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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC>
+<HTML>
+<TITLE>Xbase DBMS Chapter 3</TITLE>
+<BODY BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF>
+<H1><p align="center">Fields, Strings and Dates</p></H1>
+<p align="center">Chapter Updated 04/28/23</p><hr>
+
+<br><br>
+The main objective of this chapter is to provide basic information regarding 
+various field types supported by the library.<br><br>
+
+Field names can be up to ten bytes in length and can contain characters, numbers
+or special characters in the name.  The field methods are used to manipulate
+the data in a record of a data file.  There are several types of fields.<br><br>
+
+<TABLE BORDER>
+<CAPTION ALIGN="TOP"><h3>Field Types</H3></CAPTION>
+<TR VALIGN="BASELINE">
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">Type<TD>Size<TD>Allowable Values<TD>Schema Value
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">Numeric<TD>0 - 17(include sign and decimal point<TD>+ - . 0 through 9<TD>XB_NUMERIC_FLD
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">Character<TD>0 - 254<TD>Anything<TD>XB_CHAR_FLD
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">Date<TD>8<TD>CCYYMMDD<TD>XB_DATE_FLD
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">Floating Point<TD>0 - 17 (includes sign and decimal point<TD>+ - . 0 through 9<TD>XB_FLOAT_FLD
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">Logical<TD>1<TD>? Y y N n T t F f (? - uninitialized)<TD>XB_LOGICAL_FLD
+<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">Memo<TD>Fixed length portion - 10<br>Variable length 0 - 32760
+<TD>Type III - Text<br>Type IV - Anything<TD>XB_MEMO_FLD
+</TABLE>
+
+<br><br>
+Field names, types and lengths are defined when a data file is created.  
+After the file is created, the field characteristics can not be changed. To
+change field characteristics, a new database table must be defined with the new
+field requirements.<br><br>
+
+<h3>Memo Fields</h3>
+
+Memo fields are variable length data fields which are stored in two parts.
+This first part is a ten byte field which is stored 
+in the fixed length record of the .DBF file.  The variable data is stored in
+a seperate .DBT file in 512 byte blocks.  The ten byte field in the fixed 
+length portion of the record points to a .DBT block number.<br><br>
+
+There are two versions of memo data files type III and type IV.  Type IV
+is more advanced in that released space can be reused and it also
+supports BLOB data.  The type III file is older technology, does not
+support dynamic space reclamation and only supports string data.
+See method xbDbf::SetVersion for controlling which version type you are 
+using.
+
+<br><br>
+To utilize memo fields, the application program must allocate a buffer 
+which is large enough to handle the memo data.<br><br>
+
+<h3>Fields and Field Numbers</h3>
+
+The Xbase routines can access field data via using field names or field 
+numbers.  Field numbers are numbered 0-n  where the first field in a datafile
+is field 0 going through the last field n.  Accessing fields by number is 
+slightly more efficient than accessing by name.<br><br>
+
+<h3>Strings</h3>
+
+Xbase64 includes support for a string class <em>xbString</em>.  
+The xbString class interface was originally derived from the 
+<em>Draft Standard C++ Library by P.J. Plauger</em> and modified.  
+If you are familiar with other string classes, this one should be similar.  
+Strings can be used to manage strings of character data.
+<br><br>
+
+<h3>Date Fields</h3>
+
+All dates are stored in the .DBF files as Gregorian dates with format CCYYMMDD.<br><br>
+The library date routines work with dates formated with the same CCYYMMDD format.<br><br>
+
+<h3>Null Dates</h3>
+Date fields in the database stored as eight spaces are considered null dates.<br><br>
+
+<h3>Leap Years</h3>
+ 
+A leap year is a year having 366 days, which can be evenly
+divisible by 4 and not by 100 or divisible by 400. There are also leap centuries.  
+Leap centuries are years which are evenly divisible by 400.
+
+<h3>Julian Dates</h3>
+   
+The Julian date routines calculate a Julian date as the number of days
+since 01/01/0001 with an offset of 1721425L.  
+<br><br>
+   
+Julian dates are useful for doing date arithmetic such as determining the 
+difference between two dates or calculating a future or past date.<br><br>
+        
+To determine the difference between two dates,  convert both dates to a 
+Julian date and subtract one from the other.<br><br>
+
+To calculate a future or past date, convert the base date to a Julian date,
+add (or subtract) the number of days necessary to (from) it and convert the
+Julian date back to a Gregorian date.<br><br>
+
+<hr>
+<p><img src="xbase.jpg"><hr>
+</BODY>
+</HTML>