Information about USB scanners: ================================ With Linux 2.4.* you could either use the kernel scanner module or libusb to access USB scanners. In Linux 2.6.4 the kernel scanner module was removed. Therefore with this and later kernels libusb must be used. Permissions: ------------ While SANE automatically uses libusb when the library and its header file were present during the build of sane-backends, setting permissions will require some attention. So if scanimage -L lists your scanner as root but not as normal user read on this text. Most distributions support setting permissions without much manual configuration. Usually you must just add the users that are allowed to access the scanner to group "scanner". To make that change active, the user must login again. For more details, see your distribution's documentation e.g. for Debian: README.debian.gz. If this doesn't work you you want to know more, read on. The device files used by libusb are located in /proc/bus/usb/ (e.g. /proc/bus/usb/001/003) or in /dev/bus/usb/ (e.g. /dev/bus/usb/001/003), if you use udev. The exact file name can be found out by running sane-find-scanner which would print "libusb:001:003" in this case. While setting permissions with e.g. "chmod a+rw /proc/bus/usb/001/003" works, this change is not permanent. The permissions will be reset when the scanner is replugged or Linux is rebooted. One solution to set permissions on-the-fly is Linux udev which comes with current distributions. SANE comes with a udev rules file in the tools/udev directory which may be used by distributions or can be copied to /etc/udev/rules.d manually. The file format is explained on top of the file itself. Either you need libusb 0.1.12 or newer or USB_DEVFS_PATH=/dev/bus/usb must be exported as a system-wide environment variable. Older distributions may use the Linux hot-plug tools (or hotplug-ng). Your distribution should have set up the scripts to automatically change permissions correctly. Look for "libsane.usermap" and "libusbscanner" in /etc/hotplug/usb. If you build SANE from source you can use the hotplug script that comes with SANE. See the tools/hotplug/ directory in the source distribution. Please refer to the README in that directory for the details. Gentoo information: ------------------- Gentoo users: If your USB scanner is not detected at all check that USE=usb is set when emerging. Quick install: -------------- $ ./configure $ make $ make install Step by step install on Linux 2.6.* and 3.*, both with udev: ------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Install missing development packages with your prefered package manager: - libusb-dev or libusb-devel or libusb-1_0-devel 2. Get the latest SANE backend from git: You can download "daily git snapshot" from here: http://www.sane-project.org/snapshots/ If you prefer to use git, you can fetch a read-only copy of the git tree with this command: $ git clone git://git.debian.org/sane/sane-backends.git If you already are using a self compiled SANE backend and just fetched a new copy of the git tree or if you patched some source files, there is no need to follow the installation procedure again. You only need to make and install libsane: $ make && sudo make install 3. Configure, make and install latest SANE backend: We install a new SANE dynamically linked shared object library in /usr/local/lib beside your system's SANE library. $ ./configure $ make && sudo make install 3.1. SANE library: Register new installed SANE dynamically linked shared object library. $ sudo ldconfig -v | grep libsane libsane.so.1 -> libsane.so.1.0.25 libsane.so.1 -> libsane.so.1.0.23 This example shows that the system first find version 1.0.25 and then 1.0.23. This is the correct order. If your system first find the old version and then the new installed one, then you must change the order for library paths in /etc/ld.so.conf or you must create the new configuration file /etc/ld.so.conf.d/1-sane.conf. $ echo "/usr/local/lib" | sudo tee -a /etc/ld.so.conf.d/1-sane.conf Then you must repeat this step. 3.2. Localization file: $ cd /usr/share/locale//LC_MESSAGES $ sudo ln -sf /usr/local/share/locale//LC_MESSAGES/sane-backends.mo . $ cd - 3.3. udev rules file: $ sudo cp tools/udev/libsane.rules /etc/udev/rules.d Reconnect your scanner to the USB bus to activate the new rules file. 3.4. Use the scanner with normal user rights: Your user must be a member of the group scanner. $ cat /etc/group | grep scanner scanner:x:107: Create a new group scanner, if it doesn't exist. $ sudo addgroup scanner Add an existing user to group scanner. $ sudo adduser scanner After this you must logoff and login again. 4. Test your scanner: 4.1. Check the used backend version: The programs must use the installed SANE backend version, e.g. 1.0.25. $ scanimage -V scanimage (sane-backends) 1.0.25git; backend version 1.0.25 This example shows that backend and scanimage are version 1.0.25. $ /usr/bin/scanimage -V scanimage (sane-backends) 1.0.23; backend version 1.0.25 This example shows that an old scanimage (1.0.23) uses the backend 1.0.25. If you want to use xsane, start xsane and check the used version with CTRL - i. 4.2. Access scanner with normal user rights: $ scanimage -L If your scanner isn't recognised here, try this: $ sudo scanimage -L If this works, your user doesn't have the rights to access the scanner. However, please check and redo the installation described above. If this doesn't help, you can ask the mailing list for further support. 4.3. Testscan: $ cd ~ $ scanimage > test.pnm Information about SCSI scanners: ================================ Under Linux, your kernel must have generic SCSI support (sg) as well as a driver for your SCSI adapter. You may want to increase the SCSI buffer size to increase scan speed. Details on all of the above can be found in sane-scsi(5). If your SCSI and sg driver are build as moduls you will need to load them with modprobe: # modprobe your-driver-name # modprobe sg You may find error messages in /var/log/messages. Look at the documentation for your SCSI driver. Maybe you need to add options like the io port. Now the SCSI adapter and your scanner should be visible at /proc/scsi/scsi. Example: # cat /proc/scsi/scsi Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 06 Lun: 00 Vendor: SCANNER Model: Rev: 2.02 Type: Scanner ANSI SCSI revision: 01 CCS In this case the real vendor and scanner name are not shown (Mustek Scannexpress 12000SP) but SANE will detect it nevertheless. If your scanner is supported by SANE, scanimage -L will list it now: # scanimage -L device mustek:/dev/scanner' is a Mustek ScanExpress 12000SP flatbed scanner If this doesn't work you may have to add the right SCSI generic device name to the configuration file. This should be documented in the man page for your backend. To find out about the right SCSI device use sane-find-scanner: # sane-find-scanner found SCSI scanner "SCANNER 2.02" at /dev/scanner found SCSI scanner "SCANNER 2.02" at /dev/sg0 found SCSI scanner "SCANNER 2.02" at /dev/sga It may help to set a symbolic link /dev/scanner to the respective device if automatic detection does not work. If you need more information on the Linux SCSI subsystem, look at http://www.torque.net/scsi/linux_scsi_24/index.html. Although this documentation is about the 2.4 kernels, large parts are also valid for older kernels. One important exception is the section on "Device Names in devfs". Adaptec 1542 SCSI adapter: Using buffer sizes of more than 32768 bytes with the aha1542 driver can lead to kernel panic with older kernels. To avoid this, run configure with the option --enable-scsibuffersize or set the environment variable SANE_SG_BUFFERSIZE to 32768 before running scanimage or another frontend, or download and install the SG driver 2.1.37 or newer from http://www.torque.net/sg. idescsi: The Linux kernel "Emulation of a SCSI host adapter for IDE ATAPI devices" (idescsi) is reported to cause problems in connection with SANE. If your scanner isn't found or you encounter segmentation faults try to disable idescsi. SCSI Direct IO: Recent versions of the Linux SG driver for the 2.4 kernels support direct IO, i.e., the SCSI adapter's DMA chip copies data directly to/from user memory. Direct IO reduces memory usage, but it can lead to access conflicts, if a backend uses shared memory. SANE does not use direct IO by default. If you want to use it, run configure --enable-scsi-directio=yes Very old Linux distributions are missing the /usr/include/scsi directory. In such a case, it is necessary to copy the relevant files from the kernel distribution. Normally, the command: cp -a /usr/src/linux/include/scsi /usr/include should fix this problem. Don't do this if you don't get compilation errors about missing SCSI headers. Other Information ================= ld.so.conf configuration: "/usr/local/lib/sane" or "/usr/lib/sane" MUST NOT be listed in /etc/ld.so.conf. If your scanner is not detected or only Video for Linux devices are found, check for one of the above lines in ld.so.conf. A line "/usr/local/lib" or "/usr/lib" in ld.so.conf is ok, however. Excessive warnings "pointer of type `void *' used in arithmetic": Some older versions of glibc generate these warnings not related to SANE source code. To suppress these warnings do export CFLAGS="-g -O2 -D__NO_STRING_INLINES" and rerun configure. If you use DEC cc on Linux Alpha, you may need to set LDFLAGS="-N" to be able to build sane-backends. The Intel C++ Compiler for IA32 and IA64 isn't supported yet. If you want to try nevertheless, you will experience undefined references to inb and outb functions. To avoid those replace #include with #if defined(__ICC) && __ICC >= 700 # define __GNUC__ 2 #endif #include #if defined(__ICC) && __ICC >= 700 # undef __GNUC__ #elif defined(__ICC) && defined(HAVE_ASM_IO_H) # include #endif Have a lot of fun with the latest SANE backend.