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+<!--
+
+  Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 The SCons Foundation
+
+  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+  a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+  "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+  without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+  distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+  permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+  the following conditions:
+
+  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+  in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
+  KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
+  WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+  NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+  LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+  OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+  WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+-->
+
+ <para>
+
+ In this chapter,
+ you will see several examples of
+ very simple build configurations using &SCons;,
+ which will demonstrate how easy
+ it is to use &SCons; to
+ build programs from several different programming languages
+ on different types of systems.
+
+ </para>
+
+ <section>
+ <title>Building Simple C / C++ Programs</title>
+
+   <para>
+
+   Here's the famous "Hello, World!" program in C:
+
+   </para>
+
+   <programlisting>
+      int
+      main()
+      {
+          printf("Hello, world!\n");
+      }
+   </programlisting>
+
+   <para>
+
+   And here's how to build it using &SCons;.
+   Enter the following into a file named &SConstruct;:
+
+   </para>
+
+   <scons_example name="ex1">
+      <file name="SConstruct" printme="1">
+      Program('hello.c')
+      </file>
+      <file name="hello.c">
+      int main() { printf("Hello, world!\n"); }
+      </file>
+   </scons_example>
+
+   <para>
+
+   This minimal configuration file gives
+   &SCons; two pieces of information:
+   what you want to build
+   (an executable program),
+   and the input file from
+   which you want it built
+   (the <filename>hello.c</filename> file).
+   &b-link-Program; is a <firstterm>builder_method</firstterm>,
+   a Python call that tells &SCons; that you want to build an
+   executable program.
+
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+
+   That's it.  Now run the &scons; command to build the program.
+   On a POSIX-compliant system like Linux or UNIX,
+   you'll see something like:
+
+   </para>
+
+   <scons_output example="ex1" os="posix">
+      <scons_output_command>scons</scons_output_command>
+   </scons_output>
+
+   <para>
+
+   On a Windows system with the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler,
+   you'll see something like:
+
+   </para>
+
+   <scons_output example="ex1" os="win32">
+      <scons_output_command>scons</scons_output_command>
+   </scons_output>
+
+   <para>
+
+   First, notice that you only need
+   to specify the name of the source file,
+   and that &SCons; correctly deduces the names of
+   the object and executable files to be built
+   from the base of the source file name.
+
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+
+   Second, notice that the same input &SConstruct; file,
+   without any changes,
+   generates the correct output file names on both systems:
+   <filename>hello.o</filename> and <filename>hello</filename>
+   on POSIX systems,
+   <filename>hello.obj</filename> and <filename>hello.exe</filename>
+   on Windows systems.
+   This is a simple example of how &SCons;
+   makes it extremely easy to
+   write portable software builds.
+
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+
+   (Note that we won't provide duplicate side-by-side
+   POSIX and Windows output for all of the examples in this guide;
+   just keep in mind that, unless otherwise specified,
+   any of the examples should work equally well on both types of systems.)
+
+   </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <title>Building Object Files</title>
+
+   <para>
+
+   The &b-link-Program; builder method is only one of
+   many builder methods that &SCons; provides
+   to build different types of files.
+   Another is the &b-link-Object; builder method,
+   which tells &SCons; to build an object file
+   from the specified source file:
+
+   </para>
+
+   <scons_example name="Object">
+      <file name="SConstruct" printme="1">
+      Object('hello.c')
+      </file>
+      <file name="hello.c">
+      int main() { printf("Hello, world!\n"); }
+      </file>
+   </scons_example>
+
+   <para>
+
+   Now when you run the &scons; command to build the program,
+   it will build just the &hello_o; object file on a POSIX system:
+
+   </para>
+
+   <scons_output example="Object" os="posix">
+      <scons_output_command>scons</scons_output_command>
+   </scons_output>
+
+   <para>
+
+   And just the &hello_obj; object file
+   on a Windows system (with the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler):
+
+   </para>
+
+   <scons_output example="Object" os="win32">
+      <scons_output_command>scons</scons_output_command>
+   </scons_output>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <title>Simple Java Builds</title>
+
+   <para>
+
+   &SCons; also makes building with Java extremely easy.
+   Unlike the &b-link-Program; and &b-link-Object; builder methods,
+   however, the &b-link-Java; builder method
+   requires that you specify
+   the name of a destination directory in which
+   you want the class files placed,
+   followed by the source directory
+   in which the <filename>.java</filename> files live:
+
+   </para>
+
+   <scons_example name="java">
+     <file name="SConstruct" printme="1">
+     Java('classes', 'src')
+     </file>
+     <file name="src/hello.java">
+     public class Example1
+     {
+       public static void main(String[] args)
+       {
+         System.out.println("Hello Java world!\n");
+       }
+     }
+     </file>
+   </scons_example>
+
+   <para>
+
+   If the <filename>src</filename> directory
+   contains a single <filename>hello.java</filename> file,
+   then the output from running the &scons; command
+   would look something like this
+   (on a POSIX system):
+
+   </para>
+
+   <scons_output example="java" os="posix">
+      <scons_output_command>scons</scons_output_command>
+   </scons_output>
+
+   <para>
+
+   We'll cover Java builds in more detail,
+   including building Java archive (<filename>.jar</filename>)
+   and other types of file,
+   in <xref linkend="chap-java"></xref>.
+
+   </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <title>Cleaning Up After a Build</title>
+
+   <para>
+
+   When using &SCons;, it is unnecessary to add special
+   commands or target names to clean up after a build.
+   Instead, you simply use the
+   <literal>-c</literal> or <literal>--clean</literal>
+   option when you invoke &SCons;,
+   and &SCons; removes the appropriate built files.
+   So if we build our example above
+   and then invoke <literal>scons -c</literal>
+   afterwards, the output on POSIX looks like:
+
+   </para>
+
+   <scons_example name="clean">
+      <file name="SConstruct">
+      Program('hello.c')
+      </file>
+      <file name="hello.c">
+      int main() { printf("Hello, world!\n"); }
+      </file>
+   </scons_example>
+
+   <scons_output example="clean" os="posix">
+      <scons_output_command>scons</scons_output_command>
+      <scons_output_command>scons -c</scons_output_command>
+   </scons_output>
+
+   <para>
+
+   And the output on Windows looks like:
+
+   </para>
+
+   <scons_output example="clean" os="win32">
+      <scons_output_command>scons</scons_output_command>
+      <scons_output_command>scons -c</scons_output_command>
+   </scons_output>
+
+   <para>
+
+   Notice that &SCons; changes its output to tell you that it
+   is <literal>Cleaning targets ...</literal> and
+   <literal>done cleaning targets.</literal>
+
+   </para>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <title>The &SConstruct; File</title>
+
+   <para>
+
+   If you're used to build systems like &Make;
+   you've already figured out that the &SConstruct; file
+   is the &SCons; equivalent of a &Makefile;.
+   That is, the &SConstruct; file is the input file
+   that &SCons; reads to control the build.
+
+   </para>
+
+   <section>
+   <title>&SConstruct; Files Are Python Scripts</title>
+
+     <para>
+
+     There is, however, an important difference between
+     an &SConstruct; file and a &Makefile;:
+     the &SConstruct; file is actually a Python script.
+     If you're not already familiar with Python, don't worry.
+     This User's Guide will introduce you step-by-step
+     to the relatively small amount of Python you'll
+     need to know to be able to use &SCons; effectively.
+     And Python is very easy to learn.
+
+     </para>
+
+     <para>
+
+     One aspect of using Python as the
+     scripting language is that you can put comments
+     in your &SConstruct; file using Python's commenting convention;
+     that is, everything between a '#' and the end of the line
+     will be ignored:
+
+     </para>
+
+     <programlisting>
+        # Arrange to build the "hello" program.
+        Program('hello.c')    # "hello.c" is the source file.
+     </programlisting>
+
+     <para>
+
+     You'll see throughout the remainder of this Guide
+     that being able to use the power of a
+     real scripting language
+     can greatly simplify the solutions
+     to complex requirements of real-world builds.
+
+     </para>
+
+   </section>
+
+   <section>
+   <title>&SCons; Functions Are Order-Independent</title>
+
+     <para>
+
+     One important way in which the &SConstruct;
+     file is not exactly like a normal Python script,
+     and is more like a &Makefile,
+     is that the order in which
+     the &SCons; functions are called in
+     the &SConstruct; file
+     does <emphasis>not</emphasis>
+     affect the order in which &SCons;
+     actually builds the programs and object files
+     you want it to build.<footnote>
+     <para>In programming parlance,
+     the &SConstruct; file is
+     <emphasis>declarative</emphasis>,
+     meaning you tell &SCons; what you want done
+     and let it figure out the order in which to do it,
+     rather than strictly <emphasis>imperative</emphasis>,
+     where you specify explicitly the order in
+     which to do things.
+     </para>
+     </footnote>
+     In other words, when you call the &b-link-Program; builder
+     (or any other builder method),
+     you're not telling &SCons; to build
+     the program at the instant the builder method is called.
+     Instead, you're telling &SCons; to build the program
+     that you want, for example,
+     a program built from a file named &hello_c;,
+     and it's up to &SCons; to build that program
+     (and any other files) whenever it's necessary.
+     (We'll learn more about how
+     &SCons; decides when building or rebuilding a file
+     is necessary in <xref linkend="chap-depends"></xref>, below.)
+ 
+     </para>
+ 
+     <para>
+
+     &SCons; reflects this distinction between
+     <emphasis>calling a builder method like</emphasis> &b-Program;
+     and <emphasis>actually building the program</emphasis>
+     by printing the status messages that indicate
+     when it's "just reading" the &SConstruct; file,
+     and when it's actually building the target files.
+     This is to make it clear when &SCons; is
+     executing the Python statements that make up the &SConstruct; file,
+     and when &SCons; is actually executing the
+     commands or other actions to
+     build the necessary files.
+
+     </para>
+
+     <para>
+
+     Let's clarify this with an example.
+     Python has a <literal>print</literal> statement that
+     prints a string of characters to the screen.
+     If we put <literal>print</literal> statements around
+     our calls to the &b-Program; builder method:
+
+     </para>
+
+     <scons_example name="declarative">
+       <file name="SConstruct" printme="1">
+       print "Calling Program('hello.c')"
+       Program('hello.c')
+       print "Calling Program('goodbye.c')"
+       Program('goodbye.c')
+       print "Finished calling Program()"
+       </file>
+       <file name="hello.c">
+       int main() { printf("Hello, world!\n"); }
+       </file>
+       <file name="goodbye.c">
+       int main() { printf("Goodbye, world!\n"); }
+       </file>
+     </scons_example>
+
+     <para>
+
+     Then when we execute &SCons;,
+     we see the output from the <literal>print</literal>
+     statements in between the messages about
+     reading the &SConscript; files,
+     indicating that that is when the
+     Python statements are being executed:
+
+     </para>
+
+     <scons_output example="declarative" os="posix">
+       <scons_output_command>scons</scons_output_command>
+     </scons_output>
+
+     <para>
+
+     Notice also that &SCons; built the &goodbye; program first,
+     even though the "reading &SConscript" output
+     shows that we called <literal>Program('hello.c')</literal>
+     first in the &SConstruct; file.
+
+     </para>
+
+   </section>
+
+ </section>
+
+ <section>
+ <title>Making the &SCons; Output Less Verbose</title>
+
+   <para>
+
+   You've already seen how &SCons; prints
+   some messages about what it's doing,
+   surrounding the actual commands used to build the software:
+
+   </para>
+
+   <scons_output example="ex1" os="win32">
+      <scons_output_command>scons</scons_output_command>
+   </scons_output>
+
+   <para>
+
+   These messages emphasize the
+   order in which &SCons; does its work:
+   all of the configuration files
+   (generically referred to as &SConscript; files)
+   are read and executed first,
+   and only then are the target files built.
+   Among other benefits, these messages help to distinguish between
+   errors that occur while the configuration files are read,
+   and errors that occur while targets are being built.
+
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+
+   One drawback, of course, is that these messages clutter the output.
+   Fortunately, they're easily disabled by using
+   the &Q; option when invoking &SCons;:
+
+   </para>
+
+   <scons_output example="ex1" os="win32">
+      <scons_output_command>scons -Q</scons_output_command>
+   </scons_output>
+
+   <para>
+
+   Because we want this User's Guide to focus
+   on what &SCons; is actually doing,
+   we're going to use the &Q; option
+   to remove these messages from the
+   output of all the remaining examples in this Guide.
+
+   </para>
+
+ </section>