fP
Alphanumeric or underbar (\(aq_\(aq).
.TP
.B \fIEnvironmental variable values\fP
Any printable character.
.UNINDENT
.sp
For all cases, characters in a string which are not members of the legal
character class for that string type will be remapped to underbar
(\(aq_\(aq).
.SS Environmental Variables
.sp
Once set, a variable is persisted indefinitely until it is reset by a
new value or a restart,
.sp
As of OpenVPN 2.0\-beta12, in server mode, environmental variables set by
OpenVPN are scoped according to the client objects they are associated
with, so there should not be any issues with scripts having access to
stale, previously set variables which refer to different client
instances.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \fBbytes_received\fP
Total number of bytes received from client during VPN session. Set prior
to execution of the \fB\-\-client\-disconnect\fP script.
.TP
.B \fBbytes_sent\fP
Total number of bytes sent to client during VPN session. Set prior to
execution of the \fB\-\-client\-disconnect\fP script.
.TP
.B \fBclient_connect_config_file\fP
The path to the configuration file that should be written to by the
\fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script (optional, if per\-session configuration
is desired).  This is the same file name as passed via command line
argument on the call to the \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script.
.TP
.B \fBclient_connect_deferred_file\fP
This file can be optionally written to in order to to communicate a
status code of the \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script or plgin.  Only the
first character in the file is relevant.  It must be either \fB1\fP
to indicate normal script execution, \fB0\fP indicates an error (in
the same way that a non zero exit status does) or \fB2\fP to indicate
that the script deferred returning the config file.
.sp
For deferred (background) handling, the script or plugin MUST write
\fB2\fP to the file to indicate the deferral and then return with
exit code \fB0\fP to signal \fBdeferred handler started OK\fP\&.
.sp
A background process or similar must then take care of writing the
configuration to the file indicated by the
\fBclient_connect_config_file\fP environment variable and when
finished, write the a \fB1\fP to this file (or \fB0\fP in case of
an error).
.sp
The absence of any character in the file when the script finishes
executing is interpreted the same as \fB1\fP\&. This allows scripts
that are not written to support the defer mechanism to be used
unmodified.
.TP
.B \fBcommon_name\fP
The X509 common name of an authenticated client. Set prior to execution
of \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP, \fB\-\-client\-disconnect\fP and
\fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP scripts.
.TP
.B \fBconfig\fP
Name of first \fB\-\-config\fP file. Set on program initiation and reset on
SIGHUP.
.TP
.B \fBdaemon\fP
Set to "1" if the \fB\-\-daemon\fP directive is specified, or "0" otherwise.
Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP.
.TP
.B \fBdaemon_log_redirect\fP
Set to "1" if the \fB\-\-log\fP or \fB\-\-log\-append\fP directives are
specified, or "0" otherwise. Set on program initiation and reset on
SIGHUP.
.TP
.B \fBdev\fP
The actual name of the TUN/TAP device, including a unit number if it
exists. Set prior to \fB\-\-up\fP or \fB\-\-down\fP script execution.
.TP
.B \fBdev_idx\fP
On Windows, the device index of the TUN/TAP adapter (to be used in
netsh.exe calls which sometimes just do not work right with interface
names). Set prior to \fB\-\-up\fP or \fB\-\-down\fP script execution.
.TP
.B \fBforeign_option_{n}\fP
An option pushed via \fB\-\-push\fP to a client which does not natively
support it, such as \fB\-\-dhcp\-option\fP on a non\-Windows system, will be
recorded to this environmental variable sequence prior to \fB\-\-up\fP
script execution.
.TP
.B \fBifconfig_broadcast\fP
The broadcast address for the virtual ethernet segment which is derived
from the \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP option when \fB\-\-dev tap\fP is used. Set prior to
OpenVPN calling the \fBifconfig\fP or \fBnetsh\fP (windows version
of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to \fB\-\-up\fP script
execution.
.TP
.B \fBifconfig_ipv6_local\fP
The local VPN endpoint IPv6 address specified in the
\fB\-\-ifconfig\-ipv6\fP option (first parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN
calling the \fBifconfig\fP or code:\fInetsh\fP (windows version of
ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to \fB\-\-up\fP script
execution.
.TP
.B \fBifconfig_ipv6_netbits\fP
The prefix length of the IPv6 network on the VPN interface. Derived
from the /nnn parameter of the IPv6 address in the \fB\-\-ifconfig\-ipv6\fP
option (first parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN calling the
\fBifconfig\fP or \fBnetsh\fP (windows version of ifconfig)
commands which normally occurs prior to \fB\-\-up\fP script execution.
.TP
.B \fBifconfig_ipv6_remote\fP
The remote VPN endpoint IPv6 address specified in the
\fB\-\-ifconfig\-ipv6\fP option (second parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN
calling the \fBifconfig\fP or \fBnetsh\fP (windows version of
ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to \fB\-\-up\fP script
execution.
.TP
.B \fBifconfig_local\fP
The local VPN endpoint IP address specified in the \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP
option (first parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN calling the
\fBifconfig\fP or \fBnetsh\fP (windows version of ifconfig)
commands which normally occurs prior to \fB\-\-up\fP script execution.
.TP
.B \fBifconfig_remote\fP
The remote VPN endpoint IP address specified in the \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP
option (second parameter) when \fB\-\-dev tun\fP is used. Set prior to
OpenVPN calling the \fBifconfig\fP or \fBnetsh\fP (windows version
of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to \fB\-\-up\fP script
execution.
.TP
.B \fBifconfig_netmask\fP
The subnet mask of the virtual ethernet segment that is specified as
the second parameter to \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP when \fB\-\-dev tap\fP is being
used. Set prior to OpenVPN calling the \fBifconfig\fP or
\fBnetsh\fP (windows version of ifconfig) commands which normally
occurs prior to \fB\-\-up\fP script execution.
.TP
.B \fBifconfig_pool_local_ip\fP
The local virtual IP address for the TUN/TAP tunnel taken from an
\fB\-\-ifconfig\-push\fP directive if specified, or otherwise from the
ifconfig pool (controlled by the \fB\-\-ifconfig\-pool\fP config file
directive). Only set for \fB\-\-dev tun\fP tunnels. This option is set on
the server prior to execution of the \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP and
\fB\-\-client\-disconnect\fP scripts.
.TP
.B \fBifconfig_pool_netmask\fP
The virtual IP netmask for the TUN/TAP tunnel taken from an
\fB\-\-ifconfig\-push\fP directive if specified, or otherwise from the
ifconfig pool (controlled by the \fB\-\-ifconfig\-pool\fP config file
directive). Only set for \fB\-\-dev tap\fP tunnels. This option is set on
the server prior to execution of the \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP and
\fB\-\-client\-disconnect\fP scripts.
.TP
.B \fBifconfig_pool_remote_ip\fP
The remote virtual IP address for the TUN/TAP tunnel taken from an
\fB\-\-ifconfig\-push\fP directive if specified, or otherwise from the
ifconfig pool (controlled by the \fB\-\-ifconfig\-pool\fP config file
directive). This option is set on the server prior to execution of the
\fB\-\-client\-connect\fP and \fB\-\-client\-disconnect\fP scripts.
.TP
.B \fBlink_mtu\fP
The maximum packet size (not including the IP header) of tunnel data in
UDP tunnel transport mode. Set prior to \fB\-\-up\fP or \fB\-\-down\fP script
execution.
.TP
.B \fBlocal\fP
The \fB\-\-local\fP parameter. Set on program initiation and reset on
SIGHUP.
.TP
.B \fBlocal_port\fP
The local port number or name, specified by \fB\-\-port\fP or \fB\-\-lport\fP\&.
Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP.
.TP
.B \fBpassword\fP
The password provided by a connecting client. Set prior to
\fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP script execution only when the \fBvia\-env\fP
modifier is specified, and deleted from the environment after the script
returns.
.TP
.B \fBproto\fP
The \fB\-\-proto\fP parameter. Set on program initiation and reset on
SIGHUP.
.TP
.B \fBremote_{n}\fP
The \fB\-\-remote\fP parameter. Set on program initiation and reset on
SIGHUP.
.TP
.B \fBremote_port_{n}\fP
The remote port number, specified by \fB\-\-port\fP or \fB\-\-rport\fP\&. Set on
program initiation and reset on SIGHUP.
.TP
.B \fBroute_net_gateway\fP
The pre\-existing default IP gateway in the system routing table. Set
prior to \fB\-\-up\fP script execution.
.TP
.B \fBroute_vpn_gateway\fP
The default gateway used by \fB\-\-route\fP options, as specified in either
the \fB\-\-route\-gateway\fP option or the second parameter to
\fB\-\-ifconfig\fP when \fB\-\-dev tun\fP is specified. Set prior to \fB\-\-up\fP
script execution.
.TP
.B \fBroute_{parm}_{n}\fP
A set of variables which define each route to be added, and are set
prior to \fB\-\-up\fP script execution.
.sp
\fBparm\fP will be one of \fBnetwork\fP, \fBnetmask"\fP,
\fBgateway\fP, or \fBmetric\fP\&.
.sp
\fBn\fP is the OpenVPN route number, starting from 1.
.sp
If the network or gateway are resolvable DNS names, their IP address
translations will be recorded rather than their names as denoted on the
command line or configuration file.
.TP
.B \fBroute_ipv6_{parm}_{n}\fP
A set of variables which define each IPv6 route to be added, and are
set prior to \fB\-\-up\fP script execution.
.sp
\fBparm\fP will be one of \fBnetwork\fP, \fBgateway\fP or
\fBmetric\fP\&. \fBroute_ipv6_network_{n}\fP contains \fBnetmask\fP
as \fB/nnn\fP, unlike IPv4 where it is passed in a separate environment
variable.
.sp
\fBn\fP is the OpenVPN route number, starting from 1.
.sp
If the network or gateway are resolvable DNS names, their IP address
translations will be recorded rather than their names as denoted on the
command line or configuration file.
.TP
.B \fBpeer_cert\fP
Temporary file name containing the client certificate upon connection.
Useful in conjunction with \fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fBscript_context\fP
Set to "init" or "restart" prior to up/down script execution. For more
information, see documentation for \fB\-\-up\fP\&.
.TP
.B \fBscript_type\fP
Prior to execution of any script, this variable is set to the type of
script being run. It can be one of the following: \fBup\fP,
\fBdown\fP, \fBipchange\fP, \fBroute\-up\fP, \fBtls\-verify\fP,
\fBauth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP, \fBclient\-connect\fP,
\fBclient\-disconnect\fP or \fBlearn\-address\fP\&. Set prior to
execution of any script.
.TP
.B \fBsignal\fP
The reason for exit or restart. Can be one of \fBsigusr1\fP,
\fBsighup\fP, \fBsigterm\fP, \fBsigint\fP, \fBinactive\fP
(controlled by \fB\-\-inactive\fP option), \fBping\-exit\fP (controlled
by \fB\-\-ping\-exit\fP option), \fBping\-restart\fP (controlled by
\fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP option), \fBconnection\-reset\fP (triggered on TCP
connection reset), \fBerror\fP or \fBunknown\fP (unknown signal).
This variable is set just prior to down script execution.
.TP
.B \fBtime_ascii\fP
Client connection timestamp, formatted as a human\-readable time string.
Set prior to execution of the \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script.
.TP
.B \fBtime_duration\fP
The duration (in seconds) of the client session which is now
disconnecting. Set prior to execution of the \fB\-\-client\-disconnect\fP
script.
.TP
.B \fBtime_unix\fP
Client connection timestamp, formatted as a unix integer date/time
value. Set prior to execution of the \fB\-\-client\-connect\fP script.
.TP
.B \fBtls_digest_{n}\fP / \fBtls_digest_sha256_{n}\fP
Contains the certificate SHA1 / SHA256 fingerprint, where \fBn\fP is the
verification level. Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to execution
of \fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP script.
.TP
.B \fBtls_id_{n}\fP
A series of certificate fields from the remote peer, where \fBn\fP is the
verification level. Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to execution
of \fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP script.
.TP
.B \fBtls_serial_{n}\fP
The serial number of the certificate from the remote peer, where \fBn\fP
is the verification level. Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to
execution of \fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP script. This is in the form of a decimal
string like "933971680", which is suitable for doing serial\-based OCSP
queries (with OpenSSL, do not prepend "0x" to the string) If something
goes wrong while reading the value from the certificate it will be an
empty string, so your code should check that. See the
\fBcontrib/OCSP_check/OCSP_check.sh\fP script for an example.
.TP
.B \fBtls_serial_hex_{n}\fP
Like \fBtls_serial_{n}\fP, but in hex form (e.g.
\fB12:34:56:78:9A\fP).
.TP
.B \fBtun_mtu\fP
The MTU of the TUN/TAP device. Set prior to \fB\-\-up\fP or \fB\-\-down\fP
script execution.
.TP
.B \fBtrusted_ip\fP / \fBtrusted_ip6\fP)
Actual IP address of connecting client or peer which has been
authenticated. Set prior to execution of \fB\-\-ipchange\fP,
\fB\-\-client\-connect\fP and \fB\-\-client\-disconnect\fP scripts. If using ipv6
endpoints (udp6, tcp6), \fBtrusted_ip6\fP will be set instead.
.TP
.B \fBtrusted_port\fP
Actual port number of connecting client or peer which has been
authenticated. Set prior to execution of \fB\-\-ipchange\fP,
\fB\-\-client\-connect\fP and \fB\-\-client\-disconnect\fP scripts.
.TP
.B \fBuntrusted_ip\fP / \fBuntrusted_ip6\fP
Actual IP address of connecting client or peer which has not been
authenticated yet. Sometimes used to \fInmap\fP the connecting host in a
\fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP script to ensure it is firewalled properly. Set prior
to execution of \fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP and \fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP
scripts. If using ipv6 endpoints (udp6, tcp6), \fBuntrusted_ip6\fP
will be set instead.
.TP
.B \fBuntrusted_port\fP
Actual port number of connecting client or peer which has not been
authenticated yet. Set prior to execution of \fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP and
\fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP scripts.
.TP
.B \fBusername\fP
The username provided by a connecting client. Set prior to
\fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\-verify\fP script execution only when the
\fBvia\-env\fP modifier is specified.
.TP
.B \fBX509_{n}_{subject_field}\fP
An X509 subject field from the remote peer certificate, where \fBn\fP is
the verification level. Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to
execution of \fB\-\-tls\-verify\fP script. This variable is similar to
\fBtls_id_{n}\fP except the component X509 subject fields are broken
out, and no string remapping occurs on these field values (except for
remapping of control characters to "\fB_\fP"). For example, the
following variables would be set on the OpenVPN server using the sample
client certificate in sample\-keys (client.crt). Note that the
verification level is 0 for the client certificate and 1 for the CA
certificate.
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
X509_0_emailAddress=me@myhost.mydomain
X509_0_CN=Test\-Client
X509_0_O=OpenVPN\-TEST
X509_0_ST=NA
X509_0_C=KG
X509_1_emailAddress=me@myhost.mydomain
X509_1_O=OpenVPN\-TEST
X509_1_L=BISHKEK
X509_1_ST=NA
X509_1_C=KG
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.SS Management Interface Options
.sp
OpenVPN provides a feature rich socket based management interface for both
server and client mode operations.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-management \ args
Enable a management server on a \fBsocket\-name\fP Unix socket on those
platforms supporting it, or on a designated TCP port.
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
management socket\-name unix          #
management socket\-name unix pw\-file  # (recommended)
management IP port                   # (INSECURE)
management IP port pw\-file           #
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
\fBpw\-file\fP, if specified, is a password file where the password must
be on first line. Instead of a filename it can use the keyword stdin
which will prompt the user for a password to use when OpenVPN is
starting.
.sp
For unix sockets, the default behaviour is to create a unix domain
socket that may be connected to by any process. Use the
\fB\-\-management\-client\-user\fP and \fB\-\-management\-client\-group\fP
directives to restrict access.
.sp
The management interface provides a special mode where the TCP
management link can operate over the tunnel itself. To enable this mode,
set IP to \fBtunnel\fP\&. Tunnel mode will cause the management interface to
listen for a TCP connection on the local VPN address of the TUN/TAP
interface.
.sp
\fB*BEWARE*\fP of enabling the management interface over TCP. In these cases
you should \fIALWAYS\fP make use of \fBpw\-file\fP to password protect the
management interface. Any user who can connect to this TCP \fBIP:port\fP
will be able to manage and control (and interfere with) the OpenVPN
process. It is also strongly recommended to set IP to 127.0.0.1
(localhost) to restrict accessibility of the management server to local
clients.
.sp
While the management port is designed for programmatic control of
OpenVPN by other applications, it is possible to telnet to the port,
using a telnet client in "raw" mode. Once connected, type \fBhelp\fP
for a list of commands.
.sp
For detailed documentation on the management interface, see the
\fImanagement\-notes.txt\fP file in the management folder of the OpenVPN
source distribution.
.TP
.B \-\-management\-client
Management interface will connect as a TCP/unix domain client to
\fBIP:port\fP specified by \fB\-\-management\fP rather than listen as a TCP
server or on a unix domain socket.
.sp
If the client connection fails to connect or is disconnected, a SIGTERM
signal will be generated causing OpenVPN to quit.
.TP
.B \-\-management\-client\-auth
Gives management interface client the responsibility to authenticate
clients after their client certificate has been verified. See
\fBmanagement\-notes.txt\fP in OpenVPN distribution for detailed notes.
.TP
.BI \-\-management\-client\-group \ g
When the management interface is listening on a unix domain socket, only
allow connections from group \fBg\fP\&.
.TP
.B \-\-management\-client\-pf
Management interface clients must specify a packet filter file for each
connecting client. See \fBmanagement\-notes.txt\fP in OpenVPN
distribution for detailed notes.
.TP
.BI \-\-management\-client\-user \ u
When the management interface is listening on a unix domain socket, only
allow connections from user \fBu\fP\&.
.TP
.BI \-\-management\-external\-cert \ certificate\-hint
Allows usage for external certificate instead of \fB\-\-cert\fP option
(client\-only). \fBcertificate\-hint\fP is an arbitrary string which is
passed to a management interface client as an argument of
\fINEED\-CERTIFICATE\fP notification. Requires \fB\-\-management\-external\-key\fP\&.
.TP
.BI \-\-management\-external\-key \ args
Allows usage for external private key file instead of \fB\-\-key\fP option
(client\-only).
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
management\-external\-key
management\-external\-key nopadding
management\-external\-key pkcs1
management\-external\-key nopadding pkcs1
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The optional parameters \fBnopadding\fP and \fBpkcs1\fP signal
support for different padding algorithms. See
\fBdoc/mangement\-notes.txt\fP for a complete description of this
feature.
.TP
.B \-\-management\-forget\-disconnect
Make OpenVPN forget passwords when management session disconnects.
.sp
This directive does not affect the \fB\-\-http\-proxy\fP username/password.
It is always cached.
.TP
.B \-\-management\-hold
Start OpenVPN in a hibernating state, until a client of the management
interface explicitly starts it with the \fBhold release\fP command.
.TP
.BI \-\-management\-log\-cache \ n
Cache the most recent \fBn\fP lines of log file history for usage by the
management channel.
.TP
.B \-\-management\-query\-passwords
Query management channel for private key password and
\fB\-\-auth\-user\-pass\fP username/password. Only query the management
channel for inputs which ordinarily would have been queried from the
console.
.TP
.B \-\-management\-query\-proxy
Query management channel for proxy server information for a specific
\fB\-\-remote\fP (client\-only).
.TP
.B \-\-management\-query\-remote
Allow management interface to override \fB\-\-remote\fP directives
(client\-only).
.TP
.B \-\-management\-signal
Send SIGUSR1 signal to OpenVPN if management session disconnects. This
is useful when you wish to disconnect an OpenVPN session on user logoff.
For \fB\-\-management\-client\fP this option is not needed since a disconnect
will always generate a \fBSIGTERM\fP\&.
.TP
.B \-\-management\-up\-down
Report tunnel up/down events to management interface.
.UNINDENT
.SS Plug\-in Interface Options
.sp
OpenVPN can be extended by loading external plug\-in modules at runtime.  These
plug\-ins must be prebuilt and adhere to the OpenVPN Plug\-In API.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-plugin \ args
Loads an OpenVPN plug\-in module.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
plugin module\-name
plugin module\-name "arguments"
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The \fBmodule\-name\fP needs to be the first
argument, indicating the plug\-in to load.  The second argument is an
optional init string which will be passed directly to the plug\-in.
If the init consists of multiple arguments it must be enclosed in
double\-quotes (").  Multiple plugin modules may be loaded into one
OpenVPN process.
.sp
The \fBmodule\-name\fP argument can be just a filename or a filename
with a relative or absolute path. The format of the filename and path
defines if the plug\-in will be loaded from a default plug\-in directory
or outside this directory.
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
\-\-plugin path         Effective directory used
===================== =============================
 myplug.so            DEFAULT_DIR/myplug.so
 subdir/myplug.so     DEFAULT_DIR/subdir/myplug.so
 ./subdir/myplug.so   CWD/subdir/myplug.so
 /usr/lib/my/plug.so  /usr/lib/my/plug.so
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
\fBDEFAULT_DIR\fP is replaced by the default plug\-in directory, which is
configured at the build time of OpenVPN. \fBCWD\fP is the current directory
where OpenVPN was started or the directory OpenVPN have switched into
via the \fB\-\-cd\fP option before the \fB\-\-plugin\fP option.
.sp
For more information and examples on how to build OpenVPN plug\-in
modules, see the README file in the \fBplugin\fP folder of the OpenVPN
source distribution.
.sp
If you are using an RPM install of OpenVPN, see
\fB/usr/share/openvpn/plugin\fP\&. The documentation is in \fBdoc\fP and
the actual plugin modules are in \fBlib\fP\&.
.sp
Multiple plugin modules can be cascaded, and modules can be used in
tandem with scripts. The modules will be called by OpenVPN in the order
that they are declared in the config file. If both a plugin and script
are configured for the same callback, the script will be called last. If
the return code of the module/script controls an authentication function
(such as tls\-verify, auth\-user\-pass\-verify, or client\-connect), then
every module and script must return success (\fB0\fP) in order for the
connection to be authenticated.
.UNINDENT
.SS Windows\-Specific Options
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-allow\-nonadmin \ TAP\-adapter
(Standalone) Set \fBTAP\-adapter\fP to allow access from non\-administrative
accounts. If \fBTAP\-adapter\fP is omitted, all TAP adapters on the system
will be configured to allow non\-admin access. The non\-admin access
setting will only persist for the length of time that the TAP\-Win32
device object and driver remain loaded, and will need to be re\-enabled
after a reboot, or if the driver is unloaded and reloaded. This
directive can only be used by an administrator.
.TP
.B \-\-block\-outside\-dns
Block DNS servers on other network adapters to prevent DNS leaks. This
option prevents any application from accessing TCP or UDP port 53 except
one inside the tunnel. It uses Windows Filtering Platform (WFP) and
works on Windows Vista or later.
.sp
This option is considered unknown on non\-Windows platforms and
unsupported on Windows XP, resulting in fatal error. You may want to use
\fB\-\-setenv opt\fP or \fB\-\-ignore\-unknown\-option\fP (not suitable for
Windows XP) to ignore said error. Note that pushing unknown options from
server does not trigger fatal errors.
.TP
.BI \-\-cryptoapicert \ select\-string
\fI(Windows/OpenSSL Only)\fP Load the certificate and private key from the
Windows Certificate System Store.
.sp
Use this option instead of \fB\-\-cert\fP and \fB\-\-key\fP\&.
.sp
This makes it possible to use any smart card, supported by Windows, but
also any kind of certificate, residing in the Cert Store, where you have
access to the private key. This option has been tested with a couple of
different smart cards (GemSAFE, Cryptoflex, and Swedish Post Office eID)
on the client side, and also an imported PKCS12 software certificate on
the server side.
.sp
To select a certificate, based on a substring search in the
certificate\(aqs subject:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
cryptoapicert "SUBJ:Peter Runestig"
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
To select a certificate, based on certificate\(aqs thumbprint:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
cryptoapicert "THUMB:f6 49 24 41 01 b4 ..."
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
The thumbprint hex string can easily be copy\-and\-pasted from the Windows
Certificate Store GUI.
.TP
.B \-\-dhcp\-release
Ask Windows to release the TAP adapter lease on shutdown. This option
has no effect now, as it is enabled by default starting with
OpenVPN 2.4.1.
.TP
.B \-\-dhcp\-renew
Ask Windows to renew the TAP adapter lease on startup. This option is
normally unnecessary, as Windows automatically triggers a DHCP
renegotiation on the TAP adapter when it comes up, however if you set
the TAP\-Win32 adapter Media Status property to "Always Connected", you
may need this flag.
.TP
.BI \-\-ip\-win32 \ method
When using \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP on Windows, set the TAP\-Win32 adapter IP
address and netmask using \fBmethod\fP\&. Don\(aqt use this option unless you
are also using \fB\-\-ifconfig\fP\&.
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBmanual\fP
Don\(aqt set the IP address or netmask automatically. Instead
output a message to the console telling the user to configure the
adapter manually and indicating the IP/netmask which OpenVPN
expects the adapter to be set to.
.TP
.B \fBdynamic [offset] [lease\-time]\fP
Automatically set the IP address and netmask by replying to DHCP
query messages generated by the kernel.  This mode is probably the
"cleanest" solution for setting the TCP/IP properties since it
uses the well\-known DHCP protocol. There are, however, two
prerequisites for using this mode:
.INDENT 7.0
.IP 1. 3
The TCP/IP properties for the TAP\-Win32 adapter must be set
to "Obtain an IP address automatically", and
.IP 2. 3
OpenVPN needs to claim an IP address in the subnet for use
as the virtual DHCP server address.
.UNINDENT
.sp
By default in \fB\-\-dev tap\fP mode, OpenVPN will take the normally
unused first address in the subnet. For example, if your subnet is
\fB192.168.4.0 netmask 255.255.255.0\fP, then OpenVPN will take
the IP address \fB192.168.4.0\fP to use as the virtual DHCP
server address.  In \fB\-\-dev tun\fP mode, OpenVPN will cause the DHCP
server to masquerade as if it were coming from the remote endpoint.
.sp
The optional offset parameter is an integer which is > \fB\-256\fP
and < \fB256\fP and which defaults to 0. If offset is positive,
the DHCP server will masquerade as the IP address at network
address + offset. If offset is negative, the DHCP server will
masquerade as the IP address at broadcast address + offset.
.sp
The Windows \fBipconfig /all\fP command can be used to show what
Windows thinks the DHCP server address is. OpenVPN will "claim"
this address, so make sure to use a free address. Having said that,
different OpenVPN instantiations, including different ends of
the same connection, can share the same virtual DHCP server
address.
.sp
The \fBlease\-time\fP parameter controls the lease time of the DHCP
assignment given to the TAP\-Win32 adapter, and is denoted in
seconds. Normally a very long lease time is preferred because it
prevents routes involving the TAP\-Win32 adapter from being lost
when the system goes to sleep. The default lease time is one year.
.TP
.B \fBnetsh\fP
Automatically set the IP address and netmask using the Windows
command\-line "netsh" command. This method appears to work correctly
on Windows XP but not Windows 2000.
.TP
.B \fBipapi\fP
Automatically set the IP address and netmask using the Windows IP
Helper API. This approach does not have ideal semantics, though
testing has indicated that it works okay in practice. If you use
this option, it is best to leave the TCP/IP properties for the
TAP\-Win32 adapter in their default state, i.e. "Obtain an IP
address automatically."
.TP
.B \fBadaptive\fP (Default)
Try \fBdynamic\fP method initially and fail over to \fBnetsh\fP
if the DHCP negotiation with the TAP\-Win32 adapter does not succeed
in 20 seconds. Such failures have been known to occur when certain
third\-party firewall packages installed on the client machine block
the DHCP negotiation used by the TAP\-Win32 adapter. Note that if
the \fBnetsh\fP failover occurs, the TAP\-Win32 adapter TCP/IP
properties will be reset from DHCP to static, and this will cause
future OpenVPN startups using the \fBadaptive\fP mode to use
\fBnetsh\fP immediately, rather than trying \fBdynamic\fP first.
.sp
To "unstick" the \fBadaptive\fP mode from using \fBnetsh\fP,
run OpenVPN at least once using the \fBdynamic\fP mode to restore
the TAP\-Win32 adapter TCP/IP properties to a DHCP configuration.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.B \-\-pause\-exit
Put up a "press any key to continue" message on the console prior to
OpenVPN program exit. This option is automatically used by the Windows
explorer when OpenVPN is run on a configuration file using the
right\-click explorer menu.
.TP
.B \-\-register\-dns
Run \fBipconfig /flushdns\fP and \fBipconfig /registerdns\fP on
connection initiation. This is known to kick Windows into recognizing
pushed DNS servers.
.TP
.BI \-\-route\-method \ m
Which method \fBm\fP to use for adding routes on Windows?
.INDENT 7.0
.TP
.B \fBadaptive\fP (default)
Try IP helper API first. If that fails, fall back to the route.exe
shell command.
.TP
.B \fBipapi\fP
Use IP helper API.
.TP
.B \fBexe\fP
Call the route.exe shell command.
.UNINDENT
.TP
.BI \-\-service \ args
Should be used when OpenVPN is being automatically executed by another
program in such a context that no interaction with the user via display
or keyboard is possible.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
service exit\-event [0|1]
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
In general, end\-users should never need to explicitly use this option,
as it is automatically added by the OpenVPN service wrapper when a given
OpenVPN configuration is being run as a service.
.sp
\fBexit\-event\fP is the name of a Windows global event object, and OpenVPN
will continuously monitor the state of this event object and exit when
it becomes signaled.
.sp
The second parameter indicates the initial state of \fBexit\-event\fP and
normally defaults to 0.
.sp
Multiple OpenVPN processes can be simultaneously executed with the same
\fBexit\-event\fP parameter. In any case, the controlling process can
signal \fBexit\-event\fP, causing all such OpenVPN processes to exit.
.sp
When executing an OpenVPN process using the \fB\-\-service\fP directive,
OpenVPN will probably not have a console window to output status/error
messages, therefore it is useful to use \fB\-\-log\fP or \fB\-\-log\-append\fP to
write these messages to a file.
.TP
.B \-\-show\-adapters
(Standalone) Show available TAP\-Win32 adapters which can be selected
using the \fB\-\-dev\-node\fP option. On non\-Windows systems, the
\fBifconfig\fP(8) command provides similar functionality.
.TP
.B \-\-show\-net
(Standalone) Show OpenVPN\(aqs view of the system routing table and network
adapter list.
.TP
.B \-\-show\-net\-up
Output OpenVPN\(aqs view of the system routing table and network adapter
list to the syslog or log file after the TUN/TAP adapter has been
brought up and any routes have been added.
.TP
.B \-\-show\-valid\-subnets
(Standalone) Show valid subnets for \fB\-\-dev tun\fP emulation. Since the
TAP\-Win32 driver exports an ethernet interface to Windows, and since TUN
devices are point\-to\-point in nature, it is necessary for the TAP\-Win32
driver to impose certain constraints on TUN endpoint address selection.
.sp
Namely, the point\-to\-point endpoints used in TUN device emulation must
be the middle two addresses of a /30 subnet (netmask 255.255.255.252).
.TP
.BI \-\-tap\-sleep \ n
Cause OpenVPN to sleep for \fBn\fP seconds immediately after the TAP\-Win32
adapter state is set to "connected".
.sp
This option is intended to be used to troubleshoot problems with the
\fB\-\-ifconfig\fP and \fB\-\-ip\-win32\fP options, and is used to give the
TAP\-Win32 adapter time to come up before Windows IP Helper API
operations are applied to it.
.TP
.BI \-\-win\-sys \ path
Set the Windows system directory pathname to use when looking for system
executables such as \fBroute.exe\fP and \fBnetsh.exe\fP\&. By default, if this
directive is not specified, OpenVPN will use the SystemRoot environment
variable.
.sp
This option has changed behaviour since OpenVPN 2.3. Earlier you had to
define \fB\-\-win\-sys env\fP to use the SystemRoot environment variable,
otherwise it defaulted to \fBC:\e\eWINDOWS\fP\&. It is not needed to use
the \fBenv\fP keyword any more, and it will just be ignored. A warning is
logged when this is found in the configuration file.
.TP
.BI \-\-windows\-driver \ drv
Specifies which tun driver to use. Values are \fBtap\-windows6\fP
(default) and \fBwintun\fP\&.  This is a Windows\-only option.
\fBwintun\fP" requires \fB\-\-dev tun\fP and the OpenVPN process to run
elevated, or be invoked using the Interactive Service.
.UNINDENT
.SS Standalone Debug Options
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-show\-gateway \ args
(Standalone) Show current IPv4 and IPv6 default gateway and interface
towards the gateway (if the protocol in question is enabled).
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
\-\-show\-gateway
\-\-show\-gateway IPv6\-target
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
For IPv6 this queries the route towards ::/128, or the specified IPv6
target address if passed as argument.
For IPv4 on Linux, Windows, MacOS and BSD it looks for a 0.0.0.0/0 route.
If there are more specific routes, the result will not always be matching
the route of the IPv4 packets to the VPN gateway.
.UNINDENT
.SS Advanced Expert Options
.sp
These are options only required when special tweaking is needed, often
used when debugging or testing out special usage scenarios.
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.BI \-\-hash\-size \ args
Set the size of the real address hash table to \fBr\fP and the virtual
address table to \fBv\fP\&.
.sp
Valid syntax:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
hash\-size r v
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
By default, both tables are sized at 256 buckets.
.TP
.BI \-\-bcast\-buffers \ n
Allocate \fBn\fP buffers for broadcast datagrams (default \fB256\fP).
.TP
.B \-\-persist\-local\-ip
Preserve initially resolved local IP address and port number across
\fBSIGUSR1\fP or \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP restarts.
.TP
.B \-\-persist\-remote\-ip
Preserve most recently authenticated remote IP address and port number
across \fBSIGUSR1\fP or \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP restarts.
.TP
.BI \-\-prng \ args
\fI(Advanced)\fP Change the PRNG (Pseudo\-random number generator) parameters
.sp
Valid syntaxes:
.INDENT 7.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
prng alg
prng alg nsl
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
Changes the PRNG to use digest algorithm \fBalg\fP (default \fBsha1\fP),
and set \fBnsl\fP (default \fB16\fP) to the size in bytes of the nonce
secret length (between 16 and 64).
.sp
Set \fBalg\fP to \fBnone\fP to disable the PRNG and use the OpenSSL
RAND_bytes function instead for all of OpenVPN\(aqs pseudo\-random number
needs.
.TP
.BI \-\-rcvbuf \ size
Set the TCP/UDP socket receive buffer size. Defaults to operating system
default.
.TP
.BI \-\-shaper \ n
Limit bandwidth of outgoing tunnel data to \fBn\fP bytes per second on the
TCP/UDP port. Note that this will only work if mode is set to
\fBp2p\fP\&.  If you want to limit the bandwidth in both directions, use
this option on both peers.
.sp
OpenVPN uses the following algorithm to implement traffic shaping: Given
a shaper rate of \fBn\fP bytes per second, after a datagram write of \fBb\fP
bytes is queued on the TCP/UDP port, wait a minimum of \fB(b / n)\fP
seconds before queuing the next write.
.sp
It should be noted that OpenVPN supports multiple tunnels between the
same two peers, allowing you to construct full\-speed and reduced
bandwidth tunnels at the same time, routing low\-priority data such as
off\-site backups over the reduced bandwidth tunnel, and other data over
the full\-speed tunnel.
.sp
Also note that for low bandwidth tunnels (under 1000 bytes per second),
you should probably use lower MTU values as well (see above), otherwise
the packet latency will grow so large as to trigger timeouts in the TLS
layer and TCP connections running over the tunnel.
.sp
OpenVPN allows \fBn\fP to be between 100 bytes/sec and 100 Mbytes/sec.
.TP
.BI \-\-sndbuf \ size
Set the TCP/UDP socket send buffer size. Defaults to operating system
default.
.TP
.BI \-\-tcp\-queue\-limit \ n
Maximum number of output packets queued before TCP (default \fB64\fP).
.sp
When OpenVPN is tunneling data from a TUN/TAP device to a remote client
over a TCP connection, it is possible that the TUN/TAP device might
produce data at a faster rate than the TCP connection can support. When
the number of output packets queued before sending to the TCP socket
reaches this limit for a given client connection, OpenVPN will start to
drop outgoing packets directed at this client.
.TP
.BI \-\-txqueuelen \ n
\fI(Linux only)\fP Set the TX queue length on the TUN/TAP interface.
Currently defaults to operating system default.
.UNINDENT
.SH UNSUPPORTED OPTIONS
.sp
Options listed in this section have been removed from OpenVPN and are no
longer supported
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \-\-client\-cert\-not\-required
Removed in OpenVPN 2.5.  This should be replaxed with
\fB\-\-verify\-client\-cert none\fP\&.
.TP
.B \-\-ifconfig\-pool\-linear
Removed in OpenVPN 2.5.  This should be replaced with \fB\-\-topology p2p\fP\&.
.TP
.B \-\-key\-method
Removed in OpenVPN 2.5.  This option should not be used, as using the old
\fBkey\-method\fP weakens the VPN tunnel security.  The old \fBkey\-method\fP
was also only needed when the remote side was older than OpenVPN 2.0.
.TP
.B \-\-no\-iv
Removed in OpenVPN 2.5.  This option should not be used as it weakens the
VPN tunnel security.  This has been a NOOP option since OpenVPN 2.4.
.TP
.B \-\-no\-replay
Removed in OpenVPN 2.5.  This option should not be used as it weakens the
VPN tunnel security.
.TP
.B \-\-ns\-cert\-type
Removed in OpenVPN 2.5.  The \fBnsCertType\fP field is no longer supported
in recent SSL/TLS libraries.  If your certificates does not include \fIkey
usage\fP and \fIextended key usage\fP fields, they must be upgraded and the
\fB\-\-remote\-cert\-tls\fP option should be used instead.
.UNINDENT
.SH CONNECTION PROFILES
.sp
Client configuration files may contain multiple remote servers which
it will attempt to connect against.  But there are some configuration
options which are related to specific \fB\-\-remote\fP options.  For these
use cases, connection profiles are the solution.
.sp
By enacpulating the \fB\-\-remote\fP option and related options within
\fB<connection>\fP and \fB</connection>\fP, these options are handled as a
group.
.sp
An OpenVPN client will try each connection profile sequentially until it
achieves a successful connection.
.sp
\fB\-\-remote\-random\fP can be used to initially "scramble" the connection
list.
.sp
Here is an example of connection profile usage:
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
client
dev tun

<connection>
remote 198.19.34.56 1194 udp
</connection>

<connection>
remote 198.19.34.56 443 tcp
</connection>

<connection>
remote 198.19.34.56 443 tcp
http\-proxy 192.168.0.8 8080
</connection>

<connection>
remote 198.19.36.99 443 tcp
http\-proxy 192.168.0.8 8080
</connection>

persist\-key
persist\-tun
pkcs12 client.p12
remote\-cert\-tls server
verb 3
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
First we try to connect to a server at 198.19.34.56:1194 using UDP. If
that fails, we then try to connect to 198.19.34.56:443 using TCP. If
that also fails, then try connecting through an HTTP proxy at
192.168.0.8:8080 to 198.19.34.56:443 using TCP. Finally, try to connect
through the same proxy to a server at 198.19.36.99:443 using TCP.
.sp
The following OpenVPN options may be used inside of a \fB<connection>\fP
block:
.sp
\fBbind\fP, \fBconnect\-retry\fP, \fBconnect\-retry\-max\fP, \fBconnect\-timeout\fP,
\fBexplicit\-exit\-notify\fP, \fBfloat\fP, \fBfragment\fP, \fBhttp\-proxy\fP,
\fBhttp\-proxy\-option\fP, \fBkey\-direction\fP, \fBlink\-mtu\fP, \fBlocal\fP,
\fBlport\fP, \fBmssfix\fP, \fBmtu\-disc\fP, \fBnobind\fP, \fBport\fP, \fBproto\fP,
\fBremote\fP, \fBrport\fP, \fBsocks\-proxy\fP, \fBtls\-auth\fP, \fBtls\-crypt\fP,
\fBtun\-mtu and\fP, \fBtun\-mtu\-extra\fP\&.
.sp
A defaulting mechanism exists for specifying options to apply to all
\fB<connection>\fP profiles. If any of the above options (with the
exception of \fBremote\fP ) appear outside of a \fB<connection>\fP block,
but in a configuration file which has one or more \fB<connection>\fP
blocks, the option setting will be used as a default for
\fB<connection>\fP blocks which follow it in the configuration file.
.sp
For example, suppose the \fBnobind\fP option were placed in the sample
configuration file above, near the top of the file, before the first
\fB<connection>\fP block. The effect would be as if \fBnobind\fP were
declared in all \fB<connection>\fP blocks below it.
.SH INLINE FILE SUPPORT
.sp
OpenVPN allows including files in the main configuration for the \fB\-\-ca\fP,
\fB\-\-cert\fP, \fB\-\-dh\fP, \fB\-\-extra\-certs\fP, \fB\-\-key\fP, \fB\-\-pkcs12\fP,
\fB\-\-secret\fP, \fB\-\-crl\-verify\fP, \fB\-\-http\-proxy\-user\-pass\fP, \fB\-\-tls\-auth\fP,
\fB\-\-auth\-gen\-token\-secret\fP, \fB\-\-tls\-crypt\fP and \fB\-\-tls\-crypt\-v2\fP
options.
.sp
Each inline file started by the line \fB<option>\fP and ended by the line
\fB</option>\fP
.sp
Here is an example of an inline file usage
.INDENT 0.0
.INDENT 3.5
.sp
.nf
.ft C
<cert>
\-\-\-\-\-BEGIN CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\-
[...]
\-\-\-\-\-END CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\-
</cert>
.ft P
.fi
.UNINDENT
.UNINDENT
.sp
When using the inline file feature with \fB\-\-pkcs12\fP the inline file has
to be base64 encoded. Encoding of a .p12 file into base64 can be done
for example with OpenSSL by running \fBopenssl base64 \-in input.p12\fP
.SH SIGNALS
.INDENT 0.0
.TP
.B \fBSIGHUP\fP
Cause OpenVPN to close all TUN/TAP and network connections, restart,
re\-read the configuration file (if any), and reopen TUN/TAP and network
connections.
.TP
.B \fBSIGUSR1\fP
Like \fBSIGHUP\(ga\fP, except don\(aqt re\-read configuration file, and
possibly don\(aqt close and reopen TUN/TAP device, re\-read key files,
preserve local IP address/port, or preserve most recently authenticated
remote IP address/port based on \fB\-\-persist\-tun\fP, \fB\-\-persist\-key\fP,
\fB\-\-persist\-local\-ip\fP and \fB\-\-persist\-remote\-ip\fP options respectively
(see above).
.sp
This signal may also be internally generated by a timeout condition,
governed by the \fB\-\-ping\-restart\fP option.
.sp
This signal, when combined with \fB\-\-persist\-remote\-ip\fP, may be sent
when the underlying parameters of the host\(aqs network interface change
such as when the host is a DHCP client and is assigned a new IP address.
See \fB\-\-ipchange\fP for more information.
.TP
.B \fBSIGUSR2\fP
Causes OpenVPN to display its current statistics (to the syslog file if
\fB\-\-daemon\fP is used, or stdout otherwise).
.TP
.B \fBSIGINT\fP, \fBSIGTERM\fP
Causes OpenVPN to exit gracefully.
.UNINDENT
.SH FAQ
.sp
\fI\%https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/FAQ\fP
.SH HOWTO
.sp
For a more comprehensive guide to setting up OpenVPN in a production
setting, see the OpenVPN HOWTO at
\fI\%https://openvpn.net/community\-resources/how\-to/\fP
.SH PROTOCOL
.sp
For a description of OpenVPN\(aqs underlying protocol, see
\fI\%https://openvpn.net/community\-resources/openvpn\-protocol/\fP
.SH WEB
.sp
OpenVPN\(aqs web site is at \fI\%https://openvpn.net/\fP
.sp
Go here to download the latest version of OpenVPN, subscribe to the
mailing lists, read the mailing list archives, or browse the SVN
repository.
.SH BUGS
.sp
Report all bugs to the OpenVPN team \fI\%info@openvpn.net\fP
.SH SEE ALSO
.sp
\fBopenvpn\-examples\fP(5),
\fBdhcpcd\fP(8),
\fBifconfig\fP(8),
\fBopenssl\fP(1),
\fBroute\fP(8),
\fBscp\fP(1)
\fBssh\fP(1)
.SH NOTES
.sp
This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
(\fI\%https://www.openssl.org/\fP)
.sp
For more information on the TLS protocol, see
\fI\%http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2246.txt\fP
.sp
For more information on the LZO real\-time compression library see
\fI\%https://www.oberhumer.com/opensource/lzo/\fP
.SH COPYRIGHT
.sp
Copyright (C) 2002\-2020 OpenVPN Inc This program is free software; you
can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General
Public License version 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
.SH AUTHORS
.sp
James Yonan \fI\%james@openvpn.net\fP
.\" Generated by docutils manpage writer.
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