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-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC>
-<HTML>
-<TITLE>Xbase DBMS Chapter 8</TITLE>
-<BODY BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF>
-<H1><p align="center">Record and File Locking</p></H1>
-<p align="center">Chapter Updated 2/1/99</p><hr>
-
-<h3>Locking Overview</h3>
-
-Xbase DBMS supports multi-user processing through file and record locks.
-Record locking restricts multiple cooperating programs from simultaneously
-accessing the same data and corrupting it. Without record and file locking
-in a multi-user environment, simultaneous access to the data and index files
-can cause the files to become inaccurate and unusable.<br><br>
-
-Record locking is on by default in the Xbase DBMS library. To disable it,
-comment out the XB_LOCKING_ON option in the <em>options.h</em> file in the
-xbase/src directory.<br><br>
-
-The current Xbase DBMS record locking does not co-exist with other Xbase
-products and there is not yet support for locking in a DOS/Windows environment.
-The locking functions do work correctly for a Xbase DBMS only configuration.
-Future version of Xbase DBMS will have enhanced locking features for
-co-existing with other Xbase products and also include DOS/Windows support.
-<br><br>
-
-The locking methods return either XB_LOCK_FAILED or XB_NO_ERROR. If they return
-XB_LOCK_FAILED the actual reason can be found in the global variable
-<em>errno</em> or function <em>perror()</em> can be executed to view the
-results.
-<br><br>
-
-The errno field may contain one of the following values if the lock was not
-successful.<br><br>
-<TABLE BORDER>
-<TR VALIGN="BASELINE">
-<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">Error Code<TD>Description
-<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">EBADF<TD>Invalid file descriptor
-<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">EINVAL<TD>Invalid lock information or file does not support locks
-<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">EACCESS<BR>EAGAIN<TD>Lock can not be set because it is blocked by an existing lock on the file.
-<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">ENOLCK<TD>The system is out of lock resources, too many file locks in place.
-<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">EDEADLK<TD>Deadlock condition
-<TR><TH ALIGN="LEFT">EINTR<TD>Process was interrupted by a signal while it was waiting
-</TABLE>
-<br><br>
-<h3>Types of Locks</h3>
-
-<li><em>Write or Exclusive Locks</em> provide exclusive access to a
-particular file location. No other process can lock the same location.<br><br>
-
-<li><em>Read or Shared Locks</em> prohibit any process from requesting a write
-lock on a specified part of the file. Other processes can request
-simultaneous read locks.<br><br><br>
-
-<h3>DBF File Locking Techniques</h3>
-
-Xbase DBMS uses the following protocol for DBF file and record locking:
-<br><br>
-
-To lock a record - the first byte of the record is locked.<br>
-To lock the file - the header bytes of the file are locked.<br><br>
-
-When a record is being appended to the file, the header bytes are locked.<br>
-When a record is being updated, the header bytes and the specific record are
-locked.<br><br>
-This locking protocol is probably not compatable with other Xbase type products.
-However, Xbase can be safely used for multi-user access when it is not
-simultaneously updating DBF or NDX files while other products/programs are.
-<br><br><br>
-
-<h3>NDX File Locking Techniques</h3>
-
-Xbase DBMS locks indexes by locking the first 512 bytes
-of the index file.
-The entire index is locked because any updates to the index potentially
-can modify significant portions of the index tree.
-<br><br><br>
-
-<h3>DBT File Locking Techniques</h3>
-
-Xbase DBMS locks memo files by locking the first 4 bytes
-of the memo file. This effectively locks the entire file. The entire file
-is locked because any updates to the free block chain can significantly
-change the structure of the file.
-<br><br><br>
-
-
-<h3>AutoLocking Features</h3>
-
-If XB_LOCKING_ON is set in the <em>options.h</em> file, the locking methods
-execute any appropriate locking logic. If XB_LOCKING_ON is not set in the
-<em>options.h</em> file, all locking methods return XB_NO_ERROR without
-performing any actual record or file locking. This enables the application
-program to always call locking routines regardless of the XB_LOCKING_ON switch
-in the <em>options.h</em> file.
-<br><br>
-By leaving the autolocking features enabled, the application program does
-not need to address record, file or index locking. All locking is handled
-automatically by the Xbase routines. However, if access to the locking
-routines is required, they are available to the applciation programmer.
-<br><br>
-When the files are automatically locked by the Xbase routines, the database
-file is locked first, then it locks the indexes in alphabetical order. To
-avoid deadlock conditions, files and record locks should always be done in
-the same order. When the files are unlocked, then indexes are unlocked
-first, then the database is unlocked.
-<br><br>
-Auto-locking works well in an on-line transaction based environment.
-However, it does not function efficiently in batch mode. If you
-will be writing programs which process files in a batch mode, disabling
-auto-lock and locking the entire file at the beginning of the process
-and unlocking the file at the end of the process will significantly
-reduce process time. On a 586-200 class machine, a file with 45000 records
-can be read thru in a few seconds with the file locked in batch mode.
-In record-lock mode it takes about six minutes with the same processor.
-
-<br><br>For processing large files, locking the file instead of locking each
-record is far more efficient. This is how you do it.<br><br>
-
-For reading the file in batch mode:<br>
-xbDbf.AutoLockOff();<br>
-xbDbf.LockDatabase( F_SETLKW, F_RDLCK, 0L );<br><br>
-For updating the file in batch mode:<br>
-xbDbf.AutoLockOff();<br>
-xbDbf.LockDatabase( F_SETLKW, F_WRLCK, 0L );<br><br>
-<br>
-<hr><br>
-<p><img src="xbase.jpg"><br><hr>
-</BODY>
-</HTML>