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+<!doctype html public>
+<html>
+<title>Xbase DBMS Chapter 16</title>
+<body bgcolor=#FFFFFF>
+<h1><p align="center">Expressions Reference<br></h1>
+<p align="center">Chapter Updated 2/19/04</p><hr>
+<br><br>
+<table border>
+<caption align=top><h3>Expression Operands</h3></caption> 
+<TR VALIGN="BASELINE">
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">Operand<TD>Type<TD>Function
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">+<TD>Alpha<TD>Concatonate
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">+<TD>Numeric<TD>Addition
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">-<TD>Alpha<TD>Concatonate, remove white space
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">-<TD>Numeric<TD>Subtraction
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">*<TD>Numeric<TD>Multiplication
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">/<TD>Numeric<TD>Division
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">**<TD>Numeric<TD>Exponentiation
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT"><<TD>Logical<TD>Less Than
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">><TD>Logical<TD>Greater Than
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">=<TD>Logical<TD>Equal
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT"><><TD>Logical<TD>Not Equal
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">#<TD>Logical<TD>Not Equal
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT"><=<TD>Logical<TD>Less Than or Equal
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">>=<TD>Logical<TD>Greater Than or Equal
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">$<TD>Logical<TD>Contains
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">-><TD>N/A<TD>Identifies database field ie; DATABASE->FIELD
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">.AND.<TD>Logical<TD>Logical AND
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">.OR.<TD>Logical<TD>Logical OR
+</TABLE>
+
+<br><br><br>
+<TABLE BORDER>
+<CAPTION ALIGN="TOP"><h3>Expression Functions</h3></CAPTION> 
+<TR VALIGN="BASELINE">
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">Expression Function<TD>Xbase C++ Method<TD>Description
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">ABS()<TD>xbDouble EXPN::ABS( xbDouble d )<TD>
+Returns absolute numeric value of argument.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">ASC()<TD>xbLong EXPN::ASC( char * String )<TD>
+Returns ASCII code of left character of string. 
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">AT()<TD>xbLong EXPN::AT( char *s1, char *s2 )<TD>
+Returns starting position of first alphanumeric argument in second argument.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">CDOW()<TD>char * EXPN::CDOW( char Date8 )<TD> 
+Returns name of the day of the week of Date8.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">CHR()<TD>char * EXPN::CHR( xbLong l )<TD> 
+Returns ASCII character corresponding to numeric value supplied.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">CMONTH()<TD>char * EXPN::CMONTH( char * Date8 )<TD> 
+Returns name of the month of Date8.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">DATE()<TD>char * EXPN::DATE()<TD> 
+Returns system date.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">DAY()<TD>xbLong EXPN::DAY( char * Date8 )<TD> 
+Returns numeric value of the day of the month for Date8.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">DESCEND()<TD>EXPN::DESCEND()<TD>
+Descend - used to create descending indices
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">DTOC()<TD>char * EXPN::DTOC( char * Date8 )<TD>
+Returns a date converted to format MM/DD/YY.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">EXP()<TD>xbDouble EXPN::EXP( xbDouble d )<TD> 
+Returns exponential for supplied value.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">IIF()<TD>
+char * EXPN::IIF( xbShort, const char *,const char *)<TD>If statement
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">INT()<TD>xbLong EXPN::INT( xbDouble d )<TD>
+Converts any numeric value to an integer.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">ISALPHA()<TD>xbLong EXPN::ISALPHA( char * String )<TD> 
+Returns TRUE if string is alpha.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">ISLOWER()<TD>xbLong EXPN::ISLOWER( char * String )<TD> 
+Returns TRUE if string is lower case.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">ISUPPER()<TD>xbLong EXPN::ISUPPER( char * String )<TD> 
+Returns TRUE if string is upper case.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">LEFT()<TD>char * EXPN::LEFT( char * String, xbShort Len )<TD> 
+Returns <em>Len</em> characters from the left side of <em>String</em>.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">LEN()<TD>xbLong EXPN::LEN( char * String )<TD> 
+eturns the number of characters in the String.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">LOG()<TD>xbDouble EXPN::LOG( xbDouble d )<TD>
+Returns the natural log of d.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">LOWER()<TD>char * EXPN::LOWER( char * String )<TD>
+Converts a string to lower case.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">LTRIM()<TD>char * EXPN::LTRIM( char * String )<TD>
+Eliminates leading white space from String.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">MAX()<TD>xbDouble EXPN::MAX( xbDouble d1, xbDouble d2 )<TD>
+Returns the larger of two numeric arguments.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">MIN()<TD>xbDouble EXPN::MIN(xbDouble d1, xbDouble d2 )<TD> 
+Returns the smaller of two numeric arguments.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">MONTH()<TD>xbLong EXPN::MONTH( char * Date8 )<TD> 
+Returns numeric month for Date8.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">RECNO()<TD>xbLong EXPN::RECNO()<TD>
+Returns the current record number of the associated DBF file
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">REPLICATE()<TD>char * EXPN::REPLICATE( char * String, xbShort Count )<TD> 
+Replicates String Conut times.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">RIGHT()<TD>char * EXPN::RIGHT( char * String, xbShort Count )<TD>
+Returns Count characters from the right side of String.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">RTRIM()<TD>char * EXPN::RTRIM( char * String )<TD>
+Removes trailing white space from String.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">SPACE()<TD>char * EXPN::SPACE( xbShort Count )<TD>
+Returns a buffer filled with Count spaces.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">SQRT()<TD>xbDouble EXPN::SQRT( xbDouble d )<TD>
+Returns square root of d.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">STR()<TD>
+char * EXPN::STR( xbDouble d )<hr>
+char * EXPN::STR( xbDouble, xbShort )<hr>
+char * EXPN::STR( xbDouble, xbShort, xbShort )
+<TD>
+Converts a number to a string.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">SUBSTR()<TD>char * EXPN::SUBSTR( char * String, xbShort StartPos, xbShort Len )<TD>
+Returns a string form String starting at position StartPos for a length of Len.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">TRIM()<TD>char * EXPN::TRIM( char * String )<TD> 
+Same as RTRIM.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">UPPER()<TD>char * EXPN::UPPER( char * String )<TD> 
+Converts a string to upper case.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">VAL()<TD>xbLong EXPN::VAL( char * String )<TD> 
+Converts a string to an integer.
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">YEAR()<TD>xbLong EXPN::YEAR( char * Date8 )<TD> 
+Returns numeric year from Date8.
+</TABLE>
+
+
+
+<br><br><br>
+<TABLE BORDER>
+<CAPTION ALIGN="TOP"><h3>Expression Processing Method List</h3></CAPTION> 
+<TR VALIGN="BASELINE">
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">Method<TD>Description
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">GetDoubleResult()<TD>Get xbDouble result from processed expression
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">GetIntResult()<TD>Get a xbLong result from processed expression
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">GetExpressionHandle()<TD>Get an expression's handle
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">GetExpressionResultType(xbExpression *)<TD>Get expression result type
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">GetStringResult()<TD>Get xbString & result from processed expression
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">ParseExpression(char *,xbDbf *)<TD>Parse an expression
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">ProcessExpression(xbExpression *)<TD>Process a parsed expression
+</TABLE>
+<br><hr>
+<h3>Method Definitions</h3>
+<hr>
+
+<h3>Method xbDouble xbXBase::GetDoubleResult()</h3><br>
+
+This method returns a xbDouble result from a processed expression.
+<br><br>
+See the program listing in chapter 5 for an example of how to use this method.
+
+<hr>
+<h3>Method xbLong xbXBase::GetIntResult()</h3><br>
+This method returns a xbLong result from a processed expression.
+<br><br>
+See the program listing in chapter 5 for an example of how to use this method.
+
+<hr>
+<h3>Method xbExpression * xbXBase::GetExpressionHandle()</h3><br>
+
+This method returns a handle to a recently parsed expression.
+<br><br>
+See the program listing in chapter 5 for an example of how to use this method.
+
+<hr>
+<h3>Method char xbXBase::GetExpressionResultType( xbExpression * e )</h3><br>
+
+This method returns the result type for a given expression <em>e</em>.
+
+<br>
+<br>
+<TABLE BORDER>
+<CAPTION ALIGN="TOP"><h3>Method Return Codes</h3></CAPTION> 
+<TR VALIGN="BASELINE">
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">Return Code Value<TD>Description
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">C<TD>char * result from processed expression 
+- use GetStringResult()
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">N<TD>xbDouble result from processed expression 
+- use GetDoubleResult()
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">L<TD>xbLong (also logical) result from processed expression
+- use GetIntResult()
+</TABLE><br><br>
+
+See the program listing in chapter 5 for an example of how to use this method.
+
+<hr>
+<h3>Method char * xbXBase::GetStringResult()</h3><br>
+
+This method returns a xbString & result from a processed expression.
+<br><br>
+See the program listing in chapter 5 for an example of how to use this method.
+
+<hr
+
+<hr>
+<h3>Method xbShort ParseExpression( char * exp, DBF * d)</h3><br>
+
+This method parses expression <em>exp</em>.<br><em>d</em> is a pointer to
+a database used for resolving any fieldname which does not contain the
+<en>-></em> operator. 
+
+<br><br>
+See the program listing in chapter 5 for an example of how to use this method.
+<hr>
+<h3>Method xbShort ProcessExpression( xbExpression * e )</h3><br>
+
+This method processes parsed expression <em>e</em>.
+<br><br>
+See the program listing in chapter 5 for an example of how to use this method.
+<br><br>
+<hr>
+<p><img src="xbase.jpg"><br><hr>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>