path: root/doc/Mainpage.txt

/**
 * @mainpage
 *
 * @section SEC_TOC Table of Contents
 * - <a href="#intro">Introduction</a>
 * - Algorithms and Examples
 *   - <a href="#parsing">Parsing URIs</a> (from string to object)
 *   - <a href="#recomposition">Recomposing URIs</a> (from object back to string)
 *   - <a href="#resolution">Resolving References</a>
 *   - <a href="#shortening">Creating References</a>
 *   - <a href="#filenames">Filenames and URIs</a>
 *   - <a href="#normalization">Normalizing URIs</a>
 *   - <a href="#querystrings">Working with query strings</a>
 * - <a href="#chartypes">Ansi and Unicode</a>
 * - <a href="#autoconf">Autoconf Check</a>
 *
 *
 * @section intro Introduction
 * Welcome to the short uriparser integration tutorial.
 * It is intended to answer upcoming questions and to shed light
 * where function prototypes alone are not enough.
 * Please drop me a line if you need further assistance and I will
 * see what I can do for you. Good luck with uriparser!
 *
 *
 * @subsection parsing Parsing URIs (from string to object)
 * Parsing a URI with uriparser looks like this:
 *
 * @code
 * 	UriParserStateA state;
 * 	UriUriA uri;
 *
 * 	state.uri = &uri;
 * 	if (uriParseUriA(&state, "file:///home/user/song.mp3") != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		uriFreeUriMembersA(&uri);
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * 	...
 * 	uriFreeUriMembersA(&uri);
 * @endcode
 *
 * While the URI object (::UriUriA) holds information about the recognized
 * parts of the given URI string, the parser state object (::UriParserStateA)
 * keeps error code and position. This information does not belong to
 * the URI itself, which is why there are two separate objects.
 *
 * You can reuse parser state objects for parsing several URIs like this:
 *
 * @code
 * 	UriParserStateA state;
 * 	UriUriA uriOne;
 * 	UriUriA uriTwo;
 *
 * 	state.uri = &uriOne;
 * 	if (uriParseUriA(&state, "file:///home/user/one") != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		uriFreeUriMembersA(&uriOne);
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * 	...
 * 	state.uri = &uriTwo;
 * 	if (uriParseUriA(&state, "file:///home/user/two") != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		uriFreeUriMembersA(&uriOne);
 * 		uriFreeUriMembersA(&uriTwo);
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * 	...
 * 	uriFreeUriMembersA(&uriOne);
 * 	uriFreeUriMembersA(&uriTwo);
 * @endcode
 *
 *
 * @subsection recomposition Recomposing URIs (from object back to string)
 * According to <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5.3" target="_blank">RFC 3986</a>
 * gluing parts of a URI together to form a string is called recomposition.
 * Before we can recompose a URI object we have to know how much
 * space the resulting string will take:
 *
 * @code
 * 	UriUriA uri;
 * 	char * uriString;
 * 	int charsRequired;
 * 	...
 * 	if (uriToStringCharsRequiredA(&uri, &charsRequired) != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * 	charsRequired++;
 * @endcode
 *
 * Now we can tell uriToStringA() to write the string to a given buffer:
 *
 * @code
 * 	uriString = malloc(charsRequired * sizeof(char));
 * 	if (uriString == NULL) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * 	if (uriToStringA(uriString, &uri, charsRequired, NULL) != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * @endcode
 *
 * @remarks
 * Incrementing <c>charsRequired</c> by 1 is required since
 * uriToStringCharsRequiredA() returns the length of the string
 * as strlen() does, but uriToStringA() works with the number
 * of maximum characters to be written <b>including</b> the
 * zero-terminator.
 *
 *
 * @subsection resolution Resolving References
 * <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-5" target="_blank">Reference Resolution</a>
 * is the process of turning a (relative) URI reference into an absolute URI by applying a base
 * URI to it. In code it looks like this:
 *
 * @code
 * 	UriUriA absoluteDest;
 * 	UriUriA relativeSource;
 * 	UriUriA absoluteBase;
 * 	...
 * 	/COMMENT_HACK* relativeSource holds "../TWO" now *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 	/COMMENT_HACK* absoluteBase holds "file:///one/two/three" now *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 	if (uriAddBaseUriA(&absoluteDest, &relativeSource, &absoluteBase) != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		uriFreeUriMembersA(&absoluteDest);
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * 	/COMMENT_HACK* absoluteDest holds "file:///one/TWO" now *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 	...
 * 	uriFreeUriMembersA(&absoluteDest);
 * @endcode
 *
 * @remarks
 * uriAddBaseUriA() does not normalize the resulting URI.
 * Usually you might want to pass it through uriNormalizeSyntaxA() after.
 *
 *
 * @subsection shortening Creating References
 * Reference Creation is the inverse process of Reference Resolution: A common base URI
 * is &quot;subtracted&quot; from an absolute URI to make a (relative) reference.
 * If the base URI is not common the remaining URI will still be absolute, i.e. will
 * carry a scheme
 *
 * @code
 * 	UriUriA dest;
 * 	UriUriA absoluteSource;
 * 	UriUriA absoluteBase;
 * 	...
 * 	/COMMENT_HACK* absoluteSource holds "file:///one/TWO" now *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 	/COMMENT_HACK* absoluteBase holds "file:///one/two/three" now *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 	if (uriRemoveBaseUriA(&dest, &absoluteSource, &absoluteBase, URI_FALSE) != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		uriFreeUriMembersA(&dest);
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * 	/COMMENT_HACK* dest holds "../TWO" now *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 	...
 * 	uriFreeUriMembersA(&dest);
 * @endcode
 *
 * The fourth parameter is the domain root mode. With <c>URI_FALSE</c> as above this will produce
 * URIs relative to the base URI. With <c>URI_TRUE</c> the resulting URI will be relative to the
 * domain root instead, e.g. &quot;/one/TWO&quot; in this case.
 *
 *
 * @subsection filenames Filenames and URIs
 * Converting filenames to and from URIs works on strings directly,
 * i.e. without creating an URI object. 
 *
 * @code
 * 	const char * const absFilename = "E:\\Documents and Settings";
 * 	const int bytesNeeded = 8 + 3 * strlen(absFilename) + 1;
 * 	char * absUri = malloc(bytesNeeded * sizeof(char));
 * 	if (uriWindowsFilenameToUriStringA(absFilename, absUri) != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		free(absUri);
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * 	/COMMENT_HACK* absUri is "file:///E:/Documents%20and%20Settings" now *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 	...
 * 	free(absUri);
 * @endcode
 *
 * Conversion works ..
 * - for relative or absolute values,
 * - in both directions (filenames &lt;--&gt; URIs) and
 * - with Unix and Windows filenames.
 *
 * All you have to do is to choose the right function for the task and allocate
 * the required space (in characters) for the target buffer.
 * Let me present you an overview:
 *
 * - Filename --&gt; URI
 *   - uriUnixFilenameToUriStringA()\n
 *     Space required: [<b>7</b> +] 3 * len(filename) + 1 
 *   - uriWindowsFilenameToUriStringA()\n
 *     Space required: [<b>8</b> +] 3 * len(filename) + 1
 * - URI --&gt; filename
 *   - uriUriStringToUnixFilenameA()\n
 *     Space required: len(uriString) + 1 [- <b>7]</b>
 *   - uriUriStringToWindowsFilenameA()\n
 *     Space required: len(uriString) + 1 [- <b>8]</b>
 *
 *
 * @subsection normalization Normalizing URIs
 * Sometimes we come across unnecessarily long URIs like &quot;http<b></b>://example.org/one/two/../../one&quot;.
 * The algorithm we can use to shorten this URI down to &quot;http<b></b>://example.org/one&quot; is called
 * <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.2" target="_blank">Syntax-Based Normalization</a>.
 * Note that normalizing a URI does more than just &quot;stripping dot segments&quot;. Please have a look at
 * <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-6.2.2" target="_blank">Section 6.2.2 of RFC 3986</a>
 * for the full description.
 *
 * As we asked uriToStringCharsRequiredA() for the required space when converting
 * a URI object back to a string, we can ask uriNormalizeSyntaxMaskRequiredA() for
 * the parts of a URI that require normalization and then pass this normalization
 * mask to uriNormalizeSyntaxExA():
 *
 * @code
 * 	const unsigned int dirtyParts = uriNormalizeSyntaxMaskRequiredA(&uri);
 * 	if (uriNormalizeSyntaxExA(&uri, dirtyParts) != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * @endcode
 *
 * If you don't want to normalize all parts of the URI you can pass a custom
 * mask as well:
 *
 * @code
 * 	const unsigned int normMask = URI_NORMALIZE_SCHEME | URI_NORMALIZE_USER_INFO;
 * 	if (uriNormalizeSyntaxExA(&uri, normMask) != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * @endcode
 *
 * Please see ::UriNormalizationMaskEnum for the complete set of flags.
 *
 * On the other hand calling plain uriNormalizeSyntaxA() (without the &quot;Ex&quot;)
 * saves you thinking about single parts, as it queries uriNormalizeSyntaxMaskRequiredA()
 * internally:
 *
 * @code
 * 	if (uriNormalizeSyntaxA(&uri) != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * @endcode
 *
 *
 * @section querystrings Working with query strings
 * <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986" target="_blank">RFC 3986</a>
 * itself does not understand the query part of a URI as a list of key/value pairs.
 * But HTML 2.0 does and defines a media type <i>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</i>
 * in in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1866#section-8.2.1" target="blank">section 8.2.1</a>
 * of <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1866" target="blank">RFC 1866</a>.
 * uriparser allows you to dissect (or parse) a query string into unescaped key/value pairs
 * and back.
 *
 * To dissect the query part of a just-parsed URI you could write code like this:
 * 
 * @code
 * 	UriUriA uri;
 * 	UriQueryListA * queryList;
 * 	int itemCount;
 * 	...
 * 	if (uriDissectQueryMallocA(&queryList, &itemCount, uri.query.first,
 * 			uri.query.afterLast) != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * 	...
 * 	uriFreeQueryListA(queryList);
 * @endcode
 *
 * @remarks
 * - <c>NULL</c> in the <c>value</c> member means there was <b>no</b> '=' in the item text as with "?abc&def".
 * - An empty string in the <c>value</c> member means there was '=' in the item as with "?abc=&def".
 *
 *
 * To compose a query string from a query list you could write code like this:
 *
 * @code
 * 	int charsRequired;
 * 	int charsWritten;
 * 	char * queryString;
 * 	...
 * 	if (uriComposeQueryCharsRequiredA(queryList, &charsRequired) != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * 	queryString = malloc((charsRequired + 1) * sizeof(char));
 * 	if (queryString == NULL) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * 	if (uriComposeQueryA(queryString, queryList, charsRequired + 1, &charsWritten) != URI_SUCCESS) {
 * 		/COMMENT_HACK* Failure *COMMENT_HACK/
 * 		...
 * 	}
 * 	...
 * 	free(queryString);
 * @endcode
 *
 *
 * @section chartypes Ansi and Unicode
 * uriparser comes with two versions of every structure and function:
 * one handling Ansi text (char *) and one working with Unicode text (wchar_t *),
 * for instance
 * - uriParseUriA() for Ansi and
 * - uriParseUriW() for Unicode.
 *
 * This tutorial only shows the usage of the Ansi editions but
 * their Unicode counterparts work in the very same way.
 *
 *
 * @section autoconf Autoconf Check
 * You can use the code below to make <c>./configure</c> test for presence
 * of uriparser 0.6.4 or later.
 *
 *<div class="fragment"><pre class="fragment">URIPARSER_MISSING=<span class="stringliteral">"Please install uriparser 0.6.4 or later.
 *   On a Debian-based system enter 'sudo apt-get install liburiparser-dev'."</span>
 *AC_CHECK_LIB(uriparser, uriParseUriA,, AC_MSG_ERROR(${URIPARSER_MISSING}))
 *AC_CHECK_HEADER(uriparser/Uri.h,, AC_MSG_ERROR(${URIPARSER_MISSING}))
 *<b></b>
 *URIPARSER_TOO_OLD=<span class="stringliteral">"uriparser 0.6.4 or later is required, your copy is too old."</span>
 *AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([
 *<span class="preprocessor">\#include <uriparser/Uri.h>
 *\#if (defined(URI_VER_MAJOR) && defined(URI_VER_MINOR) && defined(URI_VER_RELEASE) \\<b></b>
 *&& ((URI_VER_MAJOR > 0) \\<b></b>
 *|| ((URI_VER_MAJOR == 0) && (URI_VER_MINOR > 6)) \\<b></b>
 *|| ((URI_VER_MAJOR == 0) && (URI_VER_MINOR == 6) && (URI_VER_RELEASE >= 4)) \\<b></b>
 *))</span>
 *<span class="comment"><b></b>/<b></b>* FINE *<b></b>/</span>
 *<span class="preprocessor">\#else
 *\# error uriparser not recent enough
 *\#endif</span>
 *],,AC_MSG_ERROR(${URIPARSER_TOO_OLD}))</pre></div>
 */